EXTERNAL

—
TECHNICAL WORKSHOP, NOVEMBER 27 2018, RIO DE JANERIO

High-Voltage Direct Current transmission

Peter Lundberg, Global Product Manager HVDC Interconnectors
—
1 HVDC introduction
—
HVDC becoming mainstream in all corners of the world
Interconnecting Grids

Heavyweight market

~3x
Growth rate
vs. world GDP

~200 GW
Operating world
Installed base

70%
World installed base
equipped with ABB

Up to 12GW
Capacity range of one HVDC installation

(1) Average over 5 years, subject to substantial fluctuation year on year

(2) Average over 10 years
—
From an idea to global industrialization
HVDC is a new norm
Cumulated GW installed
300

250

200

150

100

50

0
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

1928 1954 1960s 1997 2017

Dr Uno Lamm began The world’s first Mercury arc valves The world’s first VSC VSC HVDC highest
developing HVDC in commercial HVDC link replaced with thyristor HVDC installation performance ever – 3,000
Ludvika, Sweden at Gotland, Sweden semiconductor valves MW, 640 kV, 2,000 km

«The best way to predict the future is to create it» Abraham Lincoln
—

2 HVDC technology
Basic features
—
There is a place for everyone – DC vs. AC with cable connection
Applies to subsea and underground connections

Investment HVDC Value

Investment
HVAC

Lower losses More power

HVDC

Controlled power flows More stability and

versatility

HVDC terminal
costs

AC terminal costs

Smaller footprint More sustainable

Breakeven distance Distance
—
What is an HVDC transmission system?

HVDC converter station HVDC converter station

> 300 MW, Classic > 300 MW, Classic
Customer’s Grid

Customer’s Grid
Submarine cables

Overhead lines
Two conductors

HVDC converter station HVDC converter station

< 3,600 MW, Light < 3,600 MW, Light
Customer’s Grid

Customer’s Grid
Land or submarine cables

Power / energy direction

December 3, 2018 Slide 7

—
What is an HVDC transmission system?
HVDC technologies

HVDC Classic 300 – 12,000 MW HVDC Light 50 – 4,800 MW

– Thyristor controlled – Transistor (IGBT)
– Switched reactive controlled
power control – Continuous reactive
– Typical design: valve power control
building plus – Easily expandable to
switchyard more terminals
– Overhead lines or – Dynamic voltage
mass impregnated regulation
cables – Black start capability
– Typical design: more
equipment in
compact building
– OHL and Extruded
cables

December 3, 2018 Slide 8

—
HVDC technologies

What makes HVDC special? What makes HVDC Light special?

– Lower investment and – Underground cables
lower losses – Easy permits
for bulk power
transmission – Costs close to
overhead lines
– Asynchronous
interconnections – Connection to passive
loads
– Improved
transmission in – Enhancement of
parallel AC circuits connected AC
networks
– Instant and precise
power flow control – Independent control
of active and reactive
– 3 times more power in power flow
a ROW than AC
– Short delivery times

December 3, 2018 Slide 9

—
Using HVDC for power transmission
Technology features and customer benefits

Customer value HVDC features (compared to AC) Benefits

Security of supply Frequency decoupling Possibility to interconnect grids
No limitation in circuit lenght Enabling markets
Fast control of active and reactive* power
Remote RES integration Lower transmission losses Connection of large scale hydro
Higher power per circuit Connection of offshore wind
No limitation in circuit lenght
Grid resiliency Fast control of active and reactive* power Special protection schemes
Fast detection and restart at DC line faults Increased stability margins
Black start capability* Support during grid restoration
Power oscillation damping
Operational flexibility Fast control of active and reactive* power Variable RES integration
Better utilization of existing AC system
Public acceptance Compact overhead lines Smaller Right-of-Way
Lower magnetic fields, corona and noise Undergrounding
No limitation in circuit length Easier permitts

December 3, 2018 Slide 10 * HVDC Light

—
Our customer’s applications drive our offering
HVDC applications

Connecting remote Interconnecting grids Offshore wind

generation connections DC links in AC grids

Connecting remote Upgrades / Life cycle

Power from shore City center infeed loads services
—
HVDC Classic
State of the art
Cost effective, bulk transmission
(3 – 12 GW+)

HVDC Classic from ABB:

- Low losses
- High reliability
- High availability
- World’s largest greenfield project
experience
- Extensive service and upgrade experience
—
HVDC Light
State of the art
Your grid challenges, solved by HVDC Light:

Weak network?
- Black start power restoration
- Active/reactive power control (statcom
functionality)
- AC voltage and frequency stabilization
(increasing AC grid utilization)

Bi-directional power trade?

- Fast power reversal

Integration of renewables?
- Power, voltage and frequency control
—
The right rating and system design
Choosing the right operating range

Technical limitations
AC network capability
– Dimensioning n-1 outage
Valve rated current
– Thyristors up to 5+ kA
– IGBTs up to 3 kA
Cable rated current
– Cable technology
– Cable laying conditions

Source: Cigré TB 684 „Recommended voltages for HVDC grids“

December 3, 2018 Slide 14

—
Power ratings available 2017
HVDC Light ready for 800 kV, 4.8 GW

Higher current

Higher voltage

December 3, 2018 Slide 15

—
HVDC Light
Pioneering the VSC technology

How is it done?
– Increased voltage rating
– Cutting-edge, bi-mode insulated gate transistor (BIGT)
– Optimized switching
– Modular multi-level converter (MMC) technology
– Very low no-load losses

Confidential – Proprietary and Secret Information

December 3, 2018 Slide 16

—
The right rating and system design
Choosing the right operating range

Power transmission with HVDC Light

HVDC Light DC Currents (Iv)

conceptual
modules 617 Adc 1233 Adc 1850 Adc 2775 Adc

M1 M2 M3 M3x
80 kVdc
99 MW 197 MW 296 MW 444 MW
M4 M5 M6 M6x
DC Voltages (Ud)

150 kVdc
185 MW 370 MW 555 MW 833 MW
M7 M8 M9 M9x
320 kVdc
395 MW 789 MW 1184 MW 1776 MW
M10 M11 M12 M12x
500 kVdc
617 MW 1233 MW 1850 MW 2775 MW
M13 M14 M15 M15x
640 kVdc
789 MW 1579 MW 2368 MW 3552 MW

December 3, 2018 Slide 17

—
The right rating and system design
Choosing the right voltage level

Investment Total AC
cost cost
Total
DC cost

DC terminal
cost
AC terminal cost

Distance
Critical Source: Cigré TB 684 „Recommended voltages for HVDC grids“
distance

December 3, 2018 Slide 18

—
The right rating and system design
System configuration

Symmetric monopole Asymmetric monopole Bipole

~ ~
~ = =
~ ~ ~
= = = =
= =
~ ~

Positive Positive Positive

– Low cost – Only one high voltage cable – High Availability for half power
– Low transmission losses – Bipole enabled Negative
Negative Negative – Temporary ground current (can be avoided
– Loss of 100 % power at trip – Less compact at the expense of a metallic return
conductor)

December 3, 2018 Slide 19

—
The right rating and system design
System configuration

Rigid Bipole Back-to-Back Multi-terminal

~ ~ ~
= = = =
~ ~
= == ~
=
~ ~ =

Positive Positive Positive

– Half power at converter outage – Low Cost – Converters at different locations on one line
– Lower stress on cable compared to sym. – Low losses Negative
monopole – Simpler permitting
Complex control system
Negative – Compact station
– Loss of 100 % power at line trip Negative
– Less compact, higher cost than monopole Limited suitable locations

December 3, 2018 Slide 20

—
HVDC Light – an evolving technology globally
High availability a focus in our turn-key solutions during 20 years
VSC-HVDC projects by ABB 1. Eagle Pass 8. Troll 3 & 4 13. NordLink 21. Terranora
2. Mackinac 9. DolWin 1 13. Kriegers Flak 22. IFA2
3. Cross Sound 9. DolWin 2 14. Hällsjön
4. Maritime 9. BorWin 1 15. NordBalt
5. East West 10. Valhall 16. Gotland
8 Interconnector 10. Johan 17. Ål-link
14 17
7 10 11 16 18
6 6. CMS Svedrup 18. Estlink
5 12 13 15
9 7. NSL 11. Skagerrak 19. Caprivi
4 9
22 8. Troll 1 & 2 12. Tjæreborg 20. Murraylink
2
3

19

20
21

December 3, 2018 Slide 21

—
Availability of ABBs VSC systems
High availability achieved through design with redundancy

Key design focus

EA(%) Energy availability during warranty

• Design philosophy similar to LLC 100,0%

system – valve with redundancy 99,5%
prevent forced outages
99,0%
98,5%
• Integrated system and valve design
secure correct margins 98,0%
97,5%
• Focus on maintenance and spare part 97,0%
strategy integrated in the product
96,5%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Reference Projects*

December 3, 2018 Slide 22 * = 9 reference project based on available customer data, representative for complete fleet
—

3 HVDC Project examples

How challanges are solved
—
Installed base
Over 120 projects and over 60 years experience
America Europe
CU Upgrade 2019 Outaouais 2009 Chateauguay 1984 North-sea Link 2021 Nordbalt 2015 Swepol 2000
Maritime Link 2017 Sharyland 2007 Cu-project 1979 Nordlink 2021 Litpol Link 2015 Gotland Light 1999
Quebec – New England Rapic City 2003 Nelson River 2 1978 IFA2 2020 Skagerrak 4 2014 Hällsjön 1997
Upgrade 2016 Cross Sound 2002 Square Butte 1977 Kriegers Flak Cgs 2019 East West Kontek 1995
Madawaska Upgrade 2016 Eagle Pass 2000 Eel River 1972 Johan Svedrup 2019 Interconnector 2013 Baltic Cable 1994
Celilo Upgrade 2016 Quebec – New England 1990 Pacific Intertie 1970 Gotland Upgrade 2018 Sapei 2011 Fennoskan 1 & 2 1989
Railroad DC Tile 2014 Pacific Intertie Expansion 1989 Vancouver Island Pole 1 1968 Caithness – Moray 2018 Valhall 2011 Dürnohr 1983
Oklaunion 2014 Intermountain 1986 Kontek Upgrade 2016 Norned 2008 Skagerrak 1-3 1976
Mackinac 2014 Pacific Intertie Upgrade 1985 Troll 1 & 2, 3 & 4 2015 Estlink 2006 Gotland 1-3 1970
IPP Upgrade 2010 Madawaska 1985 Borwin 1 2015 Italy – Greece 2001 Konti-skan 1965
Blackwater 2009 Highgate 1985 Dolwin 1, 2 2015 Tjæreborg 2000 English Channel 1955
Åland 2015
Asia
Changji-Guquan 2019
Raigarh-Pugalur 2019
North East Agra 2016
Jinping - Sunan 2013
South America Mülünbeir – Liaoning 2010
Rio Madeira Back-to-back 2013 Lingboa li Extension 2010
Rio Madeira 2013 Xiangjiba – Shanghai 2010
Brazil – Argentina Three Gorges – Shanghai 2006
Interconnection I & II 1999 Vizag Li 2005
Itaipu 1984 Three Gorges – Guangdong 2004
Three Gorges – Changzhou 2002
Chapad 1999
Rihand-Delhi 1990
Gezhouba – Shanghai 1989
Vindyachai 1989
Sakuma 1965
Africa
Inga – Kolwezi Upgrade 2016
Cahora Bassa, Songo 2015 Australia and Oceania
Caprivi Link 2010 Broken Hill 2013
Apollo Upgrade 2008 Murraylink 2013
Inga – Kolwezi 1982 Directlink
Cahora Bassa 1977 Leyte-Luzon 1999
NewZealand 1 & 2 1984
 —
ABB has delivered around 70% of
worldwide VSC converters

Zhangbei

In operation

Under construction
—
Reference projects
Maritime
Enabling clean, renewable electricity generated in Newfoundland and
Labrador to be transmitted to the North American grid in Nova Scotia.

500 MW
200 kV
360 km
Key facts

– World’s first VSC bipole HVDC

interconnection overcoming unique control
challenges.
– Demanding environment.
– Unique socio-economic and environmental
requirements.
—
Case study
Maritime
Enabling clean, renewable electricity generated in Newfoundland and
Labrador to be transmitted to the North American grid in Nova Scotia.

500 MW
200 kV
360 km
Key facts

– World’s first VSC bipole HVDC

interconnection overcoming unique control
challenges.
– Demanding environment.
– Unique socio-economic and environmental
requirements.
—
Case study
Maritime
Low short circuit level on both sides
Newfoundland: Weak AC island system with two HVDC stations (Classic
and Light), loss of 230 kV lines may lead to voltage instability
Nova Scotia: Risk of cascading line tripping in East-West corridor

Emergency power and frequency control schemes for severe contingencies

Coordinated run-back
High speed requirements (<100ms for full run-back)
Triggered by AC protections or HVDC Control & Protection system

Design of Control and Protection

- Design studies to tune controllers and

verify performance.

- Design verification at factory system test

with control hardware in the loop at real
time simulations.
 —
Integrated Control & Protection design
Continuity from System studies – System test – Site test

RMS test EMT test Factory test Site test

HiDraw HiDraw HiDraw HiDraw
Virtual MACH (RMS) Virtual MACH MACH MACH

Same control code used in all project phases phases enables a fast and reliable commissioning on site

December 3, 2018 Slide 29

—
ABB Performance in Commissioning – The measure of our success
Greenfield durations from last 3 years

10 weeks

5 weeks
Cigre based & Customer agreed Commissioning, energization of converters and filters, transmission tests, performance tests included

12/3/2018 Slide 15
—
Control and Protection Action
Saving Nova Scotia by avoiding cascading line outages

3-phase fault

Voltage at the HVDC converter

terminals (in pu)

Active (P_PCC in MW) and reactive (Q_PCC in MVAr)

power of Woodbine HVDC station (per pole)

Special Protection Scheme help avoiding cascading line tripping

December 3, 2018 Slide 31

—
Control and Protection Action
Reactive power response and run-back enhance voltage stability on Newfoundland

Unsuccessful
re-closure

3-phase fault

Reactive power
Sustained under-
support
voltage triggers
run-back

Active (P_PCC in MW) and reactive (Q_PCC in MVAr) Voltage at selected nodes in
power of Bottom Brook HVDC station (per pole) Newfoundland (in pu)

Fast active and reactive control for voltage stability enhancement

December 3, 2018 Slide 32

—
Control and Protection Action
Frequency Control Response against Black Out*

4s

60.2 Hz +100 MW

60.0 Hz

59.8 Hz
HVDC regulates its power
59.6 Hz output to damp power
oscillations
59.4 Hz

Fast frequency control helps avoiding load shedding

December 3, 2018 Slide 33 * Live Recording 19 March 2018

—
Reference projects
Caprivi Link
The Interconnector provides a connection between the Namibian and
Zambian electricity networks and is an important regional interconnection
in the Southern African Power Pool.

300 MW (first stage)

350 kV
950 km
Key facts

– First and only HVDC Light® project to use

exclusively overhead lines.
– Interconnects and stabilizes very weak
networks in Zambia and central Namibia.
– Provides robust voltage and frequency
support, thereby preventing eventual
blackout.
—
Reference projects
Nordlink – in execution

Interconnecting grids using HVDC technology helping our customers

reach their targets for a renewable energy mix.

1,400 MW
525 kV
623 km
Key facts

– Balances intermittent wind

power in Germany with
controllable hydropower in
Norway.
– Most powerful HVDC Light®
system in construction, joint
with NordLink.
—
Reference projects
Pacific Intertie
Over the years ABB has been heavily involved in the Pacific HVDC Intertie,
from the first contact in 1965, to major expansions and refurbishments.

3,800 MW
560 kV
1,360 km
Key facts

- Line voltage, length and current were

greater than for any previous HVDC project
at the time of first erection
- Continuous support of the customer with
upgrades, expansions and complete
refurbishment of the converter stations
with the newest technology
—
—
Reference projects
Rio Madeira

Integrating remotely located renewables, transmitting clean

electricity, reliably and efficiently across a massive distance with
minimum losses, to millions of consumers.

3,150 MW
500 kV
2,375 km world’s longest operational HVDC link
Key facts

– Essential for the integration

of vast hydro electric power
from the Amazon Basin.
– Highly challenging remote
location in the Amazon
jungle.
—
—
Reference projects
North East Agra – ultrahigh-voltage
DC, multi-terminal solution
The world’s first ultrahigh-voltage multi-terminal HVDC link, a step
towards a true DC grid.

6,000 MW
800 kV
1,775 km
Key facts

– Bulk 2-way transmission.

– Multi-terminal solution to
integrate two generation
locations.
– Minimum transmission
corridor due to limited space.
—
The right rating and system design
Is the available space sufficient?

December 3, 2018 Slide 39

—
HVDC Project Program
Years in the making, decades in operation

Pre-studies System design Procurement and Construction Commissioning Service

production

December 3, 2018 Slide 40

—
Project execution
Health, safety and environment
At ABB Safety and Integrity are our key values, our license
to operate:

Health
Building resilience for long-term effectiveness
and productivity.

Safety
Safe working leads to safe outcomes
- which in turn makes the work
successful also in terms of quality,
delivery to time and budget.

Environment
Working to reduce climate impacts to
committed to write our future.
—
HVDC Project Portfolio
Projects in execution Nordlink, first 550kV
HVDC Light system

CG1100, first 12GW

HVDC system on 1100kV
Maritime, first full
HVDC Light bi-pole system

JSPFS
NSL NordLink
Gotland
CMS Kontiskan, Baltic Cable
Maritime KriegersFlak
IFA2
CG1100
CU ZB500
EastWest
Sylmar
RP800 YS800

Fript2

ABB HVDC green field projects

ABB HVDC upgrade projects
DirectLink

MurrayLink
NEA, first UHVDC multi-
terminal system
—
HVDC Light – an evolving technology globally
High availability a focus in our turn-key solutions during 20 years
VSC-HVDC projects by ABB 1. Eagle Pass 8. Troll 3 & 4 13. NordLink 21. Terranora
2. Mackinac 9. DolWin 1 13. Kriegers Flak 22. IFA2
3. Cross Sound 9. DolWin 2 14. Hällsjön
4. Maritime 9. BorWin 1 15. NordBalt
5. East West 10. Valhall 16. Gotland
8 Interconnector 10. Johan 17. Ål-link
14 17
7 10 11 16 18
6 6. CMS Svedrup 18. Estlink
5 12 13 15
9 7. NSL 11. Skagerrak 19. Caprivi
4 9
22 8. Troll 1 & 2 12. Tjæreborg 20. Murraylink
2
3

19

20
21

December 3, 2018 Slide 43

— HVDC care
agreements
Care
HVDC care
Service offering
Portfolio Upgrades
24/7
phone
portfolio
Partial 24/7
Rapid response
upgrades remote
We guarantee fast and flexible
response to maximise your
Rapid response
equipment uptime.
Lifecycle Rapid 24/7
Spare parts
management response on-site
Operational excellence
WeOperational
work together excellence
with you to HVDC system
manage your assets, operations and availability and
risk to deliver strategic business reliability
results. Software
Training
Performance improvement updates
Performance improvement Performance Operational
improvement excellence
We optimize creativity, reliability and
efficiency of your assets to increase
Lifecycle management Simulation
speed and productivity. Maintenance
models

Lifecycle management Condition Cyber

We employ powerful tools and assessment security
knowledge to optimize and extend
your equipment life.
—

4 HVDC Stations
How does a station look like ?
—
HVDC Theory
Station layout and major components

Climate
system
DC yard Valve hall

Diesel
generator
MVS building Converter
reactors
Service
building
Coolers
Transformers

Optional harmonic
filters

December 3, 2018 Slide 46

—
HVDC Theory
Station layout and major components

Walkthrough of the Single Line diagram (SLD)

December 3, 2018 Slide 47

—
HVDC Theory
Station layout and major components

Walkthrough of the Single Line diagram (SLD)

Valves
– Second Level
• Third Level
• Fourth Level
• Fifth Level

December 3, 2018 Slide 48

—
HVDC Theory
What is a valve?

Duties and deliverables

Converts AC to DC and vice versa
Consists of series connected IGBTs (and diodes)
– 4.5 kV StakPak IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)
– 5.2 kV StakPak BiGT (Bi-mode IGBT)
Also includes capacitors, electronics, cooling
Electrical, mechanical and redundancy design

December 3, 2018 Slide 49

—
HVDC Theory
Station layout and major components

Walkthrough of the Single Line diagram (SLD)

Transformer

One or three phase unit

Delta winding necessary for black
start
-Yyd transformer
-Yd transformer
Auxiliary power can be taken from
transformer
Tap changer to adjust for a.c.
voltage
variations and adjust for reactive
power requirements

December 3, 2018 Slide 50

—
HVDC Theory
Station layout and major components

Walkthrough of the Single Line diagram (SLD)

Converter reactors
– Second Level Enables active and reactive power
control
• Third Level
• Fourth Level Protects the valve from high currents
• Fifth Level -From a.c. side
-From d.c. side

December 3, 2018 Slide 51

—
HVDC Theory
How big is an VSC converter station?
IKEA

~300 m
900 MW Converter Station
~110 m

~300 m

~180 m

December 3, 2018 Slide 52

—
HVDC Light 3DModel

December 3, 2018 Slide 53

—
1 HVDC introduction

5 HVDC Theory – LCC/VSC

How does it work and why ?
—
HVDC Theory
Basic principles

– Active power is controlled by the phase angle difference in Uconv=Uv Uconv Uv

converter and valve a.c. bus voltage
– Reactive power is controlled by voltage difference over Uv Uconv
converter reactor
– Frequency and phase angle can be fully controlled by the
converter
Q=0 Q>0 Q<0

Uconv=Uv Uconv Uv Uv Uconv

-d d

P=0 P>0 P<0

December 3, 2018 Slide 55

—
HVDC Light theory
Basic principles

, ∠ Voltage source converter operation

valve

X Output voltage at AC valve terminals can be freely adjusted in both

magnitude and phase angle
2-level,3-level
∠ n-level - Active power control via phase angle
- Reactive power control via magnitude
- Control in dq coordinates
3PWM
Power and current control common for all valve topologies
OPWM
sin −
=
,

cos − −
Q=

December 3, 2018 Slide 56

—
HVDC Theory
Modes of operation
Active power control Active power control

Basic operation modes DC voltage control DC voltage control

DC Voltage Control contra Active Power Control
– Converter in DC voltage control mode defines DC voltage
– Converter in active power control adjusts its DC voltage until
AC power matches the power order
– Third alternative: islanded network operation mode. Converter
controls the frequency of the connected AC network
AC Voltage Control contra Reactive Power Control
– When in reactive power control converter adjusts its internal
voltage and the tap changer position until the reactive power AC voltage control AC voltage control
exchange is equal to the set reference value
STATCOM Operation contra Power Transmission Q control Q control
– When the converter is not connected to the DC side, it is in
STATCOM mode Frequency and Frequency and
– Converter in STATCOM mode is always in DC voltage control voltage control voltage control

December 3, 2018 Slide 57

—
HVDC Theory
Independent active and reactive power control

Example: step change of active power

Active power
(MW) Step decrease of transmitted power by 10%
No change in reactive power exchange with the AC network
Reactive power Transient change in DC voltage, quickly regulated to reference
(MVAr) value by remote station
New load flow results in decreased direct current flow
-100% to +100% power without changing the DC polarity
AC voltage
(%)

DC voltage
(kV)

Direct current
(A)

December 3, 2018 Slide 58

—
HVDC Theory
PQ characteristics – optimized for every project

Design of operating range

Converter can supply reactive power, both
leading and lagging power factor possible
Direct control of voltage at point of common
coupling also possible
PQ capability chart determined by:
- Highest current through valve
- Highest voltage on DC side
- Highest current through cable /OHL
- Modulation index, cell voltage ripple, etc.

December 3, 2018 Slide 59

—

6 Control Modes and HW

—
HVDC Light
Pioneering the VSC technology

Design objectives
– Lower losses
– Optimize size
– Health and Safety
– Cost efficient

Modular
Multilevel
Cascaded Two
Level
Two Level

December 3, 2018 Slide 61

—
HVDC Light
Pioneering the VSC technology

Modulation principles
1997 – 2001
Two level converter

2002 – 2004
Three level converter

2005 – 2009
Two level converter,
optimized switching

2010 – 2015
Cascade two level converter

2016 –
Modular multi-level converter

December 3, 2018 Slide 62

—
High-Level Controls for best performance
Modes of operations

General control design of HVDC Light Control of active and reactive power during normal and fault conditions
- Including system start-up, normal and protective shut-down procedures
- Including switching and interlocking requirements
- Reflected in main circuit Single-Line Diagram (SLD)

Enhancement of power system stability

Special Protection Schemes / Emergency Power Control
Frequency control
Power Oscillation Damping
Black start*

ABB has an unmatched track record of coping with the most challenging grid requirements

December 3, 2018 Slide 63 * relevant for HVDC Light only

—
High-Level Controls for best performance
Enhanced system stability – small signal stability

Example of Power Oscillation Damping

Active Power Oscillations may arise between generators G1 and G2
The oscillations can be difficult to stop and can cause a colapse of X3
G1 G2
the system X1 X2
Active Power Modulation Effectiveness is Proportional to DC Link
(X1 + X2) / (X1 + X2 + X3)
Reactive Power Modulation Effectiveness decreases with
increasing X3
A DC tie between the two grids will offer stability to the system,
hence an increased power transfer
By modulating the DC Link with information from the AC power
instabilities, stable operation of the AC parallel link is achieved

December 3, 2018 Slide 64

—
High-Level Controls for best performance
Enhanced system resiliency – Emergency power/frequency control

Emergency Power Control (EPC)

EPC activated during and directly after contingencies in AC grid P1 P2
Power flow through HVDC system quickly adjusted in order to AC AC
return to acceptable operating range for power plants and line system 1 system 2
loading
Automatic activation
- Increase/decrease of power order with pre-defined ramp rate
- Automatic frequency control (asynchrounous connections)
- AC line emulation (adjustment of power order based on phase
angle difference, see lower graphs)
Manual activation
- Adjustment of power order
- Activation of ramp-up / ramp-down (MW/s)

December 3, 2018 Slide 65

—
High-Level Controls for best performance
Enhanced system resiliency – black start with HVDC Light

Test case – modified Kundur 2 area system Challenges

Area B without generation (blacked out) Long starting time constant for conventional power plants
Only supply via HVDC link Frequency and voltage control are of key importance:
Load connection at node 4 - Fast voltage increase and potential overvoltage while
Synchronization of generator G3 connecting low-loaded overhead lines

Load sharing between HVDC and generator G3 - Large frequency deviation while connecting loads (low inertia)

Contribution from HVDC Light

HVDC Light converter is the first supply source
Supply of critical loads and house load for power plants
Voltage control while connecting overhead lines
Frequency control while connecting loads
Load steps possible, operation at 30-70% recommended

December 3, 2018 Slide 66

—
High-Level Controls for best performance
Enhanced system resiliency – black start with HVDC Light

Test case – modified Kundur 2 area system

Area B without generation (blacked out) 1.0sec: connection
50MW
Only supply via HVDC link 2.0sec: connection
Load connection at node 4 50MVAR ind.
3.0sec: connection
Synchronization of generator G3 generator G3
6.0sec: connection
Load sharing between HVDC and generator G3 100MW
9.0sec:
HVDC Light in
power control
9.5sec:
+50MW load
change at HVDC
Light

December 3, 2018 Slide 67

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High-Level Controls for best performance
Field experience from reference projects

Caprivi Link Interconnector Fenno-Skan Pacific Intertie

“The field experience in Caprivi link project Stationary load flow optimization between The ability to damp depends on the
shows that HVDC Light can not only Sweden and Finland converter station location and the
operate in extremely weak AC system with POD control for small-signal stability feedback control signals used
SCR below one and down to zero, but also Most favorable with parallel connection of
enhance the stability of the weak AC In operation for over 20 years
AC ties with an HVDC link
system significantly.”
“Stability enhancement and blackout prevention by VSC
based HVDC”, Cigré Symposium, Bologna

December 3, 2018 Slide 68

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