Java Digital Image Processing

Java Digital Image Processing

About the Tutorial

This tutorial gives a simple and practical approach of implementing algorithms used in
digital image processing. After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself at a moderate
level of expertise, from where you can take yourself to next levels.

Audience
This reference has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand and
implement the basic to advance algorithms of digital image processing in java.

Prerequisites
Before proceeding with this tutorial, you need to have a basic knowledge of digital image
processing and Java programming language.

Disclaimer & Copyright

 Copyright 2018 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.

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errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at contact@tutorialspoint.com.

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Contents
About the Tutorial .................................................................................................................................... i

Audience .................................................................................................................................................. i

Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................................ i

Disclaimer & Copyright............................................................................................................................. i

Contents.................................................................................................................................................. ii

1. JAVA DIP — INTRODUCTION................................................................................................ 1

2. JAVA DIP — JAVA BUFFEREDIMAGE CLASS .......................................................................... 2

Constructors............................................................................................................................................ 2

Methods.................................................................................................................................................. 2

Example .................................................................................................................................................. 3

Output .................................................................................................................................................... 4

3. JAVA DIP — DOWNLOADING / UPLOADING IMAGES ........................................................... 6

Downloading an Image............................................................................................................................ 6

Example .................................................................................................................................................. 7

Output .................................................................................................................................................... 8

Uploading an Image ................................................................................................................................ 9

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 10

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 13

4. JAVA DIP — IMAGE PIXELS................................................................................................. 15

Getting Pixel Value ................................................................................................................................ 15

Getting RGB Values ............................................................................................................................... 15

Getting Width and Height of Image ....................................................................................................... 15

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 16

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 18

5. JAVA DIP — GRAYSCALE CONVERSION .............................................................................. 19

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 20

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 21

6. JAVA DIP — ENHANCING IMAGE CONTRAST ..................................................................... 23

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 24

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 25

7. ENHANCING IMAGE BRIGHTNESS ...................................................................................... 26

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 27

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 28

8. JAVA DIP — ENHANCING IMAGE SHARPNESS .................................................................... 30

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 31

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 32

9. JAVA DIP — IMAGE COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES .............................................................. 34

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 35

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 36

10. JAVA DIP — ADDING IMAGE BORDER ................................................................................ 39

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 40

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 41

11. JAVA DIP — IMAGE PYRAMIDS .......................................................................................... 44

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 45

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 46

12. JAVA DIP — BASIC THRESHOLDING.................................................................................... 49

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 50

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 51

13. JAVA DIP — IMAGE SHAPE CONVERSION .......................................................................... 54

Flipping an Image .................................................................................................................................. 54

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 55

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 57

14. JAVA DIP — APPLYING GAUSSIAN FILTER........................................................................... 58

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 59

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 60

15. JAVA DIP — APPLYING BOX FILTER .................................................................................... 62

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 63

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 64

16. JAVA DIP — ERODING AND DILATION ................................................................................ 67

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 68

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 69

17. JAVA DIP — APPLYING WATERMARK ................................................................................. 72

Applying Text Watermark ..................................................................................................................... 72

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 73

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 74

Applying Image Watermark on Image ................................................................................................... 75

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 76

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 77

18. JAVA DIP — UNDERSTANDING CONVOLUTION.................................................................. 80

Performing Convolution ........................................................................................................................ 80

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 81

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 82

19. JAVA DIP — APPLYING PREWITT OPERATOR...................................................................... 84

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 85

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 87

20. JAVA DIP — APPLYING SOBEL OPERATOR .......................................................................... 90

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 91

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 93

21. JAVA DIP — APPLYING KIRSCH OPERATOR......................................................................... 96

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 97

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 99

22. JAVA DIP — APPLYING ROBINSONOPERATOR.................................................................. 102

Example .............................................................................................................................................. 103

Output ................................................................................................................................................ 105

23. JAVA DIP — APPLYING LAPLACIAN OPERATOR ................................................................ 108

Example .............................................................................................................................................. 109

Output ................................................................................................................................................ 111

24. JAVA DIP — APPLYING WEIGHTED AVERAGE FILTER........................................................ 114

Example .............................................................................................................................................. 115

Output ................................................................................................................................................ 117

25. JAVA DIP — CREATING ZOOM EFFECT ............................................................................. 119

Example .............................................................................................................................................. 120

Output ................................................................................................................................................ 121

26. JAVA DIP — OPEN SOURCE LIBRARIES ............................................................................. 123

ImageJ ................................................................................................................................................. 123

Fiji ....................................................................................................................................................... 124

Commons Imaging............................................................................................................................... 125

ImageMagick ....................................................................................................................................... 126

Endrov................................................................................................................................................. 127

LEADTOOLS ......................................................................................................................................... 128

OpenCV ............................................................................................................................................... 129

27. JAVA DIP — INTRODUCTION TO OPENCV ........................................................................ 131

Integrating OpenCV ............................................................................................................................. 132

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Creating OpenCV Project ..................................................................................................................... 133

28. JAVA DIP — GRAYSCALE CONVERSION OPENCV .............................................................. 135

Example .............................................................................................................................................. 136

Output ................................................................................................................................................ 137

29. JAVA DIP — COLORSPACE CONVERSION.......................................................................... 139

Example .............................................................................................................................................. 140

Output ................................................................................................................................................ 141

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 1. JAVA DIP — INTRODUCTION
Java Digital Image Processing

Digital Image Processing (DIP) deals with manipulation of digital images using a computer. It
is a subfield of signals and systems but focuses particularly on images. DIP focuses on
developing a computer system that is able to perform processing on an image. The input of
such system is a digital image. The system processes the image using efficient algorithms,
and gives an image as an output.

Java is a high level programming language that is widely used in the modern world. It can
support and handle digital image processing efficiently using various functions.

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 2. JAVA DIP — JAVA BUFFEREDIMAGE CLASS
Java Digital Image Processing

Java BufferedImage class is a subclass of Image class. It is used to handle and manipulate
the image data. A BufferedImage is made of ColorModel of image data. All BufferedImage
objects have an upper left corner coordinate of (0, 0).

Constructors
This class supports three types of constructors. The first constructor constructs a new
BufferedImage with a specified ColorModel and Raster.

BufferedImage(ColorModel cm, WritableRaster raster,

boolean isRasterPremultiplied, Hashtable<?,?> properties)

The second constructor constructs a BufferedImage of one of the predefined image types.

BufferedImage(int width, int height, int imageType)

The third constructor constructs a BufferedImage of one of the predefined image types:
TYPE_BYTE_BINARY or TYPE_BYTE_INDEXED.

BufferedImage(int width, int height, int imageType, IndexColorModel cm)

Methods
Sr. No. Methods

1 copyData(WritableRaster outRaster)

It computes an arbitrary rectangular region of the BufferedImage and copies it

into a specified WritableRaster.

2 getColorModel()

It returns object of class ColorModel of an image.

3 getData()

It returns the image as one large tile.

4 getData(Rectangle rect)

It computes and returns an arbitrary region of the BufferedImage.

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 Java Digital Image Processing

5 getGraphics()

This method returns a Graphics2D, retains backwards compatibility.

6 getHeight()

It returns the height of the BufferedImage.

7 getMinX()

It returns the minimum x coordinate of this BufferedImage.

8 getMinY()

It returns the minimum y coordinate of this BufferedImage.

9 getRGB(int x, int y)

It returns an integer pixel in the default RGB color model (TYPE_INT_ARGB) and
default sRGB colorspace.

10 getType()

It returns the image type.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of java BufferedImage class that draws some
text on the screen using Graphics Object:

import java.awt.Graphics;

import java.awt.Image;

import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;

import javax.swing.JFrame;

import javax.swing.JPanel;

public class Test extends JPanel {

public void paint(Graphics g) {

Image img = createImageWithText();

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 Java Digital Image Processing

g.drawImage(img, 20,20,this);

private Image createImageWithText(){

BufferedImage bufferedImage = new

BufferedImage(200,200,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);

Graphics g = bufferedImage.getGraphics();

g.drawString("www.tutorialspoint.com", 20,20);

g.drawString("www.tutorialspoint.com", 20,40);

g.drawString("www.tutorialspoint.com", 20,60);

g.drawString("www.tutorialspoint.com", 20,80);

g.drawString("www.tutorialspoint.com", 20,100);

return bufferedImage;

public static void main(String[] args) {

JFrame frame = new JFrame();

frame.getContentPane().add(new Test());

frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);

frame.setSize(200, 200);

frame.setVisible(true);

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

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Java Digital Image Processing

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3. JAVA DIP — DOWNLOADING / UPLOADING IMAGES
Java Digital Image Processing

In this chapter we are going to see how you can download an image from internet, perform
some image processing techniques on the image, and then again upload the processed image
to a server.

Downloading an Image
In order to download an image from a website, we use Java class named URL, which can be
found under java.net package. Its syntax is given below:

String website = "http://tutorialspoint.com";

URL url = new URL(website);

Apart from the above method, there are other methods available in class URL as described
briefly:

Sr. No. Methods

1 public String getPath()

It returns the path of the URL.

2 public String getQuery()

It returns the query part of the URL.

3 public String getAuthority()

It returns the authority of the URL.

4 public int getPort()

It returns the port of the URL.

5 public int getDefaultPort()

It returns the default port for the protocol of the URL.

6 public String getProtocol()

It returns the protocol of the URL.

7 public String getHost()

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 Java Digital Image Processing

It returns the host of the URL.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of java URL class to download an image from
the internet:

import java.io.FileOutputStream;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.InputStream;

import java.io.OutputStream;

import java.net.URL;

public class Download {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

try{

String fileName = "digital_image_processing.jpg";

String website =

"http://tutorialspoint.com/java_dip/images/"+fileName;

System.out.println("Downloading File From: " + website);

URL url = new URL(website);

InputStream inputStream = url.openStream();

OutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream(fileName);

byte[] buffer = new byte[2048];

int length = 0;

while ((length = inputStream.read(buffer)) != -1) {

System.out.println("Buffer Read of length: " + length);

outputStream.write(buffer, 0, length);

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 Java Digital Image Processing

inputStream.close();

outputStream.close();

}catch(Exception e){

System.out.println("Exception: " + e.getMessage());

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

It would download the following image from the server.

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Uploading an Image
Let us see how to upload an image to a webserver. We convert a BufferedImage to byte array
in order to send it to server.

We use Java class ByteArrayOutputStream, which can be found under java.io package. Its
syntax is given below:

ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

ImageIO.write(image, "jpg", baos);

In order to convert the image to byte array, we use toByteArray() method of

ByteArrayOutputStream class. Its syntax is given below:

byte[] bytes = baos.toByteArray();

Apart from the above method, there are other methods available in the
ByteArrayOutputStream class as described briefly:

Sr. No. Methods

1 public void reset()

This method resets the number of valid bytes of the byte array output stream to
zero, so that all the accumulated output in the stream is discarded.

2 public byte[] toByteArray()

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 Java Digital Image Processing

This method creates a newly allocated Byte array. Its size would be the current
size of the output stream and the contents of the buffer will be copied into it. It
returns the current contents of the output stream as a byte array.

3 public String toString()

Converts the buffer content into a string. Translation will be done according to the
default character encoding. It returns the String translated from the buffer's
content.

4 public void write(int w)

It writes the specified array to the output stream.

5 public void write(byte []b, int of, int len)

It writes len number of bytes starting from offset off to the stream.

6 public void writeTo(OutputStream outSt)

It writes the entire content of this Stream to the specified stream argument.

Example
The following example demonstrates ByteArrayOutputStream to upload an image to the
server:

Client Code

import javax.swing.*;

import java.net.*;

import java.awt.image.*;

import javax.imageio.*;

import java.io.*;

import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;

import java.io.File;

import java.io.IOException;

import javax.imageio.ImageIO;

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 Java Digital Image Processing

public class Client{

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{

Socket soc;

BufferedImage img = null;

soc=new Socket("localhost",4000);

System.out.println("Client is running. ");

try {

System.out.println("Reading image from disk. ");

img = ImageIO.read(new File("digital_image_processing.jpg"));

ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

ImageIO.write(img, "jpg", baos);

baos.flush();

byte[] bytes = baos.toByteArray();

baos.close();

System.out.println("Sending image to server. ");

OutputStream out = soc.getOutputStream();

DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(out);

dos.writeInt(bytes.length);

dos.write(bytes, 0, bytes.length);

System.out.println("Image sent to server. ");

dos.close();

out.close();

}catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Exception: " + e.getMessage());

soc.close();

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 Java Digital Image Processing

soc.close();

Server Code

import java.net.*;

import java.io.*;

import java.awt.image.*;

import javax.imageio.*;

import javax.swing.*;

class Server {

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{

ServerSocket server=null;

Socket socket;

server=new ServerSocket(4000);

System.out.println("Server Waiting for image");

socket=server.accept();

System.out.println("Client connected.");

InputStream in = socket.getInputStream();

DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(in);

int len = dis.readInt();

System.out.println("Image Size: " + len/1024 + "KB");

byte[] data = new byte[len];

dis.readFully(data);

dis.close();

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 Java Digital Image Processing

in.close();

InputStream ian = new ByteArrayInputStream(data);

BufferedImage bImage = ImageIO.read(ian);

JFrame f = new JFrame("Server");

ImageIcon icon = new ImageIcon(bImage);

JLabel l = new JLabel();

l.setIcon(icon);

f.add(l);

f.pack();

f.setVisible(true);

Output
Client Side Output
When you execute the client code, the following output appears on client side:

Server Side Output

When you execute the server code, the following output appears on server side:

After receiving the image, the server displays the image as shown below:

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Java Digital Image Processing

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 4. JAVA DIP — IMAGE PIXELS
Java Digital Image Processing

An image contains a two dimensional array of pixels. It is actually the value of those pixels
that make up an image. Usually an image could be color or grayscale.

In Java, the BufferedImage class is used to handle images. You need to call getRGB() method
of the BufferedImage class to get the value of the pixel.

Getting Pixel Value

The pixel value can be received using the following syntax:

Color c = new Color(image.getRGB(j, i));

Getting RGB Values

The method getRGB() takes the row and column index as a parameter and returns the
appropriate pixel. In case of color image, it returns three values which are (Red, Green, Blue).
They can be get as follows:

c.getRed();

c.getGreen();

c.getBlue();

Getting Width and Height of Image

The height and width of the image can be get by calling the getWidth() and getHeight()
methods of the BufferedImage class. Its syntax is given below:

int width = image.getWidth();

int height = image.getHeight();

Apart from these methods, there are other methods supported in the BufferedImage class.
They are described briefly:

Sr. No. Methods

1 copyData(WritableRaster outRaster)

It computes an arbitrary rectangular region of the BufferedImage and copies it

into a specified WritableRaster.

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 Java Digital Image Processing

2 getColorModel()

It returns ColorModel of an image.

3 getData()

It returns the image as one large tile.

4 getData(Rectangle rect)

It computes and returns an arbitrary region of the BufferedImage.

5 getGraphics()

This method returns a Graphics2D, but is here for backwards compatibility.

6 getHeight()

It returns the height of the BufferedImage.

7 getMinX()

It returns the minimum x coordinate of this BufferedImage.

8 getMinY()

It returns the minimum y coordinate of this BufferedImage.

9 getRGB(int x, int y)

It returns an integer pixel in the default RGB color model (TYPE_INT_ARGB) and
default sRGB colorspace.

10 getType()

It returns the image type.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of java BufferedImage class that displays pixels
of an image of size (10 x 10):

import java.awt.*;

import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;

import java.io.*;

import javax.imageio.ImageIO;

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 Java Digital Image Processing

import javax.swing.JFrame;

class Pixel {

BufferedImage image;

int width;

int height;

public Pixel() {

try {

File input = new File("blackandwhite.jpg");

image = ImageIO.read(input);

width = image.getWidth();

height = image.getHeight();

int count = 0;

for(int i=0; i<height; i++){

for(int j=0; j<width; j++){

count++;

Color c = new Color(image.getRGB(j, i));

System.out.println("S.No: " + count + " Red: " + c.getRed() +

" Green: " + c.getGreen() + " Blue: " + c.getBlue());

} catch (Exception e) {}

static public void main(String args[]) throws Exception

Pixel obj = new Pixel();

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Output
When you execute the above example, it would print the pixels of the following image:

Original Image

Pixels Output

If you scroll down the ouput, the following pattern is seen:

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 5. JAVA DIP — GRAYSCALE CONVERSION
Java Digital Image Processing

In order to convert a color image to Grayscale image, you need to read pixels or data of the
image using File and ImageIO objects, and store the image in BufferedImage object. Its
syntax is given below:

File input = new File("digital_image_processing.jpg");

BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(input);

Further, get the pixel value using method getRGB() and perform GrayScale() method on it.
The method getRGB() takes row and column index as parameter.

Color c = new Color(image.getRGB(j, i));

int red = (c.getRed() * 0.299);

int green =(c.getGreen() * 0.587);

int blue = (c.getBlue() *0.114);

Apart from these three methods, there are other methods available in the Color class as
described briefly:

Sr. No. Method

1 brighter()

It creates a new Color that is a brighter version of this Color.

2 darker()

It creates a new Color that is a darker version of this Color.

3 getAlpha()

It returns the alpha component in the range 0-255.

4 getHSBColor(float h, float s, float b)

It creates a Color object based on the specified values for the HSB color model.

5 HSBtoRGB(float hue, float saturation, float brightness)

It converts the components of a color, as specified by the HSB model, to an

equivalent set of values for the default RGB model

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 Java Digital Image Processing

6 toString()

It returns a string representation of this Color.

The last step is to add all these three values and set it again to the corresponding pixel value.
Its syntax is given below:

int sum = red+green+blue;

Color newColor = new Color(sum,sum,sum);

image.setRGB(j,i,newColor.getRGB());

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Java BufferedImage class that converts an
image to Grayscale:

import java.awt.*;

import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;

import java.io.*;

import javax.imageio.ImageIO;

import javax.swing.JFrame;

public class GrayScale {

BufferedImage image;

int width;

int height;

public GrayScale() {

try {

File input = new File("digital_image_processing.jpg");

image = ImageIO.read(input);

width = image.getWidth();

height = image.getHeight();

for(int i=0; i<height; i++){

for(int j=0; j<width; j++){

Color c = new Color(image.getRGB(j, i));

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 Java Digital Image Processing

int red = (int)(c.getRed() * 0.299);

int green = (int)(c.getGreen() * 0.587);

int blue = (int)(c.getBlue() *0.114);

Color newColor = new Color(red+green+blue,

red+green+blue,red+green+blue);

image.setRGB(j,i,newColor.getRGB());

File ouptut = new File("grayscale.jpg");

ImageIO.write(image, "jpg", ouptut);

} catch (Exception e) {}

static public void main(String args[]) throws Exception

GrayScale obj = new GrayScale();

Output
When you execute the given example, it converts the image
digital_image_processing.jpg to its equivalent Grayscale image and write it on hard disk
with the name grayscale.jpg.

Original Image

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Grayscale Image

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 6. JAVA DIP — ENHANCING IMAGE CONTRAST
Java Digital Image Processing

In this chapter we learn how to enhance the contrast of an image using histogram
equalization.

We use the OpenCV function equalizeHist() method. It can be found under Imgproc
package. Its syntax is given below:

Imgproc.equalizeHist(source, destination);

The parameters are described below:

Sr. No. Parameters

1 Source

It is 8-bit single channel source image.

2 Destination

It is the destination image.

Apart from the equalizeHist() method, there are other methods provided by the Imgproc class.
They are described briefly:

Sr. No. Method

1 cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

2 dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

3 equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

4 filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double delta)

It convolves an image with the kernel.

5 GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

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 Java Digital Image Processing

6 integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

IT calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to enhance contrast of an
image:

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class Main {

static int width;

static int height;

static double alpha = 2;

static double beta = 50;

public static void main( String[] args )

try{

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

Mat source = Highgui.imread("grayscale.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);

Mat destination = new

Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());

Imgproc.equalizeHist(source, destination);

Highgui.imwrite("contrast.jpg", destination);

}catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("error: " + e.getMessage());

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

Enhanced Contrast Image

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 7. ENHANCING IMAGE BRIGHTNESS
Java Digital Image Processing

In this chapter we enhance the brightness of an image by multiplying each pixel of the image
with an alpha value and adding another beta value to it.

We OpenCV function convertTo that does the above operation automatically. It can be found
under Mat package. Its syntax is given below:

int alpha = 2;

int beta = 50;

sourceImage.convertTo(destination, rtype , alpha, beta);

The parameters are described below:

Sr. No. Parameters

1 destination

It is destination image.

2 rtype

It is desired output matrix type or rather the depth, since the number of channels
are the same as the input. If rtype is negative, the output matrix has the same
type as the input.

3 alpha

It is optional scale factor.

4 beta

It is optional delta added to the scaled values.

Apart from the convertTo() method, there are other methods provided by the Mat class. They
are described briefly:

Sr. No. Methods

1 adjustROI(int dtop, int dbottom, int dleft, int dright)

It adjusts a submatrix size and position within the parent matrix.

2 copyTo(Mat m)

It copies the matrix to another one.

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 Java Digital Image Processing

3 diag()

It extracts a diagonal from a matrix, or creates a diagonal matrix.

4 dot(Mat m)

It computes a dot-product of two vectors.

5 reshape(int cn)

It changes the shape and/or the number of channels of a 2D matrix without

copying the data.

6 submat(Range rowRange, Range colRange)

It extracts a rectangular sub matrix.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Mat class to enhance brightness of an image:

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

public class Main {

static int width;

static int height;

static double alpha = 2;

static double beta = 50;

public static void main( String[] args )

try{

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

Mat source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);

Mat destination=new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),

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 Java Digital Image Processing

source.type());

source.convertTo(destination, -1, alpha, beta);

Highgui.imwrite("brightWithAlpha2Beta50.jpg", destination);

}catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("error: " + e.getMessage());

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

Enhanced Bright Image (Alpha=1 & Beta=50)

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Enhanced Bright Image (Alpha=2 & Beta=50)

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 8. JAVA DIP — ENHANCING IMAGE SHARPNESS
Java Digital Image Processing

In this chapter we learn to increase the sharpness of an image using Gaussian filter.

First we use OpenCV function GaussianBlur. It can be found under Imgproc package. Its
syntax is given below:

Imgproc.GaussianBlur(source, destination, new Size(0,0), sigmaX);

The parameters are described briefly:

Sr. No. Parameters

1 source

It is source image.

2 destination

It is destination image.

3 Size

It is Gaussian kernel size.

4 sigmaX

It is Gaussian kernel standard deviation in X direction.

Further, we use OpenCV function addWeighted to apply image watermark to image. It can be
found under Core package. Its syntax is given below:

Core.addWeighted(InputArray src1, alpha, src2, beta, gamma, OutputArray

dst);

The parameters of this function are described below:

Sr. No. Parameters

src1
1
It is first input array.

alpha
2
It is weight of the first array elements.

src2
3
It is second input array of the same size and channel number as src1.

30
 Java Digital Image Processing

Beta
4
It is weight of the second array elements.

gamma
5
It is scalar added to each sum.

Dst
6 It is output array that has the same size and number of channels as the input
arrays.

Apart from the GaussianBlur() method, there are other methods provided by the Imgproc
class. They are described briefly:

Sr. No. Methods

1 cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

2 dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

3 equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

4 filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double delta)

It convolves an image with the kernel.

5 GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

6 integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc and Core class to apply sharpening
to an image:

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.core.Size;

31
 Java Digital Image Processing

import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class Main {

public static void main( String[] args )

try{

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

Mat source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);

Mat destination = new

Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());

Imgproc.GaussianBlur(source, destination, new Size(0,0), 10);

Core.addWeighted(source, 1.5, destination, -0.5, 0, destination);

Highgui.imwrite("sharp.jpg", destination);

}catch (Exception e) {

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

32
 Java Digital Image Processing

Sharpened Image

33
9. JAVA DIP — IMAGE COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES
Java Digital Image Processing

An image can easily be compressed and stored through Java. Compression of image involves
converting an image into jpg and storing it.

In order to compress an image, we read the image and convert into BufferedImage object.

Further, we get an ImageWriter from getImageWritersByFormatName() method found in the

ImageIO class. From this ImageWriter, create an ImageWriteParam object. Its syntax is given
below:

Iterator<ImageWriter> list = ImageIO.getImageWritersByFormatName("jpg");

ImageWriteParam obj = writer_From_List.getDefaultWriteParam();

From this ImageWriteParam object, you can set the compression by calling these two methods
which are setCompressionMode() and setCompressionQuality(). Their syntaxes are as given
below:

obj.setCompressionMode(ImageWriteParam.MODE_EXPLICIT);

obj.setCompressionQuality(0.05f);

The setCompressionMode() method takes Mode_EXPLICIT as the parameter. Some of the

other MODES are described briefly:

Sr. No. Modes

1 MODE_DEFAULT

It is a constant value that may be passed into methods to enable that feature for
future writes.

2 MODE_DISABLED

It is a constant value that may be passed into methods to disable that feature for
future writes.

3 MODE_EXPLICIT

It is a constant value that may be passed into methods to enable that feature for
future writes.

Apart from the compressions methods, there are other methods provided by the
ImageWriteParam class. They are described briefly:

Sr. No. Methods

34
 Java Digital Image Processing

1 canOffsetTiles()

It returns true if the writer can perform tiling with non-zero grid offsets while
writing.

2 getBitRate(float quality)

It returns a float indicating an estimate of the number of bits of output data for
each bit of input image data at the given quality level.

3 getLocale()

It returns the currently set Locale, or null if only a default Locale is supported.

4 isCompressionLossless()

It returns true if the current compression type provides lossless compression.

5 unsetCompression()

It removes any previous compression type and quality settings.

6 unsetTiling()

It removes any previous tile grid parameters specified by calls to setTiling.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of ImageWriteParam class to compress an
image:

import java.io.*;

import java.util.*;

import javax.imageio.*;

import java.awt.image.*;

import javax.imageio.stream.ImageOutputStream;

class Compresssion {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

File input = new File("digital_image_processing.jpg");

35
 Java Digital Image Processing

BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(input);

File compressedImageFile = new File("compress.jpg");

OutputStream os =new FileOutputStream(compressedImageFile);

Iterator<ImageWriter>writers =

ImageIO.getImageWritersByFormatName("jpg");

ImageWriter writer = (ImageWriter) writers.next();

ImageOutputStream ios = ImageIO.createImageOutputStream(os);

writer.setOutput(ios);

ImageWriteParam param = writer.getDefaultWriteParam();

param.setCompressionMode(ImageWriteParam.MODE_EXPLICIT);

param.setCompressionQuality(0.05f);

writer.write(null, new IIOImage(image, null, null), param);

os.close();

ios.close();

writer.dispose();

Output
When you execute the given code, it compresses the image digital_image_processing.jpg to
its equivalent compressed image and writes it on the hard disk with the name compress.jpg.

Original Image

36
 Java Digital Image Processing

Compressed Image - Quality Factor: 0.05

Compressed Image - Quality Factor: 0.5

37
Java Digital Image Processing

38
 10. JAVA DIP — ADDING IMAGEJavaBORDER
Digital Image Processing

In this chapter we learn to add different types of borders to an image.

We use OpenCV function copyMakeBorder. It can be found under Imgproc package. Its syntax
is given below:

Imgproc.copyMakeBorder(source,destination,top,bottom,left,right,borderType);

The parameters are described below:

Sr. No. Parameters

1 source

It is source image.

2 destination

It is destination image.

3 top

It is the length in pixels of the border at the top of the image.

4 bottom

Length in pixels of the border at the bottom of the image.

5 left

It is the length in pixels of the border at the left of the image.

6 right

It is the length in pixels of the border at the right of the image.

7 borderType

It defines the type of border. The possible borders are BORDER_REPLICATE,

BORDER_REFLECT, BORDER_WRAP, BORDER_CONSTANT etc.

Apart from the copyMakeBorder() method, there are other methods provide by the Imgproc
class. They are described briefly:

39
 Java Digital Image Processing

Sr. No. Methods

1 cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

2 dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

3 equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

4 filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double delta)

It convolves an image with the kernel.

5 GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

6 integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to add border to an image:

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.CvType;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class main {

public static void main( String[] args )

try{

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

40
 Java Digital Image Processing

Mat source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);

Mat destination = new

Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());

int top, bottom, left, right;

int borderType;

/// Initialize arguments for the filter

top = (int) (0.05*source.rows());

bottom = (int) (0.05*source.rows());

left = (int) (0.05*source.cols());

right = (int) (0.05*source.cols());

destination = source;

Imgproc.copyMakeBorder(source, destination, top, bottom,

left, right, Imgproc.BORDER_WRAP);

Highgui.imwrite("borderWrap.jpg", destination);

}catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("error: " + e.getMessage());

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

41
 Java Digital Image Processing

Isolated Border Image

Wrapped Border Image

42
 Java Digital Image Processing

Reflect Border Image

43
 11. JAVA DIP — IMAGE PYRAMIDS
Java Digital Image Processing

Image pyramid is nothing but a method to display a multi-resolution image. The lowermost
layer is a highest-resolution version of image and the topmost layer is a lowest-resolution
version of the image. Image pyramids are used to handle image at different scales.

In this chapter we perform some down sampling and up sampling on images.

We use OpenCV functions pyrUp and pyrDown. They can be found under Imgproc package. Its
syntax is given below:

Imgproc.pyrUp(source, destination, destinationSize);

Imgproc.pyrDown(source, destination,destinationSize);

The parameters are described below:

Sr. No. Parameters

1 source

It is the source image.

2 destination

It is the destination image.

3 destinationSize

It is the size of the output image. By default, it is computed as Size((src.cols*2),

(src.rows*2)).

Apart from the pyrUp and pyrDown methods, there are other methods provided by the
Imgproc class. They are described briefly:

Sr. No. Methods

1 cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

2 dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

3 equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

44
 Java Digital Image Processing

4 filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double delta)

It convolves an image with the kernel.

5 GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

6 integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to perform up sampling and
down sampling on an image:

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.CvType;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.core.Size;

import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class main {

public static void main( String[] args )

try{

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

Mat source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);

Mat destination1 = new Mat(source.rows()*2,

source.cols()*2,source.type());

destination1 = source;

Imgproc.pyrUp(source, destination1, new Size(source.cols()*2,

45
 Java Digital Image Processing

source.rows()*2));

Highgui.imwrite("pyrUp.jpg", destination1);

source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);

Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows()/2,source.cols()/2,

source.type());

destination = source;

Imgproc.pyrDown(source, destination, new Size(source.cols()/2,

source.rows()/2));

Highgui.imwrite("pyrDown.jpg", destination);

}catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("error: " + e.getMessage());

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

46
 Java Digital Image Processing

Original Image

On the original image, pyrUp (UP Sampling) and pyrDown (Down Sampling) are performed.
The output after sampling is as shown below:

47
 Java Digital Image Processing

PyrUP Image

pyrDown Image

48
 12. JAVA DIP — BASIC THRESHOLDING
Java Digital Image Processing

Thresholding enables to achieve image segmentation in the easiest way. Image segmentation
means dividing the complete image into a set of pixels in such a way that the pixels in each
set have some common characteristics. Image segmentation is highly useful in defining
objects and their boundaries.

In this chapter we perform some basic thresholding operations on images.

We use OpenCV function threshold. It can be found under Imgproc package. Its syntax is
given below:

Imgproc.threshold(source, destination, thresh , maxval , type);

The parameters are described below:

Sr. No. Parameters

1 source

It is source image.

2 destination

It is destination image.

3 thresh

It is threshold value.

4 maxval

It is the maximum value to be used with the THRESH_BINARY and

THRESH_BINARY_INV threshold types.

5 type

The possible types are THRESH_BINARY, THRESH_BINARY_INV, THRESH_TRUNC,

and THRESH_TOZERO.

Apart from these thresholding methods, there are other methods provided by the Imgproc
class. They are described briefly:

49
 Java Digital Image Processing

Sr. No. Methods

1 cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

2 dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

3 equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

4 filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double delta)

It convolves an image with the kernel.

5 GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

6 integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to perform thresholding
operations to an image:

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.CvType;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class main {

public static void main( String[] args )

try{

50
 Java Digital Image Processing

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

Mat source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);

Mat destination = new

Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());

destination = source;

Imgproc.threshold(source,destination,127,255,Imgproc.THRESH_TOZERO);

Highgui.imwrite("ThreshZero.jpg", destination);

}catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("error: " + e.getMessage());

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

51
 Java Digital Image Processing

On the above original image, some thresholding operation is performed which is shown in the
output below:

Thresh Binary

Thresh Binary Invert

52
 Java Digital Image Processing

Thresh Zero

53
 13. JAVA DIP — IMAGE SHAPE CONVERSION
Java Digital Image Processing

The shape of the image can easily be changed by using OpenCV. Image can either be flipped,
scaled, or rotated in any of the four directions.

In order to change the shape of the image, we read the image and convert into Mat object.
Its syntax is given below:

File input = new File("digital_image_processing.jpg");

BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(input);

//convert Buffered Image to Mat.

Flipping an Image
OpenCV allows three types of flip codes which are described below:

Sr. No. Flip Code

1 0

0 means, flipping around x axis.

2 1

1 means, flipping around y axis.

3 -1

-1 means, flipping around both axis.

We pass the appropriate flip code into method flip() in the Core class. Its syntax is given
below:

Core.flip(source mat, destination mat1, flip_code);

The method flip() takes three parameters: the source image matrix , the destination image
matrix, and the flip code.

Apart from the flip method, there are other methods provided by the Core class. They are
described briefly:

Sr. No. Methods

54
 Java Digital Image Processing

1 add(Mat src1, Mat src2, Mat dst)

It calculates the per-element sum of two arrays or an array and a scalar.

2 bitwise_and(Mat src1, Mat src2, Mat dst)

It calculates the per-element bit-wise conjunction of two arrays or an array and a

scalar.

3 bitwise_not(Mat src, Mat dst)

It inverts every bit of an array.

4 circle(Mat img, Point center, int radius, Scalar color)

It draws a circle.

5 sumElems(Mat src)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

6 subtract(Mat src1, Scalar src2, Mat dst, Mat mask)

It calculates the per-element difference between two arrays or array and a scalar.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Core class to flip an image:

import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;

import java.awt.image.DataBufferByte;

import java.io.File;

import javax.imageio.ImageIO;

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.CvType;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class Main {

public static void main( String[] args )

55
 Java Digital Image Processing

try {

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

File input = new File("digital_image_processing.jpg");

BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(input);

byte[] data = ((DataBufferByte) image.getRaster().

getDataBuffer()).getData();

Mat mat = new Mat(image.getHeight(),image.getWidth(),CvType.CV_8UC3);

mat.put(0, 0, data);

Mat mat1 = new Mat(image.getHeight(),image.getWidth(),CvType.CV_8UC3);

Core.flip(mat, mat1, -1);

byte[] data1 = new

byte[mat1.rows()*mat1.cols()*(int)(mat1.elemSize())];

mat1.get(0, 0, data1);

BufferedImage image1 = new BufferedImage(mat1.cols(), mat1.rows(), 5);

image1.getRaster().setDataElements(0,0,mat1.cols(),mat1.rows(),data1);

File ouptut = new File("hsv.jpg");

ImageIO.write(image1, "jpg", ouptut);

} catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());

56
 Java Digital Image Processing

Output
When you run the above example, it would flip an image name
digital_image_processing.jpg to its equivalent HSV color space image and write it on hard
disk with name flip.jpg.

Original Image

Flipped Image

57
 14. JAVA DIP — APPLYING GAUSSIAN FILTER
Java Digital Image Processing

In this chapter, we apply Gaussian filter to an image that blurs an image. We are going to
use OpenCV function GaussianBlur to apply Gaussian filter to images. It can be found
under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:

Imgproc.GaussianBlur(source, destination,Size,SigmaX);

The function arguments are described below:

Sr. No. Argument

1 source

It is source image.

2 destination

It is destination image.

3 Size

It is Gaussian kernel size.

4 SigmaX

It is Gaussian kernel standard deviation in X direction.

Apart from the GaussianBlur method, there are other methods provided by the Imgproc class.
They are described briefly:

Sr. No. Methods

1 cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

2 dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

3 equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

4 filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double delta)

58
 Java Digital Image Processing

It convolves an image with the kernel.

5 GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

6 integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to apply Gaussian filter to an
image.

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.CvType;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.core.Size;

import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class Main {

public static void main( String[] args )

try {

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

Mat source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);

Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());

Imgproc.GaussianBlur(source, destination,new Size(45,45), 0);

Highgui.imwrite("Gaussian45.jpg", destination);

} catch (Exception e) {

59
 Java Digital Image Processing

System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

When this original image is convolved with the Gaussian filter of size 11 and 45, the following
output is seen:

Gaussian Filter of Size 11

60
 Java Digital Image Processing

Gaussian Filter of Size 45

61
 15. JAVA DIP — APPLYING BOX FILTER
Java Digital Image Processing

We apply Box filter that blurs an image. A Box filter could be of dimensions 3x3, 5x5, 9x9 etc.

We use the OpenCV function filter2D() to apply Box filter to images. It can be found
under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:

filter2D(src, dst, ddepth, kernel, anchor, delta, BORDER_DEFAULT );

The function arguments are described below:

Sr. No. Arguments

1 src

It is source image.

2 dst

It is destination image.

3 ddepth:

It is the depth of dst. A negative value (such as -1) indicates that the depth is
the same as the source.

4 kernel

It is the kernel to be scanned through the image.

5 anchor

It is the position of the anchor relative to its kernel. The location Point (-1, -1)
indicates the center by default.

6 Delta

It is a value to be added to each pixel during the convolution. By default it is 0.

7 BORDER_DEFAULT

We let this value by default.

Apart from the filter2D() method, there are other methods provided by the Imgproc class.
They are described briefly:

Sr. No. Methods

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 Java Digital Image Processing

1 cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

2 dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

3 equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

4 filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double delta)

It convolves an image with the kernel.

5 GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

6 integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to apply Box filter to an image
of Grayscale.

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.CvType;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class convolution {

public static void main( String[] args )

try {

63
 Java Digital Image Processing

int kernelSize = 9;

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

Mat source = Highgui.imread("grayscale.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);

Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());

Mat kernel = Mat.ones(kernelSize,kernelSize, CvType.CV_32F);

for(int i=0; i<kernel.rows(); i++){

for(int j=0; j<kernel.cols(); j++){

double[] m = kernel.get(i, j);

for(int k =0; k<m.length; k++){

m[k] = m[k]/(kernelSize * kernelSize);

kernel.put(i,j, m);

Imgproc.filter2D(source, destination, -1, kernel);

Highgui.imwrite("output.jpg", destination);

} catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

64
 Java Digital Image Processing

In this example we convolve our image with the following filter (kernel). This filter results in
blurring an image as its size increases.

This original image has been convolved with the box filter of size 5, which is given below:

Box filter of size 5

1/25 1/25 1/25 1/25 1/25

1/25 1/25 1/25 1/25 1/25

1/25 1/25 1/25 1/25 1/25

1/25 1/25 1/25 1/25 1/25

1/25 1/25 1/25 1/25 1/25

Convolved Image with Box Filter of Size 5

65
 Java Digital Image Processing

Convolved Image with Box Filter of Size 9

66
 16. JAVA DIP — ERODING ANDJava
DILATION
Digital Image Processing

In this chapter we learn apply two very common morphology operators: Dilation and Erosion.

We use OpenCV function erode and dilate. They can be found under Imgproc package. Its
syntax is given below:

Imgproc.erode(source, destination, element);

Imgproc.dilate(source, destination, element);

The parameters are described below:

Sr. No. Parameters

1 source

It is source image.

2 destination

It is destination image.

3 element

It is a structuring element used for erosion and dilation, if element=Mat(), a

3 x 3 rectangular structuring element is used.

Apart from erode() and dilate() methods, there are other methods provided by the Imgproc
class. They are described briefly:

Sr. No. Method

1 cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

2 dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

3 equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

4 filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double delta)

67
 Java Digital Image Processing

It convolves an image with the kernel.

5 GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

6 integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to perform erosion and dilation
on an image:

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.CvType;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class main {

public static void main( String[] args )

try{

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

Mat source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);

Mat destination =new

Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());

destination = source;

int erosion_size = 5;

int dilation_size = 5;

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Mat element = Imgproc.getStructuringElement(Imgproc.MORPH_RECT,

new Size(2*erosion_size + 1, 2*erosion_size+1));

Imgproc.erode(source, destination, element);

Highgui.imwrite("erosion.jpg", destination);

source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);

destination = source;

Mat element1 = Imgproc.getStructuringElement(Imgproc.MORPH_RECT,

new Size(2*dilation_size + 1, 2*dilation_size+1));

Imgproc.dilate(source, destination, element1);

Highgui.imwrite("dilation.jpg", destination);

}catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("error: " + e.getMessage());

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

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 Java Digital Image Processing

On the above original image, some erosion and dilation operations have been performed which
have been shown in the output below:

Erosion

Dilation

70
Java Digital Image Processing

71
 17. JAVA DIP — APPLYING WATERMARK
Java Digital Image Processing

In this chapter we learn two ways of applying watermark on images. These ways are:

1. Applying Text Watermark

2. Applying Image watermark

Applying Text Watermark

We use OpenCV function putText to apply text watermark to image. It can be found
under Core package. Its syntax is given below:

Core.putText(source,Text,Point, fontFace ,fontScale ,color);

The parameters of this function are described below:

Sr. No. Parameters

1 Source

It is source image.

2 Text

It is the string text that would appear on the image.

3 Point

It is the point where text should appear on image.

4 fontFace

It is font type. For example: FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, FONT_HERSHEY_PLAIN,

FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX etc.

5 fontScale

It is font scale factor that is multiplied by the font-specific base size.

6 color

It is text color.

Apart from the putText method, there are other methods provided by the Core class. They
are described briefly:

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Sr. No. Methods

1 normalize(Mat src, Mat dst, double alpha, double beta, int norm_type)

It normalizes the norm or value range of an array.

2 perspectiveTransform(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat m)

It performs the perspective matrix transformation of vectors.

3 phase(Mat x, Mat y, Mat angle)

It calculates the rotation angle of 2D vectors.

4 rectangle(Mat img, Point pt1, Point pt2, Scalar color)

It draws a simple, thick, or filled up-right rectangle.

5 reduce(Mat src, Mat dst, int dim, int rtype, int dtype)

It reduces a matrix to a vector.

6 transform(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat m)

It performs the matrix transformation of every array element.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Core class to apply text watermark to an
image:

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class Main {

public static void main( String[] args )

try{

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Mat source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);

Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),

source.type());

Core.putText(source, "Tutorialspoint.com", new Point

(source.rows()/2,source.cols()/2),

Core.FONT_ITALIC,new Double(1),new Scalar(255));

Highgui.imwrite("watermarked.jpg", source);

} catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Error: "+e.getMessage());

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

74
 Java Digital Image Processing

Original Image

Text Watermarked Image

Applying Image Watermark on Image

We are going to use OpenCV function addWeighted to apply image watermark to image. It
can be found under Core package. Its syntax is given below:

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Core.addWeighted(InputArray src1, alpha, src2 (Watermark image), beta,

gamma, OutputArray dst);

The parameters of this function are described below:

Sr. No. Parameters

1 src1

It is first input array.

2 alpha

It is the weight of the first array elements.

3 src2

It is the second input array of the same size and channel number as src1.

4 beta

It is the weight of the second array elements.

5 gamma

It is the scalar added to each sum.

6 dst

It is the output array that has the same size and number of channels as the
input arrays.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Core class to apply image watermark to an
image:

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class Main {

public static void main( String[] args )

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 Java Digital Image Processing

try{

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

Mat source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);

Mat waterMark=Highgui.imread("watermark.png",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);

Rect ROI = new Rect(waterMark.rows()*4,waterMark.cols(),

waterMark.cols(),waterMark.rows());

Core.addWeighted(source.submat(ROI), 0.8, waterMark,

0.2, 1, source.submat(ROI));

Highgui.imwrite("watermarkedImage.jpg", source);

} catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Error: "+e.getMessage());

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

77
 Java Digital Image Processing

Original Image

The Watermark Image

78
 Java Digital Image Processing

Watermarked Image

79
18. JAVA DIP — UNDERSTANDING CONVOLUTION
Java Digital Image Processing

Convolution is a mathematical operation on two functions f and g. The function f and g in this
case are images, since an image is also a two dimensional function.

Performing Convolution
In order to perform convolution on an image, following steps are taken:

 Flip the mask (horizontally and vertically) only once.

 Slide the mask onto the image.
 Multiply the corresponding elements and then add them.
 Repeat this procedure until all values of the image has been calculated.
We use the OpenCV function filter2D() to apply convolution to images. It can be found
under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:

filter2D(src, dst, ddepth , kernel, anchor, delta, BORDER_DEFAULT );

The function arguments are described below:

Sr. No. Arguments

1 src

It is source image.

2 dst

It is destination image.

3 ddepth:

It is the depth of dst. A negative value (such as -1) indicates that the depth is the
same as the source.

4 kernel

It is the kernel to be scanned through the image.

5 anchor

It is the position of the anchor relative to its kernel. The location Point (-1, -1)
indicates the center by default.

6 delta

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 Java Digital Image Processing

It is a value to be added to each pixel during the convolution. By default it is 0.

7 BORDER_DEFAULT

We let this value by default.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to perform convolution on an
image of Grayscale.

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.CvType;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class convolution {

public static void main( String[] args )

try {

int kernelSize = 3;

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

Mat source = Highgui.imread("grayscale.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);

Mat destination = new

Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());

Mat kernel = new Mat(kernelSize,kernelSize, CvType.CV_32F){

put(0,0,0);

put(0,1,0);

put(0,2,0);

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 Java Digital Image Processing

put(1,0,0);

put(1,1,1);

put(1,2,0);

put(2,0,0);

put(2,1,0);

put(2,2,0);

};

Imgproc.filter2D(source, destination, -1, kernel);

Highgui.imwrite("original.jpg", destination);

} catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());

Output
In this example we convolve our image with the following filter (kernel). This filter results in
producing original image as it is:

0 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 0

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Original Image

Convolved Image

83
 19. JAVA DIP — APPLYING PREWITT OPERATOR
Java Digital Image Processing

Prewitt operator is used for edge detection in an image. It detects two types of edges: vertical
edges and horizontal edges.

We use the OpenCV function filter2D() to apply Prewitt operator to images. It can be found
under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:

filter2D(src, dst, ddepth, kernel, anchor, delta, BORDER_DEFAULT );

The function arguments are described below:

Sr. No. Arguments

1 src

It is source image.

2 dst

It is destination image.

3 ddepth:

It is the depth of dst. A negative value (such as -1) indicates that the depth is
the same as the source.

4 kernel

It is the kernel to be scanned through the image.

5 anchor

It is the position of the anchor relative to its kernel. The location Point (-1, -1)
indicates the center by default.

6 delta

It is a value to be added to each pixel during the convolution. By default it is 0.

7 BORDER_DEFAULT

We let this value by default.

Apart from the filter2D() method, there are other methods provide by the Imgproc class. They
are described briefly:

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Sr. No. Methods

1 cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

2 dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

3 equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

4 filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double delta)

It convolves an image with the kernel.

5 GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

6 integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to apply Prewitt operator to an
image of Grayscale.

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.CvType;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class convolution {

public static void main( String[] args )

85
 Java Digital Image Processing

try {

int kernelSize = 9;

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

Mat source = Highgui.imread("grayscale.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);

Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());

Mat kernel = new Mat(kernelSize,kernelSize, CvType.CV_32F){

put(0,0,-1);

put(0,1,0);

put(0,2,1);

put(1,0-1);

put(1,1,0);

put(1,2,1);

put(2,0,-1);

put(2,1,0);

put(2,2,1);

};

Imgproc.filter2D(source, destination, -1, kernel);

Highgui.imwrite("output.jpg", destination);

} catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

This original image is convolved with the Prewitt operator of vertical edges as given below:

Vertical direction
-1 0 1

-1 0 1

-1 0 1

Convolved Image – Vertical Direction

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 Java Digital Image Processing

This original image has also been convolved with the Prewitt operator of horizontal edges,
which is given below:

Horizontal Direction
-1 -1 -1

0 0 0

1 1 1

Convolved Image-Horizontal Direction

88
Java Digital Image Processing

89
 20. JAVA DIP — APPLYING SOBELJava
OPERATOR
Digital Image Processing

Sobel operator is very similar to Prewitt operator. It is also a derivative mask and is used for
edge detection. Sobel operator is used to detect two kinds of edges in an image: Vertical
direction edges and Horizontal direction edges.

We are going to use the OpenCV function filter2D() to apply Sobel operator to images. It can
be found under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:

filter2D(src, dst, ddepth, kernel, anchor, delta, BORDER_DEFAULT );

The function arguments are described below:

Sr. No. Argument

1 src

It is source image.

2 dst

It is destination image.

3 ddepth:

It is the depth of dst. A negative value (such as -1) indicates that the depth is the
same as the source.

4 kernel

It is the kernel to be scanned through the image.

5 anchor

It is the position of the anchor relative to its kernel. The location Point (-1, -1)
indicates the center by default.

6 Delta

It is a value to be added to each pixel during the convolution. By default it is 0.

7 BORDER_DEFAULT

We let this value by default.

Apart from the filter2D() method, there are other methods provide by the Imgproc class. They
are described briefly:

90
 Java Digital Image Processing

Sr. No. Methods

1 cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

2 dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

3 equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

4 filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double delta)

It convolves an image with the kernel.

5 GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

6 integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to apply Sobel operator to an
image of Grayscale.

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.CvType;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class convolution {

public static void main( String[] args )

91
 Java Digital Image Processing

try {

int kernelSize = 9;

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

Mat source = Highgui.imread("grayscale.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);

Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());

Mat kernel = new Mat(kernelSize,kernelSize, CvType.CV_32F){

put(0,0,-1);

put(0,1,0);

put(0,2,1);

put(1,0-2);

put(1,1,0);

put(1,2,2);

put(2,0,-1);

put(2,1,0);

put(2,2,1);

};

Imgproc.filter2D(source, destination, -1, kernel);

Highgui.imwrite("output.jpg", destination);

} catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

This original image is convolved with the Sobel operator of vertical edges, which is given
below:

Vertical Direction
-1 0 1

-2 0 2

-1 0 1

Convolved Image-Vertical Direction

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 Java Digital Image Processing

This original image is convolved with the Sobel operator of horizontal edges, which is given
below:

Horizontal Direction
-1 -2 -1

0 0 0

1 2 1

Convolved Image-Horizontal Direction

94
Java Digital Image Processing

95
 21. JAVA DIP — APPLYING KIRSCHJavaOPERATOR
Digital Image Processing

Kirsch compass masks are yet another type of derivative mask which are used for edge
detection. This operator is also known as direction mask. In this operator we take one mask
and rotate it in all the eight compass directions to get edges of the eight directions.

We are going to use the OpenCV function filter2D() to apply Kirsch operator to images. It
can be found under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:

filter2D(src, dst, ddepth , kernel, anchor, delta, BORDER_DEFAULT);

The function arguments are described below:

Sr. No. Argument

1 src

It is source image.

2 dst

It is destination image.

3 ddepth:

It is the depth of dst. A negative value (such as -1) indicates that the depth is
the same as the source.

4 Kernel

It is the kernel to be scanned through the image.

5 Anchor

It is the position of the anchor relative to its kernel. The location Point (-1, -1)
indicates the center by default.

6 Delta

It is a value to be added to each pixel during the convolution. By default it is 0.

7 BORDER_DEFAULT

We let this value by default.

Apart from the filter2D() method, there are other methods provided by the Imgproc class.
They are described briefly:

96
 Java Digital Image Processing

Sr. No. Methods

1 cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

2 dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

3 equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

4 filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double delta)

It convolves an image with the kernel.

5 GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

6 integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to apply Kirsch operator to an
image of Grayscale.

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.CvType;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class convolution {

public static void main( String[] args )

97
 Java Digital Image Processing

try {

int kernelSize = 9;

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

Mat source = Highgui.imread("grayscale.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);

Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());

Mat kernel = new Mat(kernelSize,kernelSize, CvType.CV_32F){

put(0,0,-3);

put(0,1,-3);

put(0,2,-3);

put(1,0-3);

put(1,1,0);

put(1,2,-3);

put(2,0,5);

put(2,1,5);

put(2,2,5);

};

Imgproc.filter2D(source, destination, -1, kernel);

Highgui.imwrite("output.jpg", destination);

} catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

This original image is convolved with the Kirsch operator of East edges as given below:

Kirsch East
-3 -3 -3

-3 0 -3

5 5 5

Convolved Image-Kirsch East

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 Java Digital Image Processing

This original image is convolved with the Kirsch operator of South West edges as given below:

Kirsch South West

5 5 -3

5 0 -3

-3 -3 -3

Convolved Image-Kirsch South West

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Java Digital Image Processing

101
 22. JAVA DIP — APPLYING ROBINSONOPERATOR
Java Digital Image Processing

Robinson compass masks are yet another type of derivative masks which are used for edge
detection. This operator is also known as direction mask. In this operator we take one mask
and rotate it in all the eight major directions to get edges of the eight directions.

We are going to use the OpenCV function filter2D() to apply Robinson operator to images. It
can be found under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:

filter2D(src, dst, ddepth, kernel, anchor, delta, BORDER_DEFAULT );

The function arguments are described below:

Sr. No. Argument

1 src

It is source image.

2 dst

It is destination image.

3 ddepth:

It is the depth of dst. A negative value (such as -1) indicates that the depth is the
same as the source.

4 kernel

It is the kernel to be scanned through the image.

5 anchor

It is the position of the anchor relative to its kernel. The location Point (-1, -1)
indicates the center by default.

6 Delta

It is a value to be added to each pixel during the convolution. By default it is 0.

7 BORDER_DEFAULT

We let this value by default.

Apart from the filter2D() method, there are other methods provided by the Imgproc class.
They are described briefly:

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Sr. No. Methods

1 cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

2 dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

3 equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

4 filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double delta)

It convolves an image with the kernel.

5 GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

6 integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to apply Robinson operator to
an image of Grayscale:

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.CvType;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class convolution {

public static void main( String[] args )

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 Java Digital Image Processing

try {

int kernelSize = 9;

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

Mat source = Highgui.imread("grayscale.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);

Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());

Mat kernel = new Mat(kernelSize,kernelSize, CvType.CV_32F){

put(0,0,-1);

put(0,1,0);

put(0,2,1);

put(1,0-2);

put(1,1,0);

put(1,2,2);

put(2,0,-1);

put(2,1,0);

put(2,2,1);

};

Imgproc.filter2D(source, destination, -1, kernel);

Highgui.imwrite("output.jpg", destination);

} catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

This original image is convolved with the Robinson operator of North edges as given below:

North Direction Mask

-1 0 1

-2 0 2

-1 0 1

Convolved Image Robinson North

105
 Java Digital Image Processing

This original image has also been convolved with the Robinson operator of East edges as given
below:

East Direction Mask

-1 -2 -1

0 0 0

1 2 1

Convolved Image Robinson East

106
Java Digital Image Processing

107
 23. JAVA DIP — APPLYING LAPLACIAN OPERATOR
Java Digital Image Processing

Laplacian Operator is also a derivative operator which is used to find edges in an image. The
major difference between Laplacian and other operators like Prewitt, Sobel, Robinson, and
Kirsch is that these all are first order derivative masks but Laplacian is a second order
derivative mask.

We use the OpenCV function filter2D() to apply Laplacian operator to images. It can be found
under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:

filter2D(src, dst, ddepth, kernel, anchor, delta, BORDER_DEFAULT );

The function arguments are described below:

Sr. No. Arguments

1 Src

It is source image.

2 Dst

It is destination image.

3 ddepth:

It is the depth of dst. A negative value (such as -1) indicates that the depth is
the same as the source.

4 kernel

It is the kernel to be scanned through the image.

5 anchor

It is the position of the anchor relative to its kernel. The location Point (-1, -1)
indicates the center by default.

6 delta

It is a value to be added to each pixel during the convolution. By default it is 0.

7 BORDER_DEFAULT

We let this value by default.

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Apart from the filter2D() method, there are other methods provided by the Imgproc class.
They are described briefly:

Sr. No. Methods

1 cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

2 dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

3 equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

4 filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double delta)

It convolves an image with the kernel.

5 GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

6 integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to apply Laplacian operator to
an image of Grayscale.

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.CvType;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class convolution {

public static void main( String[] args )

109
 Java Digital Image Processing

try {

int kernelSize = 9;

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

Mat source = Highgui.imread("grayscale.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);

Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());

Mat kernel = new Mat(kernelSize,kernelSize, CvType.CV_32F){

put(0,0,0);

put(0,1,-1);

put(0,2,0);

put(1,0-1);

put(1,1,4);

put(1,2,-1);

put(2,0,0);

put(2,1,-1);

put(2,2,0);

};

Imgproc.filter2D(source, destination, -1, kernel);

Highgui.imwrite("output.jpg", destination);

} catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

This original image is convolved with the Laplacian Negative operator as given below:

Laplacian Negative
0 -1 0

-1 4 -1

0 -1 0

Convolved Image-Laplacian Negative

111
 Java Digital Image Processing

This original image is convolved with the Laplacian Positive operator as given below:

Laplacian Positive
0 1 0

1 -4 1

0 1 0

Convolved Image-Laplacian Positive

112
Java Digital Image Processing

113
24. JAVA DIP — APPLYING WEIGHTEDJava
AVERAGE FILTER
Digital Image Processing

In weighted average filter, we gave more weight to the center value, due to which the
contribution of center becomes more than the rest of the values. Due to weighted average
filtering, we can control the blurring of image.

We use the OpenCV function filter2D() to apply weighted average filter to images. It can be
found under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:

filter2D(src, dst, ddepth, kernel, anchor, delta, BORDER_DEFAULT );

The function arguments are described below:

Sr. No. Arguments

1 src

It is source image.

2 dst

It is destination image.

3 ddepth:

It is the depth of dst. A negative value (such as -1) indicates that the depth is the
same as the source.

4 kernel

It is the kernel to be scanned through the image.

5 anchor

It is the position of the anchor relative to its kernel. The location Point (-1, -1)
indicates the center by default.

6 Delta

It is a value to be added to each pixel during the convolution. By default it is 0.

7 BORDER_DEFAULT

We let this value by default.

Apart from the filter2D() method, there are other methods provide by the Imgproc class. They
are described briefly:

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Sr. No. Methods

1 cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

2 dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

3 equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

4 filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double delta)

It convolves an image with the kernel.

5 GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

6 integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to apply weighted average filter
to an image of Grayscale.

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.CvType;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class convolution {

public static void main( String[] args )

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try {

int kernelSize = 9;

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

Mat source = Highgui.imread("grayscale.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);

Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());

Mat kernel = Mat.ones(kernelSize,kernelSize, CvType.CV_32F){

for(int i=0; i<kernel.rows(); i++){

for(int j=0; j<kernel.cols(); j++){

double[] m = kernel.get(i, j);

for(int k =0; k<m.length; k++){

if(i==1 && j==1){

m[k] = 10/18;

else{

m[k] = m[k]/(18);

kernel.put(i,j, m);

};

Imgproc.filter2D(source, destination, -1, kernel);

Highgui.imwrite("output.jpg", destination);

} catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());

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Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

This original image is convolved with the weighted average filter as given below:

Weighted Average Filter

1 1 1

1 10 1

1 1 1

Convolved Image

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 25. JAVA DIP — CREATING ZOOM EFFECT
Java Digital Image Processing

Zooming is the process of enlarging an image so that the details in the image become more
visible and prominent.

We use OpenCV function resize to apply zooming to images. It can be found

under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:

Imgproc.resize(source,destination,
destination.size(),zoomFactor,zoomFactor,Interpolation);

In the resize function, we pass source image, destination image and its size, zooming factor,
and the interpolation method to use.

The interpolation methods available are described below:

Sr. No. Interpolation methods

1 INTER_NEAREST

It is nearest-neighbor interpolation.

2 INTER_LINEAR

It is bilinear interpolation (used by default).

3 INTER_AREA

It is resampling using pixel area relation. It may be a preferred method for image
decimation, as it gives more-free results.

4 INTER_CUBIC

It is a bi-cubic interpolation over 4x4 pixel neighborhood.

5 INTER_LANCZOS4

It is a Lanczos interpolation over 8x8 pixel neighborhood.

Apart from the resize method, there are other methods provided by the Imgproc class. They
are described briefly:

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Sr. No. Methods

1 cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

2 dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

3 equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

4 filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double delta)

It convolves an image with the kernel.

5 GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

6 integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to apply zooming to an image.

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class Main {

public static void main( String[] args )

try {

int zoomingFactor = 2;

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

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Mat source = Highgui.imread("image.jpg",

Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);

Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows() * zoomingFactor,

source.cols()* zoomingFactor,source.type());

Imgproc.resize(source, destination, destination.size(),

zoomingFactor,zoomingFactor,Imgproc.INTER_NEAREST);

Highgui.imwrite("zoomed.jpg", destination);

} catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Error: "+e.getMessage());

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

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Zoomed Image (Zooming factor: 2)

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 26. JAVA DIP — OPEN SOURCE Java
LIBRARIES
Digital Image Processing

In this chapter, we explore some of the free image processing libraries that are widely used
and can be easily integrated in the project. These libraries include:

 ImageJ
 Fiji
 Commons Imaging
 ImageMagick
 Endrov
 LeadTools
 OpenCv

ImageJ
ImageJ is a public domain Java image processing program inspired by NIH Image for the
Macintosh. It can display, edit, analyze, process, save, and print 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit
images.

Some of the basic features of ImageJ are described below:

Sr. No. Features

1 Runs Everywhere

ImageJ is written in Java, which allows it to run on Linux, Mac OS X and Windows,
in both 32-bit and 64-bit modes.

2 Open Source

ImageJ and its Java source code are freely available and in the public domain.

3 Toolkit

Use ImageJ as an image processing toolkit (class library) to develop applets,

servlets, or applications.

4 Data Types

8-bit grayscale or indexed color, 16-bit unsigned integer, 32-bit floating-point, and
RGB color.

5 File Formats

Open and save GIF, JPEG, BMP, PNG, PGM, FITS, and ASCII. Open DICOM. Open
TIFFs, GIFs, JPEGs, DICOMs, and raw data using a URL.

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6 Selections

Create rectangular, elliptical, or irregular area selections. Create line and point
selections.

7 Image Enhancement

Supports smoothing, sharpening, edge detection, median filtering, and

thresholding on both 8-bit grayscale and RGB color images.

8 Color Processing

Split a 32-bit color image into RGB or HSV components. Merge 8-bit components
into a color image.

Fiji
Fiji is an image processing package. It can be described as a distribution of ImageJ and
ImageJ2 together with Java, Java3D, and a lot of plug-ins organized into a coherent menu
structure. Fiji compares to ImageJ as Ubuntu compares to Linux.

Apart from the ImageJ basic features, some of the advanced features of Fiji are described
below:

Sr. No. Features

1 Registering 3D images

This involves Elastic Alignment and Montage, Feature Extraction, Image Stabilizer
etc.

2 Segmenting images

It offers more than 35 types of segmentation.

3 Useful keyboard short cuts

Fuji has a lot of keyboard shortcuts.

4 Scripting

Allow scripting with Macros, in JavaScript, JRuby, Jython, Clojure, and Beanshell.

5 Developing Plug-ins

Use the Script Editor to start developing plug-ins and then run the plug-ins.

6 ImageJ Tricks

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ImageJ is easy to use, but sometimes you wish for some function that is actually
implemented, yet you do not know how to trigger.

Commons Imaging
Apache Commons Imaging, previously known as Apache Commons Sanselan, is a library that
reads and writes a variety of image formats, including fast parsing of image information such
as size, color, space, ICC profile etc. and the metadata.

Some of the basic features of ImageJ are described below:

Sr. No. Features

1 Java

Apache Commons Imaging is written in 100% pure Java. It executes on any JVM
and any platform, without modification.

2 Image Formats

It reads and writes a wide variety of image formats, and supports some variations
and encodings missed by all or most other libraries.

3 Metadata support

It supports reading and writing a variety of meta data in a structured way,

including EXIF meta data.

4 Network Friendly

It is network-friendly. Commons Imaging only reads the data it needs, and caches
what is read so that it is not too heavy on the network.

5 Easy to use

It is designed to be very easy to use. It has a simple, clean interface. Most

operations are a single Imaging method calls.

6 Transparent

Commons Imaging aims to be transparent. There are no hidden buffers to dispose,

no native memory to free, no background threads.

7 Open Source

It is Free Software/Open Source. It is available under the Apache Software

License.

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8 Color Conversions

The ColorConversions class offers methods to convert between the following color
spaces: CIE-L*CH, CIE-L*ab, CIE-L*uv, CMY, CMYK, HSL, HSV, Hunter-Lab, RGB,
XYZ, and YXY.

ImageMagick
ImageMagick is a software suite to create, edit, compose, or convert bitmap images. It can
read and write images in more than 100 formats including DPX, EXR, GIF, JPEG, JPEG-2000,
PDF, PNG, Postscript, SVG, and TIFF. Use ImageMagick to resize, flip, mirror, rotate, distort,
shear, and transform images, adjust image colors, apply various special effects, or draw text,
lines, polygons, ellipses, and Bezier curve.

Some of the basic features of ImageMagick are described below:

Sr. No. Features

1 Format conversion

It converts an image from one format to another (e.g. PNG to JPEG).

2 Transform

It can resize, rotate, crop, flip or trim an image.

3 Transparency

It renders portions of an image invisible.

4 Draw

It adds shapes or text to an image.

5 Decorate

It adds a border or frame to an image.

6 Special effects

It can Blur, sharpen, threshold, or tint an image.

7 Animation

It can create a GIF animation sequence from a group of images.

8 Composite

It can overlap one image over another.

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9 Morphology of shapes

It extracts features, describe shapes and recognize patterns in images.

10 Encipher or decipher an image

It converts ordinary images into unintelligible gibberish and back again.

Endrov
Endrov is a multi-purpose image analysis program. It is written independently and designed
to address many of the shortcomings of other free software and many commercial packages.

Some of the basic features of Endrov are described below:

Sr. No. Features

1 View data

It views data, in 2D and 3D. Designed to handle complex 4D data schemes and
unlimited number of channels, where each channel can have its own X, Y, and Z
resolution.

2 Annotate your images

It annotates your images, automatically or by hand, to understand them and get

statistics.

3 Undo and Redo

It can undo and redo for all operations.

4 Lazy Evaluation

It is designed from the ground to handle large image sets. Endrov uses lazy
evaluation, a concept mostly available in research programming languages.

5 Scripting language

It supports graphical scripting language, as well as traditional scripting.

6 Java

Written in Java. Plug-in architecture allows easy extension with new Java plug-ins.
It can interact with Matlab.

7 Formats

It accesses almost all commercial and open file formats using Bio-formats.

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8 Microscopic Processing

It can control all your microscopes with one program and do on-the-fly image
analysis.

LEADTOOLS
LEADTOOLS provides over 200 image processing functions in several categories including
document cleanup, medical image enhancement, color conversion and correction, noise
reduction, edge detection, and more.

Some of the basic features of LEADTOOLS are described below:

Sr. No. Features

1 Scanned Document Image Processing

This powerful collection of functions can read scanned documents of artefacts and
imperfections such as punched holes, skewed angles, borders, dust speckles, and
more.

2 Medical Image Processing

Enhance the image or highlight the details by shifting, selecting, subtracting, and
removing the background for better visuals.

3 Geometric Transformation

These functions can be used to clean, align, correct images, or apply artistic 3D
effects.

4 Brightness and Contrast

These functions can be used to enhance images, apply artistic effects, or aid in
diagnostic evaluation of medical images.

5 Color Space Conversion

They can add image color space functionality to single and multi-threaded
applications including IIS and Windows WF hosted applications.

6 Color Correction

These functions are used to correct images with swapped color channels, balance
color intensities or perform various image analysis tasks.

7 Image Enhancement

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These functions are used to correct common errors in photography such as red-
eye and imbalanced colors as well as aid in diagnostic evaluation of medical
images.

8 Region of Interest

These functions are used to create and modify regions of interest in images to
perform image processing functions on specific portions of an image, save time in
bar-code, and OCR recognition or perform various image analysis tasks.

OpenCV
OpenCV is released under a BSD license and hence it is free for both academic and commercial
use. It has C++, C, Python, and Java interfaces and it supports Windows, Linux, Mac OS, iOS,
and Android. OpenCV was designed for computational efficiency and with a strong focus on
real-time applications. Written in optimized C/C++, the library can take advantage of multi-
core processing.

Some basic features of OpenCV are described briefly:

Sr. No. Features

1 Smoothing Images

This involves applying Blur, GaussianBlur, medianBlur, and bilateral Filter.

2 Eroding and Dilating

It can apply two very common morphology operators: Dilation and Erosion.

3 Morphology Transformations

OpenCV function morphologyEx to apply Morphological Transformation such as

opening, closing, TopHat, and BlackHat etc.

4 Image Pyramids

OpenCV functions pyrUp and pyrDown to down sample or up sample a given

image.

4 Basic Thresholding Operations

Perform basic thresholding operations using OpenCV function threshold.

5 Adding borders to your images

OpenCV function copyMakeBorder is used to set the borders (extra padding to

your image).

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7 Remapping

In OpenCV, the function remap offers a simple remapping implementation.

8 Histogram Calculation

For simple purposes, OpenCV implements the function calcHist, which calculates
the histogram of a set of arrays (usually images or image planes). It can operate
with up to 32 dimensions.

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 27. JAVA DIP — INTRODUCTION TO OPENCV
Java Digital Image Processing

OpenCV is released under a BSD license and hence it is free for both academic and commercial
use. It has C++, C, Python, and Java interfaces, and it supports Windows, Linux, Mac OS,
iOS, and Android.

OpenCV was designed for computational efficiency and with a strong focus on real-time
applications. Written in optimized C/C++, the library can take advantage of multi-core
processing.

Some of the basic features of OpenCV are described below:

Sr. No. Features

1 Smoothing Images

This involves applying Blur, GaussianBlur, medianBlur, and bilateral Filter.

2 Eroding and Dilating

It can apply two very common morphology operators: Dilation and Erosion.

3 Morphology Transformations

OpenCV function morphologyEx to apply Morphological Transformation such as

opening, closing, TopHat, and BlackHat etc.

4 Image Pyramids

OpenCV functions pyrUp and pyrDown to down sample or up sample a given

image.

4 Basic Thresholding Operations

It can perform basic thresholding operations using OpenCV function threshold.

5 Adding borders to your images

OpenCV function copyMakeBorder is used to set the borders (extra padding to

your image).

7 Remapping

In OpenCV, the function remap offers a simple remapping implementation.

8 Histogram Calculation

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For simple purposes, OpenCV implements the function calcHist, which calculates
the histogram of a set of arrays (usually images or image planes). It can operate
with up to 32 dimensions.

Integrating OpenCV
The following steps explain how to integrate OpenCV into your applications.

Download OpenCV
You can download OpenCV from their official Website here.

Create User Library

Further, we create a user library of OpenCV, so that we can use it as a future project.

Launch Eclipse.

Select Window -> Preferences from the menu.

Navigate under Java -> Build Path -> User Libraries and click New.

Now enter the name for your library. For example, OpenCV-2.4.6.

After that, select your new user library (i.e. OpenCV-2.4.6) and click on Add External JARs.

Browse through C:\OpenCV-2.4.6\build\java\ and select opencv-246.jar.

After adding the jar, extend the opencv-246.jar and select Native library location and press
Edit.

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Select External Folder... and browse to select the folder C:\OpenCV-2.4.6\build\java\x64. If

you have a 32-bit system, you need to select the x86 folder instead of x64.

Press Ok and you are done.

Now your user library is created. Now you can reuse this configuration in any of the project.

Creating OpenCV Project

Create a new java project in eclipse.

On the Java Settings step, under Libraries tab, select Add Library... and select OpenCV-2.4.6,
then click Finish.

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Click finish and you are done.

134
28. JAVA DIP — GRAYSCALE CONVERSION OPENCV
Java Digital Image Processing

In order to convert a color image to Grayscale image using OpenCV, we read the image
into BufferedImage and convert it into Mat Object. Its syntax is given below:

File input = new File("digital_image_processing.jpg");

BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(input);

//convert Buffered Image to Mat.

Then you can transform the image from RGB to Grayscale format by using method cvtColor()
in the Imgproc class. Its syntax is given below:

Imgproc.cvtColor(source mat, destination mat1, Imgproc.COLOR_RGB2GRAY);

The method cvtColor() takes three parameters which are the source image matrix, the
destination image matrix, and the color conversion type.

Apart from the cvtColor method, there are other methods provided by the Imgproc class.
They are described briefly:

Sr. No. Methods

1 cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

2 dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

3 equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

4 filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double delta)

It convolves an image with the kernel.

5 GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

6 integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to convert an image to
Grayscale:

import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;

import java.awt.image.DataBufferByte;

import java.io.File;

import javax.imageio.ImageIO;

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.CvType;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class Main {

public static void main( String[] args )

try {

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

File input = new File("digital_image_processing.jpg");

BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(input);

byte[] data = ((DataBufferByte) image.getRaster().

getDataBuffer()).getData();

Mat mat = new Mat(image.getHeight(), image.getWidth(),

CvType.CV_8UC3);

mat.put(0, 0, data);

Mat mat1 = new Mat(image.getHeight(),image.getWidth(),CvType.CV_8UC1);

Imgproc.cvtColor(mat, mat1, Imgproc.COLOR_RGB2GRAY);

byte[] data1 = new

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 Java Digital Image Processing

byte[mat1.rows()*mat1.cols()*(int)(mat1.elemSize())];

mat1.get(0, 0, data1);

BufferedImage image1=new BufferedImage(mat1.cols(),mat1.rows()

,BufferedImage.TYPE_BYTE_GRAY);

image1.getRaster().setDataElements(0,0,mat1.cols(),mat1.rows(),data1);

File ouptut = new File("grayscale.jpg");

ImageIO.write(image1, "jpg", ouptut);

} catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());

Output
When you execute the given example, it converts an image named
digital_image_processing.jpg to its equivalent Grayscale image and writes it on hard disk with
name grayscale.jpg.

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Original Image

Grayscale Image

138
 29. JAVA DIP — COLORSPACE CONVERSION
Java Digital Image Processing

In order to change color space of one image to another using OpenCV, we read image
into BufferedImage and convert it into Mat Object. Its syntax is given below:

File input = new File("digital_image_processing.jpg");

BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(input);

//convert Buffered Image to Mat.

OpenCv allows many color conversion types, all of which can be found in the Imgproc class.
Some of the types are described briefly:

Sr. No. Color Conversion Type

1 COLOR_RGB2BGR

2 COLOR_RGB2BGRA

3 COLOR_RGB2GRAY

4 COLOR_RGB2HLS

5 COLOR_RGB2HSV

6 COLOR_RGB2Luv

7 COLOR_RGB2YUV

8 COLOR_RGB2Lab

From any of the color conversion type, just pass the appropriate one into method cvtColor() in
the Imgproc class. Its syntax is given below:

Imgproc.cvtColor(source mat, destination mat1, Color_Conversion_Code);

The method cvtColor() takes three parameters which are the source image matrix, the
destination image matrix and the color conversion type.

Apart from the cvtColor() method, there are other methods provide by the Imgproc class.
They are described briefly:

Sr. No. Methods

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 Java Digital Image Processing

1 cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

2 dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

3 equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

4 filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double delta)

It convolves an image with the kernel.

5 GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

6 integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to convert an image from one
color space to another.

import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;

import java.awt.image.DataBufferByte;

import java.io.File;

import javax.imageio.ImageIO;

import org.opencv.core.Core;

import org.opencv.core.CvType;

import org.opencv.core.Mat;

import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class Main {

public static void main( String[] args )

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 Java Digital Image Processing

try {

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );

File input = new File("digital_image_processing.jpg");

BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(input);

byte[] data = ((DataBufferByte) image.getRaster().

getDataBuffer()).getData();

Mat mat = new Mat(image.getHeight(),image.getWidth(),CvType.CV_8UC3);

mat.put(0, 0, data);

Mat mat1 = new Mat(image.getHeight(),image.getWidth(),CvType.CV_8UC3);

Imgproc.cvtColor(mat, mat1, Imgproc.COLOR_RGB2HSV);

byte[] data1 = new

byte[mat1.rows()*mat1.cols()*(int)(mat1.elemSize())];

mat1.get(0, 0, data1);

BufferedImage image1 = new BufferedImage(mat1.cols(), mat1.rows(), 5);

image1.getRaster().setDataElements(0,0,mat1.cols(),mat1.rows(),data1);

File ouptut = new File("hsv.jpg");

ImageIO.write(image1, "jpg", ouptut);

} catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());

Output
When you execute the given example, it converts an image name
digital_image_processing.jpg to its equivalent HSV color space image and writes it on hard
disk with name hsv.jpg.

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 Java Digital Image Processing

Original Image (RGB)

Converted Image (HSV)

142