Your First Java Program

Let's start by creating a simple program that prints “Hello World” to the screen.

class MyClass {
public static void main(String[ ] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}Try It Yourself

In Java, every line of code that can actually run needs to be inside a class.
In our example, we named the class MyClass. You will learn more about classes in the upcoming
modules.

In Java, each application has an entry point, or a starting point, which is a method called main. Along
with main, the keywords public and static will also be explained later.
As a summary:
- Every program in Java must have a class.
- Every Java program starts from the main method.

The main Method

To run our program, the main method must be identical to this signature:

public static void main(String[ ] args)

- public: anyone can access it

- static: method can be run without creating an instance of the class containing the main method
- void: method doesn't return any value
- main: the name of the method

For example, the following code declares a method called test, which does not return anything and has
no parameters:void test()
The method's parameters are declared inside the parentheses that follow the name of the method.
For main, it's an array of strings called args. We will use it in our next lesson, so don't worry if you
don't understand it all now.

System.out.println()

Next is the body of the main method, enclosed in curly braces:

{
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
The println method prints a line of text to the screen.
The System class and its out stream are used to access the println method.
In classes, methods, and other flow-control structures code is always enclosed in curly braces { }.
Semicolons in Java

You can pass a different text as the parameter to the println method to print it.

class MyClass {
public static void main(String[ ] args) {
System.out.println("I am learning Java");
}
}Try It Yourself
In Java, each code statement must end with a semicolon.
Remember: do not use semicolons after method and class declarations that follow with the body
defined using the curly braces.

Apples {

public static void (String[ ]args) {

System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}

Comments

The purpose of including comments in your code is to explain what the code is doing.
Java supports both single and multi-line comments. All characters that appear within a comment are
ignored by the Java compiler.

A single-line comment starts with two forward slashes and continues until it reaches the end of the
line.
For example:

// this is a single-line comment

x = 5; // a single-line comment after code

Adding comments as you write code is a good practice, because they provide clarification and
understanding when you need to refer back to it, as well as for others who might need to read it.
Multi-Line Comments
Java also supports comments that span multiple lines.
You start this type of comment with a forward slash followed by an asterisk, and end it with an
asterisk followed by a forward slash.
For example:

/* This is also a
comment spanning
multiple lines */

Documentation Comments

Documentation comments are special comments that have the appearance of multi-line comments,
with the difference being that they generate external documentation of your source code. These begin
with a forward slash followed by two asterisks, and end with an asterisk followed by a forward slash.
For example:

/** This is a documentation comment */

/** This is also a

documentation comment */

Variables

Variables store data for processing.

A variable is given a name (or identifier), such as area, age, height, and the like. The name uniquely
identifies each variable, assigning a value to the variable and retrieving the value stored.

Variables have types. Some examples:

- int: for integers (whole numbers) such as 123 and -456
- double: for floating-point or real numbers with optional decimal points and fractional parts in fixed
or scientific notations, such as 3.1416, -55.66.
- String: for texts such as "Hello" or "Good Morning!". Text strings are enclosed within double
quotes.

You can declare a variable of a type and assign it a value. Example:

String name = "David";

This creates a variable called name of type String, and assigns it the value "David".

It is important to note that a variable is associated with a type, and is only capable of storing values of
that particular type. For example, an int variable can store integervalues, such as 123; but it cannot
store real numbers, such as 12.34, or texts, such as "Hello".
Variables

Examples of variable declarations:

class MyClass {
public static void main(String[ ] args) {
String name ="David";
int age = 42;
double score =15.9;
char group = 'Z';
}
}

char stands for character and holds a single character.

Another type is the Boolean type, which has only two possible values: true and false.
This data type is used for simple flags that track true/false conditions.
For example:

boolean online = true;

You can use a comma-separated list to declare more than one variable of the specified type.
Example: int a = 42, b = 11;

Drag and drop from the options below to have a valid Java program.
class Apples {
public static void main(String[ ]args) {

____name = "John";

___age = 24;

___height = 189.87;
}
}
int,void,class,true,double,String
The Math Operators

Java provides a rich set of operators to use in manipulating variables. A value used on either side of an
operator is called an operand.
For example, in the expression below, the numbers 6 and 3 are operands of the plus operator:

int x = 6 + 3;

Java arithmetic operators:

+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
% modulo
Arithmetic operators are used in mathematical expressions in the same way that they are used in
algebraic equations.
Fill in the blank to declare an integer variable and set its value to 5.
__ var = _;

Addition

The + operator adds together two values, such as two constants, a constant and a variable, or a variable
and a variable. Here are a few examples of addition:

int sum1 = 50 + 10;

int sum2 = sum1 + 66;
int sum3 = sum2 + sum2;

Subtraction

The - operator subtracts one value from another

.int sum1 = 1000 - 10;

int sum2 = sum1 - 5;
int sum3 = sum1 - sum2;

Just like in algebra, you can use both of the operations in a single line. For example: intval = 10 + 5 -
2;

Fill in the blanks to print the sum of the two variables.

int x = 2; int y = 4;
int result = x _ _ ;
System.out.println(___);
Multiplication

The * operator multiplies two values.

int sum1 = 1000 * 2;

int sum2 = sum1 * 10;
int sum3 = sum1 * sum2;

Division

The / operator divides one value by another

.int sum1 = 1000 / 5;

int sum2 = sum1 / 2;
int sum3 = sum1 / sum2;
In the example above, the result of the division equation will be a whole number, as int is used as the
data type. You can use double to retrieve a value with a decimal point.

What is the result of the following code?

int x = 15; int y = 4;
int result = x / y;
System.out.println(result);

Modulo

The modulo (or remainder) math operation performs an integer division of one value by another, and
returns the remainder of that division.
The operator for the modulo operation is the percentage (%) character.
Example:

int value = 23;

int res = value % 6; // res is 5

Dividing 23 by 6 returns a quotient of 3, with a remainder of 5. Thus, the value of 5 is assigned to

the res variable.

What value is stored in the result variable?

int x = 8, y = 5;
int result = x % y;
Increment Operators

An increment or decrement operator provides a more convenient and compact way to increase or
decrease the value of a variable by one.
For example, the statement x=x+1; can be simplified to ++x;
Example:

int test = 5;
++test; // test is now 6

The decrement operator (--) is used to decrease the value of a variable by one.

int test = 5;
--test; // test is now 4

Use this operator with caution to avoid calculation mistakes.

Fill in the blanks to print 11.

int a = 10;

_ a;

System.out.println(a);
Prefix & Postfix

Two forms, prefix and postfix, may be used with both the increment and decrement operators.
With prefix form, the operator appears before the operand, while in postfix form, the operator appears
after the operand. Below is an explanation of how the two forms work:
Prefix: Increments the variable's value and uses the new value in the expression.
Example:

int x = 34;
int y = ++x; // y is 35

The value of x is first incremented to 35, and is then assigned to y, so the values of both x and y are
now 35.
Postfix: The variable's value is first used in the expression and is then increased.
Example:

int x = 34;
int y = x++; // y is 34

x is first assigned to y, and is then incremented by one. Therefore, x becomes 35, while y is assigned
the value of 34.
The same applies to the decrement operator.

What is the output of the following code?

int x = 14;
System.out.println(x++);
Assignment Operators

You are already familiar with the assignment operator (=), which assigns a value to a variable.int
value = 5;
This assigned the value 5 to a variable called value of type int.

Java provides a number of assignment operators to make it easier to write code.

Addition and assignment (+=):

int num1 = 4;
int num2 = 8;
num2 += num1; // num2 = num2 + num1;

// num2 is 12 and num1 is 4Try It Yourself

Subtraction and assignment (-=):

int num1 = 4;
int num2 = 8;
num2 -= num1; // num2 = num2 - num1;

// num2 is 4 and num1 is 4Try It Yourself

Similarly, Java supports multiplication and assignment (*=), division and assignment (/=), and
remainder and assignment (%=).

Fill in the missing parts in the following code to print 13.

int x = 25; int y;

y = _ - 12;

System.out.println( _ );

Strings

A String is an object that represents a sequence of characters.

For example, "Hello" is a string of 5 characters.

For example:

String s = "SoloLearn";
You are allowed to define an empty string. For example, String str = "";
 Drag and drop from the options below to print "Hello".
___var;
var = "Hello";
System.out.println(____);
String char var print Hello

String Concatenation

The + (plus) operator between strings adds them together to make a new string. This process is
called concatenation.
The resulted string is the first string put together with the second string.
For example:

String firstName, lastName;

firstName = "David";
lastName = "Williams";

System.out.println("My name is " + firstName +" "+lastName);

// Prints: My name is David Williams

The char data type represents a single character.

Getting User Input

While Java provides many different methods for getting user input, the Scanner object is the most
common, and perhaps the easiest to implement. Import the Scanner class to use the Scanner object,
as seen here:

import java.util.Scanner;

In order to use the Scanner class, create an instance of the class by using the following syntax:

Scanner myVar = new Scanner(System.in);

You can now read in different kinds of input data that the user enters.
Here are some methods that are available through the Scanner class:
Read a byte - nextByte()
Read a short - nextShort()
Read an int - nextInt()
Read a long - nextLong()
Read a float - nextFloat()
Read a double - nextDouble()
Read a boolean - nextBoolean()
Read a complete line - nextLine()
Read a word - next()

Example of a program used to get user input:

import java.util.Scanner;

class MyClass {
public static void main(String[ ] args) {
Scanner myVar = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(myVar.nextLine());
}
}

This will wait for the user to input something and print that input.
The code might seem complex, but you will understand it all in the upcoming lessons.
Drag and drop from the options below to get user input.

import java.util.Scanner;
class test {
public static void main(String[ ] args) {

____ sc = new Scanner(System.in);

String st = sc. ___();

nextLine Scanner getLine nextGet Input

Quiz

Please type in a code to declare two variables of type int and print their sum using
the sum variable.

int x = 4;

__ y=7;

int sum = x _ y ;

System.out.println(___ );

Drag and drop from the options below to output the name:

____ name;

name = "David";

___ . out.println ( ___ );

String int System Java name