LIST OF EXPERIMENTS IN ELECTRICAL SIMULATION LAB

1. Verification of Network Theorems

i) Superposition theorem.ii) Thevenin’s theorem.
iii) Maximum power transfer theorem.
2. Transient responses of series RLC, RL, RC circuits with Sine and Step
3. Series and Parallel resonance.
4. Bode plot, Root-locus plot and Nyquist plot.
5. Transfer function analysis of
i) Time response of step inputii) Frequency response for sinusoidal
input.
6. Design of lag, lead and lag-lead compensators.
7. Load flow studies.
8. Fault analysis.
9. Transient stability studies.
10. Economic power scheduling
 EXPERIMENT NO: 1

VERIFICATION OF NETWORK THEOREMS I) SUPERPOSITION THEOREM.

II) THEVENIN’S THEOREM.

III) MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM.

AIM: To verify Superposition theorem, Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem and Maximum power Transfer theorem.
SOFTWARE USED : MULTISIM / MATLAB Simulink
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:
“In a linear network with several independent sources which include equivalent sources due to initial conditions, and linear dependent sources, the
overall response in any part of the network is equal to the sum of individual responses due to each independent source, considered separately, with
all other independent sources reduced to zero”.

Procedure:
Step 1:

1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram by using MULTISIM/MATLAB Simulink.

2. Measure the response ‘I’ in the load resistor by considering all the sources 10V, 15V and 8V in the network.

Step 2:

1. Replace the sources 15V and 8V with their internal impedances (short circuited).

2. Measure the response ‘I1’ in the load resistor by considering 10V source in the network.
 Step 3:

1. Replace the sources 10V and 8V with their internal impedances (short circuited).

2. Measure the response ‘I2’ in the load resistor by considering 15V source in the network.

Step 4:

1. Replace the sources 10V and 15V with their internal impedances (short circuited).

2. Measure the response ‘I3’ in the load resistor by considering 8V source in the network.
The responses obtained in step 1 should be equal to the sum of the responses obtained in step 2, 3 and 4. I=I1+I2+I3
 Step 1 : By Considering All Sources In The Network

Continuous

powergui

V1=10V

V1=0V
 R2=12 Ohms
R1=10 Ohms V2=15V R3=1 Ohm

Step 3 : By Considering 15 V Sources In The Network

Current through Load Resistor 15 Ohms :

Considerning 10V Source I1: 0.2667A With all the sources in the network I = 0.1111A
Considering 15V Source I2 : - 0.3333A I=I1+I2+I3
Considering 8V Source I3 : 0.1778A
Hence SuperPosition Theorem is Verified. Total Current : I1+I2+I3=0.2667-0.3333+0.1778
=0.1112A
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:

“Any two terminal network consisting of linear impedances and generators may be replaced at the two
terminals by a single voltage source acting in series with an impedance. The voltage of the equivalent
source is the open circuit voltage measured at the terminals of the network and the impedance, known
as Thevenin’s equivalent impedance, ZTH, is the impedance measured at the terminals with all the
independent sources in the network reduced to zero ”.

Procedure:

Step 1:

1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram by using MULTISIM/MATLAB

Simulink.

2. Measure the response ‘I’ in the load resistor by considering all the sources in the network.

Step 2: Finding Thevenin’s Resistance(RTH)

1. Open the load terminals and replace all the sources with their internal impedances.

2. Measure the impedance across the open circuited terminal which is known as Thevenin’s
Resistance.

Step 3: Finding Thevenin’s Voltage(VTH)

1. Open the load terminals and measure the voltage across the open circuited terminals.

2. Measured voltage will be known as Thevenin’s Voltage.

Step 4: Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit

1. VTH and RTH are connected in series with the load.

2. Measure the current through the load resistor I = .

Current measured from Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit should be same as current obtained from the
actual circuit.

I = IL.

Hence Thevenin’s Theorem is Verified.

Continuous THEVENIN'S THEOREM Step 2: Finding
Thevenin's
Resistance
powergui
Step 1 : By Considering All Sources In The Network R2=12 Ohms R3=1 Ohm
R1=10 Ohms V2=0V

R2=12 Ohms
R1=10 Ohms V2=15V R3=1 Ohm

Z V3=0V
V1=0V

Step 4 : Thevenin's Equivalent Network

Rth=5.4545 Ohms

Step 3 : Finding Thevenin's Voltage

RL=15 Ohms
V1=2.273V

0.1111

Open Circuit Voltage Vth = 2.273V e

Thevenin's Resistance = 5.4545Ohms
Current through Load Resistor 15 Ohms IL = 0.1111A Thevenin'
With all the sources in the network Current through Load Resistor 15 Ohms :
I=0.1111A s

I Theorem

= is

I Verified.

c
NORTON’S THEOREM:

“Any two terminal network consisting of linear impedances and generators may be replaced at its two
terminals, by an equivalent network consisting of a single current source in parallel with an impedance.
The equivalent current source is the short circuit current measured at the terminals and the equivalent
impedance is same as the Thevenin’s equivalent impedance”.

Procedure:

Step 1:

1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram by using MULTISIM/MATLAB

Simulink.

2. Measure the response ‘I’ in the load resistor by considering all the sources in the network.

Step 2: Finding Norton’s Resistance(RN)

1. Open the load terminals and replace all the sources with their internal impedances.

2. Measure the impedance across the open circuited terminal which is known as Norton’s
Resistance.

Step 3: Finding Norton’s Current(IN)

1. Short the load terminals and measure the current through the short circuited terminals.

2. Measured current is be known as Norton’s Current.

Step 4: Norton’s Equivalent Circuit

1. RN and IN are connected in parallel to the load.

2. Measure the current through the load resistor I = .

Current measured from Norton’s Equivalent Circuit should be same as current obtained from the actual
circuit.

I = IL.

Hence Norton’s Theorem is Verified.

Continuous NORTON'S THEOREM Step 2:
Finding

powergui R1=10 Ohms V2=0V R2=12 Ohms R3=1 Ohm

Step 1 : By Considering All Sources In The Network

R2=12 Ohms
R1=10 Ohms V2=15V R3=1 Ohm

Z V3=0V
V1=0V

Norton'
s
Resista
nce

Step 3 : Finding Norton's Current

Step 4 : Norton's Equivalent Network
Norton's Current = 0.4167 A With all the sources in the network Current through Load Resistor 15 Ohms : 0.1111A
Norton's Resistance = 5.4545Ohms
Current through Load Resistor 15 Ohms = 0.1111A
Hence Norton's Theorem is Verified.
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:

“In any circuit the maximum power is transferred to the load when the load resistance is equal to the
source resistance. The source resistance is equal to the Thevenin’s equal resistance ”.

Procedure:

Step 1:

1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram by using Multisim/MATLAB Simulink.

2. Measure the Power across the load resistor by considering all the sources in the network.

Step 2: Finding Thevenin’s Resistance(RTH)

1. Open the load terminals and replace all the sources with their internal impedances.

2. Measure the impedance across the open circuited terminal which is known as Thevenin’s
Resistance.

Step 3: Finding Thevenin’s Voltage(VTH)

1. Open the load terminals and measure the voltage across the open circuited terminals.

2. Measured voltage will be known as Thevenin’s Voltage.

Step 4: Measuring Power for different Load Resistors

1. VTH and RTH are connected in series with the load.

2. Measure power across the load by considering RL=RTH.

3. Measure power by using P = .

4. Verify the power for different values of load resistors(i.e. RL>RTH and RL<RTH)

Power measured from the above steps results in maximum power dissipation when RL=RTH.

Hence Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is verified.

Continuous
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

powergui
Step 1 : By Considering All Sources In The Network
Step 2: Finding Thevenin's Resistance

R1=10 Ohms V2=15V R2=12 Ohms R3=1 Ohm R1=10 Ohms V2=0V R2=12 Ohms R3=1 Ohm

Z V3=0V
V1=0V

Step 4 : Power in Load Resistors with RL=RTH, RL>RTH, RL<RTH

 M-File Program for Maximum Power Transfer Theorem:

cl
c;
cl
os
e
al
l;
cl
ea
r
al
l;

v=input('Enter the Voltage in Volts :');

rth=input('Enter the value of Thevenins
Resistance:'); rl=1:0.0001:12; i=v./(rth+rl);
p=i.^2.*rl; plot(rl,p); grid;
title('Maximum Power');
xlabel('Load Resistance in Ohms------->');
ylabel('Power Dissipation in watts-------->');

Maximum Power
0.24

0.22

0.2

0.18

0.16

0.14

0.12
0 5 10 15 20 25
Load Resistance in Ohms------->

Results and Discussions: Super Position Theorem, Thevenin’s Theorem, Norton’s

Theorem and Maximum Power Transfer Theorem are verified by using MATLAB
Simulink /MULTISIM.
• The various circuit components are identified and circuits are formed in
simulation environment. Use of network theorem in analysis can be
demonstrated in this simulation exercise.
 EXPERIMENT NO: 2

TRANSIENT RESPONSES OF SERIES RLC, RL, AND RC

CIRCUITS WITH SINE AND STEP INPUTS

AIM: To study the transient analysis of RLC, RL and RC circuits for sinusoidal and step inputs.

SOFTWARES USED: MATLAB Simulink / MULTISIM

THEORY:

The transient response is the fluctuation in current and voltage in a circuit (after the

application of a step voltage or current) before it settles down to its steady state. This lab will

focus on simulation of series RL (resistor-inductor), RC (resistor-capacitor), and RLC

(resistor inductor-capacitor) circuits to demonstrate transient analysis.

Transient Response of Circuit Elements:

A. Resistors: As has been studied before, the application of a voltage V to a resistor (with
resistance

R ohms), results in a current I, according to the formula:

I = V/R

The current response to voltage change is instantaneous; a resistor has no transient

response.

B. Inductors: A change in voltage across an inductor (with inductance L Henrys) does

not result in an instantaneous change in the current through it. The i-v relationship is

described with the equation: v=L di/ dt

This relationship implies that the voltage across an inductor approaches zero as the

current in the circuit reaches a steady value. This means that in a DC circuit, an

inductor will eventually act like a short circuit.

C. Capacitors: The transient response of a capacitor is such that it resists instantaneous

change in the voltage across it. Its i-v relationship is described by: i=C dv /dt
 EXPERIMENT NO: 03

SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE

I) SERIES RESONANCE:

Aim: - To obtain the plot of of frequency vs. XL, frequency vs. XC , frequency vs. impedance and
frequency vs. current for the given series RLC circuit and determine the resonant frequency and check
by theoretical calculations.
R = 15Ω, C = 10 µF, L = 0.1 H, V = 50V vary frequency in steps of 1 Hz using Matlab.
%Program to find the Parallel Resonance clc;
clear all; close all; r=input('enter the
resistance value----->'); l=input('enter the
inductance value------>'); c=input('enter
the capacitance value----->');
v=input('enter the input voltage------->');
f=5:2:300; xl=2*pi*f*l; xc=(1./(2*pi*f*c));
x=xl-xc; z=sqrt((r^2)+(x.^2)); i=v./z;
%plotting the graph subplot(2,2,1);
plot(f,xl); grid; xlabel('frequency');
ylabel('X1'); subplot(2,2,2); plot(f,xc);
grid; xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('Xc');
subplot(2,2,3); plot(f,z); grid;
xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('Z');
subplot(2,2,4); plot(f,i); grid;
xlabel('frequency'); ylabel(
 EXPERIMENT – 4

ROOT LOCUS, BODE AND NYQUIST PLOT

ROOT LOCUS:

AIM: To obtain the root locus of the system whose transfer function is defined by
(S+5)
G(S)= ---------------
S^2+7S+25

PROCEDURE:

1. Input the numerator and denominator co-efficient.

2. Formulate the transfer function using the numerator and denominators co-efficient with the help
of function T = tf (num, den)
3. Plot the root locus of the above transfer function using rlocus(t).

PROGRAM:
%Program to find the root locus of transfer function%
s+5)
% -----------
% s^2+7s+25

clc; clear all; close all; % initialzations

num=input('enter the numerator coefficients---->');
den=input('enter the denominator coefficients----
>');
%Transfer function
sys=tf(num,den);
rlocus(sys);

PROGRAM RESULT: enter the numerator

coefficients---->[1 5] enter the denominator
coefficients---->[1
 EXPERIMENT NO: 6

DESIGN OF LAG, LEAD AND LAG-LEAD COMPENSATOR

AIM: To design lag, lead compensator, lag-lead compensator

THEORY:

The primary objective of this experiment is to design the compensation of single –input-single-output
linear time invariant control system.
Compensation is the modification of the system dynamics to satisfy the given specification. The
compensation is done by adding some suitable device in which is called as compensator. Compensator is realized
by such a way as to meet the performance specifications.
If sinusoidal input is applied to a network and if the steady state output has a phase lead, then the network
is called a lead network, and if the output has a phase lag then the network is called as a phase lag network.
Compensators are realized in our experiments using op-amps , electrical RC network as shown in figure.

where

This network is a lead network if R1 C1> R2 C2 or α<1.

Or this is a lag network if α>1 or R1 C1< R2 C2

PROCEDURE

1) Consider any uncompensated system

2) Design the lead and lag compensator from the given circuit using the above equations.
39
 3) Connect this design compensator to uncompensated system in series compensation.
4) Then find the closed loop transfer function equation for this compensated system
5) Plot the response for both uncompensated and compensated system

For Lead Compensator

The closed loop transfer function equation for the compensated system becomes

Hence
numc= [0 0 18.7 54.23]
denc= [1 7.4 29.5 54.23]

for the uncompensated system the closed loop transfer function is

Hence
numc= [0 0 4]
denc= [1 2 4]

PROGRAM:
% Unit Step Response of Compensated and Uncompensated systems

numc=[0 0 18.7 54.23];

denc=[1 7.4 29.5 54.23];
num=[0 0 4];
den=[1 2 4];
t=0:0.05:5;
40