Arduino Laboratory

By:
W.C. Deshapriya
Email: danditronic@gmail.com
Introduction
The Arduino (Uno) Board is a micro-controller board that was created to house the
ATmega328 chip. The chip is a high performance and low power 8-bit micro-controller that has 23
programmable I/O lines, 32K bytes of flash memory (of which 0.5KB is already used for the Boot
loader), 1k bytes of EEPROM and 2k bytes of RAM. The Arduino Uno board provides the user
with 6 analog input pins, 14 digital I/O pins of which 6 of them can also be used for PWM outputs,
a power jack, a USB port, an ICSP header, a reset button, a small LED connected to digital pin 13,
and a 16MHz crystal oscillator. (See Arduino Uno Component View for more details about the
parts.)

In comparison to earlier models, the board uses the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-
serial converter rather than the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip.

It is the latest in the Arduino USB board series and the current reference model for the
Arduino platform. The board is easy to use and capable of doing a lot of things.

Setup & Installation

A. Arduino IDE (For Windows)
This part will guide you through the set up and installation process of the Integrated
Development Environment (IDE) that will be used throughout the exercises.
1. Open your default internet browser and access the Arduino website. Download the latest
Arduino IDE version. The software is compatible with Linux, Mac and Windows so just
choose the one that matches your OS. The Arduino download page is at
http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software .

Figure 1: A part of Arduino Website’s download page.

 2. After downloading the compressed file, extract its contents to your preferred directory
(C:\Program Files, your Desktop or etc…). Note that the whole folder size is around
200MB when completely extracted.

Figure 2: extract the zipped Arduino folder.

3. Congratulations! Arduino IDE is installed on your computer. To use it, just navigate to your
main folder directory and run the Arduino application.

Figure 3: Arduino-symbol.
B. Arduino Uno board driver (For Windows)
This part will guide you through the set-up and installation process of the Arduino Uno board
driver for the device to be recognized by the IDE.
1. Connect the Arduino UNO to the computer via USB Cable. Check if it is properly
connected by observing the green LED labeled ON on the board.

Figure 4: Arduino Uno board connected to a Computer. the board’s USB-B port.

2. Wait for Windows to try and install the device’s driver until it fails. Navigate to the Device
Manager through Start > Control Panel > Device Manager. Locate the Arduino Uno
Device. Right-click it to choose Update Driver Software.
3. Choose to browse your computer for the driver by clicking Browse my computer for
driver software.

Figure 5: options for searching the device driver.

Choose the second option so that you can look for it in your hard disk.

4. A new window will open for you to indicate the location of the driver. Click Browse…

Figure 6: The browse option menu.

Choose the first option which is to look manually for the folder that contains the Arduino Uno
board’s driver.
5. Navigate to your Arduino folder and choose the drivers folder. Click OK upon selection.

Figure 7: Navigating through the Arduino software folder.

Note that the drivers folder was chosen rather than the FTDI USB Drivers
(It was mentioned earlier that only preceding models use this)

6. A Windows Security window sometimes pops up to confirm if you want to continue the
installation. Just click, Install this driver software anyway.

Figure 8: Screenshot of pop-up window.

Windows can’t verify the publisher of the device software but we know that the software’s publisher is
Arduino.
7. Wait for Windows to finish installing the device driver. Upon completion, you should see an
installation successful message. Congratulations and click Close. You are ready to start
programming using Arduino!

Figure 9: successful driver installation of the Uno board.

The next step is to start doing the exercises.
Arduino Uno Board
A. Schematic Diagram
This section provides the schematic diagram of the Arduino Uno board.

Figure 10: Schematic Diagram of the Arduino Uno board.

Component View
A pictorial view of the Arduino Uno board’s peripherals can be found in this section.

Figure 11: Photo of the Arduino Uno Board.

The components are labelled and a brief explanation of each one is provided at the next part.
Component Explanations
• Analog input pins – pins (A0-A5) that take-in analog values to be converted to be
represented with a number range 0-1023 through an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC).
• ATmega328 chip – 8-bit microcontroller that processes the sketch you programmed.
• Built-in LED – in order to gain access or control of this pin, you have to change the
configuration of pin 13 where it is connected to.
• Crystal Oscillator – clock that has a frequency of 16MHz
• DC Jack – where the power source (AC-to-DC adapter or battery) should be connected. It is
limited to input values between 6-20V but recommended to be around 7-12V.
• Digital I/O pins – input and output pins (0-13) of which 6 of them (3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and
11) also provide PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) output by using the analogWrite() function.
Pins (0 (RX) and 1 (TX)) are also used to transmit and receive serial data.
• ICSP Header – pins for “In-Circuit Serial Programming” which is another method of
programming.
• ON indicator – LED that lights up when the board is connected to a power source.
• Power Pins – pins that can be used to supply a circuit with values VIN (voltage from DC
Jack), 3.3V and 5V.
• Reset Button – a button that is pressed whenever you need to restart the sketch programmed
in the board.
• USB port – allows the user to connect with a USB cable the board to a PC to upload
sketches or provide a voltage supply to the board. This is also used for serial communication
through the serial monitor from the Arduino software.
Introduction to the Arduino Uno board (Blinking LED)
A. Objectives
This example aims to familiarize the student with the basic operation of the Arduino Uno
board, and Integrated Development Environment (IDE). By the end of the exercise, the student
should be able to know the basic functionalities of the IDE.

B. Questions
• How do you compile and upload a sketch file into the Arduino Board using the IDE?
• How can the configuration of the pins be specified in the programming?
• What functions are always required in a sketch?

C. Materials Needed
• 1 x Arduino Uno board and USB cable
• 1 x 5mm/3mm Red LED
• 1 x 470Ω resistor
• 1 x breadboard

D. Using the Arduino IDE

1. Proceed to the Arduino Folder and double-click the Arduino application to open the
Arduino IDE which is also shown below:

Figure 12: The Arduino IDE.

 2. Type the following lines of code on the front panel. The code can also be found in the
examples folder of Arduino. To copy it, just navigate from arduino-00XX > examples >
Basics > Blink. See Appendix under Structure, Functions and Time or Section F for the
functions' definitions
1 void setup(){
2 pinMode(13,OUTPUT);
}
3 void loop(){
4 digitalWrite(13,HIGH); 5
delay(1000);
6 digitalWrite(13,LOW); 7
delay(1000);
}

3. Press Ctrl + S to save your sketch (the term for a source code in Arduino).

4. Click the Verify Button to check if the sketch has no errors. At the bottom of the screen you
should see if the sketch was successfully scanned free of problems. Moreover, the size of
the sketch file is also indicated on the black screen at the bottom to shows that it fits the
flash memory of the Arduino Uno.

Figure 13: The Blink code after compilation.

E. Test your Program
1. Connect an LED to a 470Ω resistor. Note: that the longer leg of the LED is the positive
(connected to one end of resistor and the shorter one is the negative (connected to the
ground). The other end of the resistor should then be connected to the specified pin which is
13.

Figure 14: Schematic diagram of blink circuit.

2. Check if the board selected in the IDE is the one you are using, the Arduino Uno board.

Figure 15: Arduino Uno as selected board.

If you have a different type of Arduino board, just select it from this list.

3. Next, make sure that the Arduino board’s COM port is properly identified by the IDE. To do
this, connect the board to the computer then from the IDE front panel go to Tools > Serial
Port. A list of COM’s should be there, choose the COM number associated with the
microcontroller board.
Note: the microcontroller board’s COM no. is found near the name of the device’s driver in
Device Manager.

4. Finally, upload the sketch made earlier into the board by clicking the IDE. The status of
the upload can be found near the bottom of the program.
5. If the Arduino Uno is connected to the PC or power source the LED should light up for 1
second and turn off for 1 second repeatedly.

Figure 16: The LED blinking.

 Exercise 1
Basic I/O:
Dancing LED operation using a switch
A. Objectives
This exercise aims to further expand the student’s knowledge with the basic input/output
operation of the Arduino Uno board, and Integrated Development Environment (IDE) by developing
the program learned for enabling an LED to blink. In the end of this exercise, by also introducing an
external input (a tact switch or pushbutton), the student should have learned how to program to read
inputs and to produce outputs in response to that input.

B. Questions
• In circuit theory, how is a tact switch represented when it is pressed and not?
• What function enables you to read the input from a pin?
• What function enables you to program efficiently the lighting up of several LED’s?

C. Materials Needed
• 1 x Arduino Uno board and USB cable
• 4 x 5mm/3mm Red LEDs
• 4 x 470Ω resistors and 1 x 10kΩ resistor
• 1 x breadboard
• 1 x switch or toggle switch
/****** LED on digital pin 13 */

D. to programming the dancing LED’s. int LEDArray[6] = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7};

int count = 0;
/****** LED on digital pin 13 */ void setup() {
pinMode(swpin, INPUT);
int LEDArray[6] = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}; for (count=2;count<8;count++) {
int count = 0; pinMode(LEDArray[count], OUTPUT);
}}
void setup() {
for (count=2;count<8;count++) { void loop() {
pinMode(LEDArray[count], OUTPUT); if(swpin){
}} for (count=2;count<8;count++) {
digitalWrite(LEDArray[count], HIGH);
void loop() { delay(100);
}}
for (count=2;count<8;count++) { Else
digitalWrite(LEDArray[count], HIGH); for (count=2;count<8;count++) {
delay(100); digitalWrite(LEDArray[count], LOW);
} delay(100);
for (count=2;count<8;count++) { } }
digitalWrite(LEDArray[count], LOW);
delay(100);
} }
Exercise 2
Basic I/O: Traffic Light System Design
Objectives
This exercise aims for the student to learn the use and necessity to pause programs in some
applications. The exercise will simulate a traffic light system for vehicles and pedestrians. By the
end of this exercise, the student should have learned how to control delay and timing to produce
desired effects and prevent data flooding.

A. Questions
• How would you change the amount of time each LED is ON?
• Why is it necessary to cause some delay applications like for example, reading values from
a sensor?
• In how many ways or units are there to configure the delay?

B. Materials Needed
• 1 x Arduino Uno board and USB cable
• 5 x 5mm/3mm LEDs (2 Red, 2 Green, 1 Orange)
• 5 x 470Ω resistors and 1 x 10kΩ resistors
• 1 x breadboard
• 1 x tact switch or toggle switch

C. Instructions to Programming the Traffic Light System (Delay).

1. Modify the code so that each LED lights up for different time lengths like a traffic light
system. The green LED2 (for pedestrians) and red LED1 (for vehicles) lights for 4 seconds.
Then both the green LED1 (for vehicles) and red LED2 (for pedestrians) for 5 seconds.
After that the orange LED turns ON for 1 second and finally, the green LED2 (for
pedestrians) and red LED1 (for vehicles) lights for 4 seconds. Reduce the number of pins to
be used in the program and arrange the lights from stop light (vehicle) first to go Light
(vehicle).
2. The program should still respond or activate only after the tact/toggle switch has been
pressed and released (or toggled).
3. Also, construct the program such that it stops after 3 cycles and activates only after another
button press and release has been made (toggled).
4. Once you are done writing the code, save your file and compile it.

D. Test your program

1. Construct the circuit using the Arduino Uno, breadboard, LED’s, resistors and
tact/toggle switch.
2. Connect the board to the PC using the USB cable. Upload the sketch saved earlier and
check if the program works. The LEDs should behave like a Traffic Light System two
times and the program stops to wait for activation again.
Exercise 3
Basic I/O: Light Level Indicator with LDR
A. Objectives
This exercise aims for the student to apply the basic I/O methods learned from the previous
experiments with the ADC. As such, the exercise will also serve as an introductory to Analog-to-
Digital Conversion of the Arduino Uno. Here, a Light level indicator will be made with an LDR. By
the end of this exercise, the student should have a good grasp of the I/O features of the board and
understand the ADC function of the Analog Input pins.

B. Questions
• How does the LDR Work? Does the resistance increase as it receives more light?
• What is the necessary function to read analog inputs?
• How does the ADC of the analog input pins process the voltages it receives?
• What estimated range values is needed for the program to determine the light level?

C. Materials Needed
• 1 x Arduino Uno board and USB cable
• 4 x 5mm/3mm LEDs
• 4 x 470Ω resistors and 1 x 2.2kΩ (= R) resistor
• 1 x breadboard
• 1 x Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

D. Introduction to Arduino Uno’s Analog-to-Digital Converter

The Arduino Uno board has exactly 6 pins that can read analog values. With the analog
pins, you process values with more significant digits that are needed in applications.
 Now, the analog input pins of the board are connected to an Analog-to-Digital Converter
that converts the 0-5V to a range of 0-1023 unit. This means that around 4.88mV (i.e. 5V/1024) is
equivalent to 1 unit. The voltage range to be compared can also be changed by using the
analogReference(type) function which is explained in the Appendix. As a visual explanation:

Figure 20: Diagram showing how a 1.25V input to the analog pin is read as 256 units.

When a 1.25V source is connected to one analog input pin, the ADC converts it in unit
which is by the conversion ratio mentioned equal to 256 (=1.25V x 1024 / 5V). Now, to activate the
ADC of the analog input pins, it is necessary to use the analogRead(pin) function. Look at the
appendix for an explanation regarding this.

E. Instructions to Programming the LED lamp using an LDR as a switch

1. Open Arduino, and create first the part that would read the analog input coming from one of
the analog input pins.
2. Now, construct a conditional statement for the ranges wherein the number of LEDs turned
ON correspond to how less the light received is. This means 4 LEDs light up in a dark room
while none in a well lit room. Note to study the behavior of an LDR and determine the
relationship of the resistance and the light it receives. Expect some calibrating to be done.
Also, remember that the LDR is connected to the built- in 5V source. The less the LDR’s
resistance the higher the voltage the analog pins receive.
3. Once you are done writing the code, save your file and compile it.

F. Test your program

1. Construct the circuit using the Arduino Uno, breadboard, LED, resistors, and LDR.
2. Connect the board to the PC using the USB cable. Upload the sketch saved earlier and check
if the program works. The 4 LEDs should light up in a dark room while none in a well lit
room. If it did not work, some calibration to the ranges specified might be needed.