List of Keywords in Python Programming

3/26/2019 List of Keywords in Python Programming
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TUTORIAL EXAMPLES BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS 
Python Global, Local and Nonlocal variables
List of Keywords in Python

Python Input, Output and Import
This tutorial provides brief information on all keywords used in Python.

Python Anonymous/Lambda Function
Keywords are the reserved words in Python. We cannot use a keyword as variable name,
function name or any other identi er.
Here's a list of all keywords in Python Programming
Keywords in Python programming language
False class nally is return
None continue for lambda try
True def from nonlocal while
and del global not with
as elif if or yield
assert else import pass
break except in raise
The above keywords may get altered in di erent versions of Python. Some extra might get
added or some might be removed. You can always get the list of keywords in your current
version by typing the following in the prompt.
>>> import keyword

>>> print(keyword.kwlist)
['False', 'None', 'True', 'and', 'as', 'assert', 'break', 'class', 'continue', 'de
Description of Keywords in Python with examples

True, False
https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/keyword-list 1/21
True and False are truth values in Python. They are the results of comparison operations
TUTORIAL EXAMPLES BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS
or logical (Boolean) operations in Python. For example: 
>>> 1 == 1
True
>>> 5 > 3
True
Python Anonymous/Lambda
>>> True or False Function
True
>>> 10 <= 1
False
>>> 3 > 7
False
>>> True and False
False
Here we can see that the rst three statements are true so the interpreter returns True
and returns False for the remaining three statements. True and False in python is same
as 1 and 0 . This can be justi ed with the following example:
>>> True == 1
True
>>> False == 0
True
>>> True + True
2
None
None is a special constant in Python that represents the absence of a value or a null
value.
It is an object of its own datatype, the NoneType . We cannot create multiple None objects
but can assign it to variables. These variables will be equal to one another.
We must take special care that None does not imply False , 0 or any empty list,
dictionary, string etc. For example:
>>> None == 0
False
>>> None == []
False
>>> None == False
False
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>>> x = None READINGS
>>> y = EXAMPLES
TUTORIAL None
>>> x == y
BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS 
Python
True Global, Local and Nonlocal variables
Python
Void Input, Output
functions that doand
notImport
return anything will return a None object automatically. None is
also returned by functions in which the program ow does not encounter a return
statement. For example:
def a_void_function():
a = 1
b = 2
c = a + b
x = a_void_function()
print(x)
Output
None
This program has a function that does not return a value, although it does some
operations inside. So when we print x , we get None which is returned automatically
(implicitly). Similarly, here is another example:
def improper_return_function(a):
if (a % 2) == 0:
return True
x = improper_return_function(3)
print(x)
Output
None
Although this function has a return statement, it is not reached in every case. The
function will return True only when the input is even.
If we give the function an odd number, None is returned implicitly.

and, or , not
and , or , not are the logical operators in Python. and will result into True only if both
the operands are True . The truth table for and is given below:

Truth table for and
A
Python B
Anonymous/Lambda Function A and B
True True True
True False False
False True False
False False False
or will result into True if any of the operands is True . The truth table for or is given
below:
Truth table for or
A B A or B
True True True
True False True
False True True
False False False
not operator is used to invert the truth value. The truth table for not is given below:
Truth tabel for not
A not A
True False
False True
some example of their usage are given below

TUTORIAL
>>> TrueEXAMPLES
False
and False BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS 
Python Global,
>>> True or Local
Falseand Nonlocal variables
True
>>> not False
Python
True Input, Output and Import
Python
as Anonymous/Lambda Function
as is used to create an alias while importing a module. It means giving a di erent name
(user-de ned) to a module while importing it.
As for example, Python has a standard module called math . Suppose we want to calculate
what cosine pi is using an alias. We can do it as follows using as :
>>> import math as myAlias

>>>myAlias.cos(myAlias.pi)
-1.0
Here we imported the math module by giving it the name myAlias . Now we can refer to
the math module with this name. Using this name we calculated cos(pi) and got -1.0 as
the answer.
assert
assert is used for debugging purposes.
While programming, sometimes we wish to know the internal state or check if our
assumptions are true. assert helps us do this and nd bugs more conveniently. assert is
followed by a condition.
If the condition is true, nothing happens. But if the condition is false, AssertionError is
raised. For example:
>>> a = 4
>>> assert a < 5
>>> assert a > 5
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 301, in runcode
File "<interactive input>", line 1, in <module>
AssertionError
For our better understanding, we can also provide a message to be printed with the
TUTORIAL EXAMPLES
AssertionError .
>>> a = 4
>>> assert a > 5, "The value of a is too small"
Python Anonymous/Lambda
AssertionError: Function
The value of a is too small
At this point we can note that,
assert condition, message
is equivalent to,
if not condition:
raise AssertionError(message)
break, continue
break and continue are used inside for and while loops to alter their normal behavior.
break will end the smallest loop it is in and control ows to the statement immediately
below the loop. continue causes to end the current iteration of the loop, but not the
whole loop.
This can be illustrated with the following two examples:
for i in range(1,11):
if i == 5:
break
print(i)
Output
1
2
3
4
Here, the for loop intends to print numbers from 1 to 10. But the if condition is met
when i is equal to 5 and we break from the loop. Thus, only the range 1 to 4 is printed.
if i == 5:
continue
print(i)
Output
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
Here we use continue for the same program. So, when the condition is met, that iteration
is skipped. But we do not exit the loop. Hence, all the values except 5 is printed out.
Learn more about Python break and continue statement.
class
class is used to de ne a new user-de ned class in Python.
Class is a collection of related attributes and methods that try to represent a real world
situation. This idea of putting data and functions together in a class is central to the
concept of object-oriented programming (OOP).
Classes can be de ned anywhere in a program. But it is a good practice to de ne a single

class in a module. Following is a sample usage:
class ExampleClass:
def function1(parameters):
…
def function2(parameters):
…
Learn more about Python Objects and Class.
def
def is used to de ne a user-de ned function.

Function is a block of related statements, which together does some speci c task. It helps
usPython
organize code into manageable
Anonymous/Lambda Functionchunks and also to do some repetitive task.
The usage of def is shown below:
def function_name(parameters):
…
Learn more about Python functions.
del
del is used to delete the reference to an object. Everything is object in Python. We can
delete a variable reference using del
>>> a = b = 5
>>> del a
>>> a
NameError: name 'a' is not defined
>>> b
5
Here we can see that the reference of the variable a was deleted. So, it is no longer
de ned. But b still exists.
del is also used to delete items from a list or a dictionary:
>>> a = ['x','y','z']
>>> del a[1]
>>> a
['x', 'z']
if, else, elif
if, else, elif are used for conditional branching or decision making.
When weGlobal,
Python want Local
to test
andsome condition
Nonlocal and execute a block only if the condition is true,
variables
then we use if and elif . elif is short for else if. else is the block which is executed
if Python
the condition is false.
Input, Output andThis will be clear with the following example:
Import
def if_example(a):
if a == 1:
print('One')
elif a == 2:
print('Two')
else:
print('Something else')
if_example(2)
if_example(4)
if_example(1)
Output
Two
Something else
One
Here, the function checks the input number and prints the result if it is 1 or 2. Any input
other than this will cause the else part of the code to execute.
Learn more about Python if and if...else Statement.
except, raise, try

except, raise, try are used with exceptions in Python.
Exceptions are basically errors that suggests something went wrong while executing our
program. IOError , ValueError , ZeroDivisionError , ImportError , NameError , TypeError etc.
are few examples of exception in Python. try...except blocks are used to catch exceptions
in Python.
We can raise an exception explicitly with the raise keyword. Following is an example:
def reciprocal(num):
try:
r = 1/num
except:
RECOMMENDED READINGScaught')
print('Exception
TUTORIAL
return r
return
EXAMPLES BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS 
print(reciprocal(10))
print(reciprocal(0))
Output
0.1
Exception caught
None
Here, the function reciprocal() returns the reciprocal of the input number.
When we enter 10, we get the normal output of 0.1. But when we input 0, a
ZeroDivisionError is raised automatically.
This is caught by our try…except block and we return None . We could have also raised the
ZeroDivisionError explicitly by checking the input and handled it elsewhere as follows:
if num == 0:
raise ZeroDivisionError('cannot divide')
nally
finally is used with try…except block to close up resources or le streams.
Using finally ensures that the block of code inside it gets executed even if there is an
unhandled exception. For example:
try:
Try-block
except exception1:
Exception1-block
except exception2:
Exception2-block
else:
Else-block
finally:
Finally-block
Here if there is an exception in the Try-block , it is handled in the except or else block.
But no matter in what order the execution ows, we can rest assured that the Finally- 
Python
block is Global,
executedLocal andifNonlocal
even there isvariables
an error. This is useful in cleaning up the resources.
Learn more
Python about
Input, exception
Output handling in Python programming.
and Import
for
for is used for looping. Generally we use for when we know the number of times we
want to loop.
In Python we can use it with any type of sequence like a list or a string. Here is an
example in which for is used to traverse through a list of names:
names = ['John','Monica','Steven','Robin']
for i in names:
print('Hello '+i)
Output
Hello John
Hello Monica
Hello Steven
Hello Robin
Learn more about Python for loop.
from, import
import keyword is used to import modules into the current namespace. from…import is
used to import speci c attributes or functions into the current namespace. For example:
import math
will import the math module. Now we can use the cos() function inside it as math.cos() .
But if we wanted to import just the cos() function, this can done using from as
from math import cos
now we can use the function simply as cos() , no need to write math.cos() .
Learn more on Python modules and import statement.
global
global is used to declare that a variable inside the function is global (outside the
function).
IfPython
we need to read the value
Anonymous/Lambda of a global variable, it is not necessary to de ne it as global .
Function
This is understood.
If we need to modify the value of a global variable inside a function, then we must declare
it with global . Otherwise a local variable with that name is created.
Following example will help us clarify this.
globvar = 10
def read1():
print(globvar)
def write1():
global globvar
globvar = 5
def write2():
globvar = 15
read1()
write1()
read1()
write2()
read1()
Output
10
5
5
Here, the read1() function is just reading the value of globvar . So, we do not need to
declare it as global . But the write1() function is modifying the value, so we need to
declare the variable as global .
We can see in our output that the modi cation did take place (10 is changed to 5). The
write2() also tries to modify this value. But we have not declared it as global .
Hence, a new local variable globvar is created which is not visible outside this function.
Although we modify this local variable to 15, the global variable remains unchanged. This
is
Pythonvisible
clearly Global,inLocal
our and Nonlocal variables
output.
inPython Input, Output and Import
in is used to test if a sequence (list, tuple, string etc.) contains a value. It returns True if
Python
the valueAnonymous/Lambda
is present, else it Function
returns False . For example:
>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> 5 in a
True
>>> 10 in a
False
The secondary use of in is to traverse through a sequence in a for loop.
for i in 'hello':
print(i)
Output
h
e
l
l
o
is
is is used in Python for testing object identity. While the == operator is used to test if
two variables are equal or not, is is used to test if the two variables refer to the same
object.
It returns True if the objects are identical and False if not.
>>> True is True

True
>>> False is False
True
>>> None is None
True
We know that there is only one instance of True , False and None in Python, so they are
TUTORIAL
identical.
>>> [] == []
True
>>> [] is []
False
>>> {} == {}
Python
True Anonymous/Lambda Function
>>> {} is {}
False
An empty list or dictionary is equal to another empty one. But they are not identical
objects as they are located separately in memory. This is because list and dictionary are
mutable (value can be changed).
>>> '' == ''

True
>>> '' is ''
True
>>> () == ()
True
>>> () is ()
True
Unlike list and dictionary, string and tuple are immutable (value cannot be altered once
de ned). Hence, two equal string or tuple are identical as well. They refer to the same
memory location.
lambda
lambda is used to create an anonymous function (function with no name). It is an inline
function that does not contain a return statement. It consists of an expression that is
evaluated and returned. For example:
a = lambda x: x*2
print(a(i))
Output
2
4
6
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10 EXAMPLES BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS 
Here, we have created an inline function that doubles the value, using the lambda
statement. We used this to double the values in a list containing 1 to 5.
Python
Learn Anonymous/Lambda
more Function
about Python lamda function.
nonlocal
The use of nonlocal keyword is very much similar to the global keyword. nonlocal is
used to declare that a variable inside a nested function (function inside a function) is not
local to it, meaning it lies in the outer inclosing function. If we need to modify the value of
a non-local variable inside a nested function, then we must declare it with nonlocal .
Otherwise a local variable with that name is created inside the nested function. Following
example will help us clarify this.
def outer_function():
a = 5
def inner_function():
nonlocal a
a = 10
print("Inner function: ",a)
inner_function()
print("Outer function: ",a)
outer_function()
Output
Inner function: 10
Outer function: 10
Here, the inner_function() is nested within the outer_function .
The variable a is in the outer_function() . So, if we want to modify it in the

inner_function() , we must declare it as nonlocal . Notice that a is not a global variable.
Hence, we see from the output that the variable was successfully modi ed inside the
nested inner_function() . The result of not using the nonlocal keyword is as follows:
def outer_function():
a = 5

Python def
Global, Local and Nonlocal variables
inner_function():
a = 10
print("Inner function: ",a)
Python inner_function()
Input, Output and Import
print("Outer function: ",a)
outer_function()
Output
Inner function: 10
Outer function: 5
Here, we do not declare that the variable a inside the nested function is nonlocal . Hence,
a new local variable with the same name is created, but the non-local a is not modi ed
as seen in our output.
pass
pass is a null statement in Python. Nothing happens when it is executed. It is used as a
placeholder.
Suppose we have a function that is not implemented yet, but we want to implement it in
the future. Simply writing,
def function(args):
in the middle of a program will give us IndentationError . Instead of this, we construct a

blank body with the pass statement.
def function(args):
pass
We can do the same thing in an empty class as well.
class example:
pass
return
return statement is used inside a function to exit it and return a value.
If we do not return a value explicitly, None is returned automatically. This is veri ed with
the following example.

def func_return():
a = 10
return a
def no_return():
a = 10
print(func_return())
print(no_return())
Output
10
None
while
while is used for looping in Python.
The statements inside a while loop continue to execute until the condition for the while
loop evaluates to False or a break statement is encountered. Following program
illustrates this.
i = 5
while(i):
print(i)
i = i – 1
Output
5
4
3
2
1
Note that 0 is equal to False .
Learn more
Python about
Global, Python
Local while loop.
and Nonlocal variables
with
with statement is used to wrap the execution of a block of code within methods de ned
byPython
the context manager.
Anonymous/Lambda Function
Context manager is a class that implements __enter__ and __exit__ methods. Use of
with statement ensures that the __exit__ method is called at the end of the nested
block. This concept is similar to the use of try…finally block. Here, is an example.
with open('example.txt', 'w') as my_file:

my_file.write('Hello world!')
This example writes the text Hello world! to the le example.txt . File objects have
__enter__ and __exit__ method de ned within them, so they act as their own context
manager.
First the __enter__ method is called, then the code within with statement is executed and
nally the __exit__ method is called. __exit__ method is called even if there is an error.
It basically closes the le stream.
yield
yield is used inside a function like a return statement. But yield returns a generator.
Generator is an iterator that generates one item at a time. A large list of value will take up
a lot of memory. Generators are useful in this situation as it generates only one value at a
time instead of storing all the values in memory. For example,
>>> g = (2**x for x in range(100))
will create a generator g which generates powers of 2 up to the number two raised to
the power 99. We can generate the numbers using the next() function as shown below.
>>> next(g)
1
>>> next(g)
2
>>> next(g)
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>>> next(g)
TUTORIAL
8
>>> next(g)
16

And so on… This type of generator is returned by the yield statement from a function.
Here is an example.
def generator():
for i in range(6):
yield i*i
g = generator()
for i in g:
print(i)
Output
0
1
4
9
16
25
Here, the function generator() returns a generator that generates square of numbers from
0 to 5. This is printed in the for loop.
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List of Keywords in Python Programming

Uploaded by

List of Keywords in Python Programming

Uploaded by

3/26/2019 List of Keywords in Python Programming

List of Keywords in Python

This tutorial provides brief information on all keywords used in Python.

Here's a list of all keywords in Python Programming

Keywords in Python programming language

False class nally is return

None continue for lambda try

True def from nonlocal while

and del global not with

assert else import pass

break except in raise

>>> import keyword

Description of Keywords in Python with examples

If we give the function an odd number, None is returned implicitly.

Python Input, Output and Import

True True True

True False False

False True False

False False False

Truth table for or

True True True

True False True

False True True

False False False

Truth tabel for not

some example of their usage are given below

>>> import math as myAlias

At this point we can note that,

assert condition, message

This can be illustrated with the following two examples:

Learn more about Python break and continue statement.

Classes can be de ned anywhere in a program. But it is a good practice to de ne a single

def is used to de ne a user-de ned function.

The usage of def is shown below:

Learn more about Python functions.

del is also used to delete items from a list or a dictionary:

if, else, elif

Learn more about Python if and if...else Statement.

except, raise, try

Learn more about Python for loop.

from math import cos

Following example will help us clarify this.

inPython Input, Output and Import

The secondary use of in is to traverse through a sequence in a for loop.

It returns True if the objects are identical and False if not.

>>> True is True

>>> '' == ''

Here, the inner_function() is nested within the outer_function .

The variable a is in the outer_function() . So, if we want to modify it in the

in the middle of a program will give us IndentationError . Instead of this, we construct a

We can do the same thing in an empty class as well.

Python Anonymous/Lambda Function

with open('example.txt', 'w') as my_file:

>>> g = (2**x for x in range(100))

Python Input, Output and Import

Python Input, Output and Import

Python Anonymous/Lambda Function

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