BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS – MODULAR COORDINATION

INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS)

It has been introduced in construction industry as early as 1960’s.
The challenges facing our construction industry are due to shortage of skill labour
and high cost of construction.
Therefore, the concept of construction using IBS is proposed to reduce our
dependency on intensive labor works and to reduce the cost of construction.
However, the process of changing the traditional construction method to IBS has
been delayed due to the reluctant to accept the changes and even resistant to
changes.
Therefore this paper presents the concept of Industrialized Building System, the
scope of IBS, challenges and way forward to inculcate the use of IBS construction in
Indonesia.
DEFINITION
IBS is defined as a construction system which components are manufactured in a
factory, on or off site, positioned and assembled into structure with minimum
additional site work.
Dietz defined IBS as total integration of all sub-system and components into overall
process fully utilizing industrialized production, transportation and assembly
techniques.
According to Parid (1997), IBS is a system which use industrialized production
technique either in the production of component or assembly of the buildings or
both.
Lessing et al defined IBS as an integrated manufacturing and construction process
with well-planned organization for efficient management, preparation and control
over resources used, activities and results supported by the used of highly
developed component.
TYPES OF IBS
• Precast Concrete System

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS – MODULAR COORDINATION

• Steel Formwork Systems

• Steel Framing Systems

• Block Work Systems

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS – MODULAR COORDINATION

• Prefabricated Timber Framing Systems

ADVANTAGES OF IBS
1. The implementation of the IBS in
construction will reduce the
construction time.
2. It reduces the requirement of labors for
prefabrication of element and
erection at site. Skilled and semi-skilled
labors are needed for IBS and unskilled
workers are mostly not needed.
1. The quality of the prefabricated
concrete components in IBS is much
better than the conventional method
due to the quality in terms of the
selection of materials, manufactured
under controlled environment and
inspection before the components
send to the site. The materials used are
based on the quality standard.

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS – MODULAR COORDINATION

DISADVANTAGES
1. IBS is not popular choice by consultant and developers due to lack of
knowledge on the performance of the IBS system.
2. The needs to change the mind-set of construction industry player that for long
run IBS is much better than the traditional construction.
3. Insufficient push factors from governments and policy makers such as Public
Works Department and local authority.
4. Lack of technical know-how from production to erection.
5. Volume and initial cost of production are also issues to be addressed in the
supplier chain.

THIS TYPE OF IBS STRUCTURES ALSO KNOWN AS PREFABRICATED STRUCTUTRES

PREFABRICATION
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory
or other manufacturing site and transporting complete assembles to the
construction site where the structure is to be located.
Prefabricated building is the completely assembled and erected building of which
the structural parts consist of prefabricated individual units or assemblies using
ordinary or controlled materials.
Prefabricated construction is a new technique and is desirable for large scale
housing programmes.
PRINCIPLES: (AIMS)
1) To effect economy in cost
2) To improve in quality as the components can be manufactured under controlled
conditions.
3) To speed up construction since no curing is necessary.
4) To use locally available materials with required characteristics.
5) To use the materials which possess their innate characteristics like light weight,
easy workability, thermal insulation and combustibility etc.
NEED FOR PREFABRICATION
1. Prefabricated structures are used for sites which are not suitable for normal
construction method such as hilly region and also when normal construction
materials are not easily available.
2. PFS facilities can also be created at near a site as is done to make concrete
blocks used in plane of conventional knick.
3. Structures which are used repeatedly and can be standardized such as mass
housing storage sheds, godowns, shelter, bus stand security cabins, site offices, fool
over bridges road bridges. Tubular structures, concrete building blocks etc., are
prefabricated structures
PROCESS OF PREFABRICATION
An example from house building illustrates the process of prefabrication. The
conventional method of building a house is to transport bricks, timber, cement,
sand, steel and construction aggregate etc. to the site and to construct the house
on site from these materials.
In prefabricated construction only the foundations are constructed in this way. While
sections of walls floors and roof are prefabricated structures with windows and door
frame included and transported to the site lifted in to place by a crane and boiled
together.

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USES OF PREFABRICATION
1. The most widely used form of prefabrication building and civil engineering is the
use of prefabrication concrete & prefabricated steel sections in structures where a
particular part or form is repeated many times.
2. Pouring concrete sections in a factory brings the advantages of being able to re-
use moulds and the concrete can be mixed on the spot without having to be
transported to and pumped wet on a congested construction site.
3. Prefabricating steel sections reduces on-site cutting and welding costs as well as
the associated hazards.
4. Prefabrication techniques are used in the construction of apartment blocks and
housing developments with repeated housing units.
5. The technique is also used in office blocks, warehouses and factory buildings.
6. Prefabricated steel and glass section are widely used for the exterior of large
buildings.
7. Prefabricated bridge elements and systems offer bridge designers & contractors
significant advantages in terms of construction time safety environmental impact
constructability and cost.
8. Prefabrication can also help minimize the impact on transfer from bridge building.
9. Radio towers for mobile phone and other services often consist of multiple
prefabricated sections.
10. Prefabricated has become widely used in the assembly of aircraft and space
craft with component such as wings and fuselage sections often being
manufactured in different countries or states from the final assembly site.

ADVANTAGE OF PREFABRICATION
• Self supporting readymade components are used so the need for formwork
shuttering and scaffolding is greatly reduced.
• Construction time is reduced and buildings are completed sooner allowing on
earlier return of the capital invested.
• On-site construction and congestion is minimized.
• Quality control can be easier in a factory assembly line setting than a
construction site setting.
• Prefabrication can be located where skilled labour, power materials space
and overheads are lower.
• Time spent in bad weather or hazardous environments at the construction site
is minimized
• Materials for scaffolding is stored partly or in full and used
• Availability of precise structure and expect workmanship.
• Work time is reduced.
• Fewer expansion joints are required.
• Interruptions in connecting can be omitted.
• Work is done with a better technology.
• Less workers are needed.
• Members can be used again.

DISADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION
• Careful handling of prefabricated components such as concrete panels or
steel and glass panels is required.
• Attention has to be paid to the strength and corrosion-resistance of the
joining of prefabricated sections to avoid failure of the joint
• Similarly leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components.

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS – MODULAR COORDINATION

• Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous prefabricated sections

than for the materials of which they are made which can often be packed
more efficiently.
• Large prefabricated structures require heavy-duty cranes & precision
measurement and handling to place in position.
• Large groups of buildings from the same type of prefabricated elements tend
to look drab and monotonous.
• Local Jobs are lost.

The main reasons to choose precast construction method over conventional in situ
method
1. Economy in large scale project with high degree of repetition in work execution.
2. Special architectural requirement in finishing
3. Consistency in structural quality control
4. Fast speed of construction
5. Constraints in availability of site resources (e.g. materials & labour etc.)
6. Other space & environmental constraints
7. Overall assessment of some or all of the above factors which points to the
superiority of adopting precast construction over conventional method.

The following details gives the cost implications of precast construction &
conventional in-situ method.

MATERIALS USED:
Prefabricated building materials are used for buildings that are manufactured off site
and shipped later to assemble at the final location some of the commonly used
prefabricated building. The materials used in the prefabricated components are
many.
The modern trend is to use concrete steel, treated wood, aluminium cellular
concrete, light weight concrete, ceramic products etc. While choosing the materials
for prefabrication the following special characteristics are to be considered.

Light weight for easy handling and transport and to economic an sections and sizes
of foundations
Thermal insulation property
Easy workability
Durability in all weather conditions
Non combustibility
Economy in cost
Sound insulation

CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS
Easy availability
Light weight for easy handling and transport and to economies on sections and
seizes of foundations.
Thermal insulation property
Easy workability
Durability to all weather conditions
Non combustibility
Economy in cost

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MATERIALS ARE ALUMINUM, STEEL, WOOD, FIBERGLASS AND CONCRETE

Prefabricated metal buildings use galvanized steel and galvalume as the chief
materials for building. Galvalume is a form of steel coated with aluminium zinc. This is
to protect the building against corruption rust and fire. It also provides a study and
protective covering to the prefabricated building. Almost all the components of a
metal building such as beams, frames columns wall & roofs are made of steel. Most
fabricated military buildings use steel or aluminium frames.
[Synthetic materials are used for the walls & roofs. To provide enhanced security a
combination of both metal and cloth materials are used plastic flooring materials
can be quickly assembled and are very durable]
Prefabricated building materials used for small prefabricated buildings are steel,
wood, fibre glass plastic or aluminium materials. These materials are cheaper than
regular brick and concrete buildings. Materials like steel, fibre glass, wood and
aluminium are used as prefabricated building materials for sports buildings. These
materials provide flexibility and are preferred for making structures and accessories
like stands and seats for stadium and gyms.
For making low cost houses prefabricated materials like straw bale, Ferro cement
consists of a cement matrix reinforced with a mesh of closely spaced iron rods or
wires. In this type of construction the techniques used are simple & quick.
Using prefabricated material one can make durable, water and fire resistant and
cheap prefabricated buildings Most of the prefabricated building materials are eco-
friendly & affordable.

MODULAR COORDINATION
The modular coordination is defined as the basic module is in adopted the size of
which is selected for general application to building and its components. The value
of the basic module chosen is 100 mm for maximum flexibility and convenience. The
symbol used for basic module is M
1M = 100mm
100mm = 1M = It is international standard value.
Dimensional coordination employing the basic module or a multimodule. The
purposes of modular coordination are
i. To reduce the variety of component size produced
ii. To allow the building designer greater.

AIMS OF MODULAR COORDINATION

Major Objective
Specific Objective

MAJOR OBJECTIVE
The principal object of modular coordinate is to assist the building design
construction professional building industry and its associated manufacturing
industries by standardization in such a way that building components fit with each
other with other components and with building assembly on site thereby improving
the economics of building.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Modular coordination thus
- Facilities cooperation between building designers manufacturers distributors
contractors and authorities.

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS – MODULAR COORDINATION

- In the design work enables buildings to be so dimensionally coordinated that they

can be erected with standard components without undue restriction on freedom of
design.
- Permits a flexible type of standardization. This encourages the use of a number of
standardized building components for the construction of different types of
buildings.
- Optimize the number of standard sizes of multimodal’s will suit particular
applications.
However if modular coordination is to be achieved the values of multimodal’s
should not be chosen arbitrarily and only standardized multimodal’s shall be used
pay using multimodal’s it is possible to achieve a substantial reduction in the number
of modular sizes particularly for components having at least one dimension equal to
one of the dimensions of the functional element of which they are a part.
A further reduction in the number of modular sizes for components having may be
achieved by mean of as general series of multi modular sizes based on selected
multimodal’s for horizontal coordinating dimensions are 3M , 6M, 12M, 30M & 60M
The multimode 15M may also be used for special applications

MODULES
Modules are a standard unit of size used to coordinate the dimensions of buildings
and components. They are of two types:
1. Multi modules
2. Basic modules

MULTI MODULES
Multi modules are standardized selected whole multiples of the basic module
different single T beam has resulted the beam to fall 2 basement down. The beam
just placed for connection.
BASIC MODULE
The fundamental module used in modular coordination the size of which is selected
for general application to buildings and components

MODULAR CO-ORDINATION DIMENSION:

1) The planning grid in both directions of the horizontal plan shall be:
a. 3m for residential and institutional buildings
b. For industrial buildings,
15M for spans up to 12m
30M for spans between 12m and 18m and
60M for spans over 18m
The centre lines of load bearing walls shall coincide with the grid lines.

2) Incase of external walls, the grid lines shall coincide with the centre line of the wall
50mm from the internal force.
3) The planning module in the vertical direction shall be 1M up to end including a
height of 2.8m, above the height of 2.8m it shall be 2M.
4) Preferred increments for sill heights, doors, windows etc. shall be 1M.
5) In case of internal columns, the grid lines coincide with the centre lines of
columns.
In case of external columns and columns near the lift and stair wells the grid lines
shall coincide with centre lines of the column in the top most storey or a line in the
column 50mm from the internal face of column in the top most storey.

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS – MODULAR COORDINATION

Modular Grid
A rectangular coordinate reference system in which the distance between
consecutive lines is the basic module or a multimodule. This multimodule may differ
for each of the two dimensions of the grid.

Type of Modular Grid

There are different types of grid patterns which are used to locate the positions and
dimensions of building spaces components are
Elements in building design
Continuous grid
Superimposed grid
Displacement of grid (or) Tartan grids
Interrupted grids as neutral zones.
Continuous grid
Where all dimensions in either direction are based on one increment only.
Superimposed grids
When the modulur grid of 100 mm increment is superimposed on a multi-modulur
grid.
Displacement of grid or tartan grids
Where there is a homogenous and repetitive relation between at least two basic
increments.
Eg:- 1M +2M (or) 3/2 M + 3M
Interrupted grids (or) neutral zones
Where there are non modular interruptions of grids neutral zones are created to
cope with the economics of building design.
STANDARDIZATION
Standardization is to the creation and use of guidelines for the production of uniform
interchangeable components especially for use in mass production. It also refers to
the establishment and adoption of guidelines for conduct to global marketing the
term is used in describe the simplification of procurement & production to achieve
economy

ADVANTAGES OF STANDARDIZATION
1) Easier in design as it eliminates unnecessary choices
2) Easier in manufacture as there are limited number of variants.
3) Makes repeated use of specialized equipments in erection and completion
4) Easier and quicker.

FACTORS INFLUENCING STANDARDIZATION:-

1) To select the most rational type of member for each element from the point of
production, assembly, serviceability and economy.
2) To limit the number of types of elements and to use them in large quantities.
3) To use the largest size of the extent possible, thus resulting in less number of joints.
4) To limit the size and number of prefabricate by the weight in overall dimension
that can be handled by the handling and erection equipment and by the limitation
of transportation.
5) To have all these prefabricates approximately of same weight very near to the
lifting capacity of the equipment.

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SYSTEMS
The word system is referred to a particular method of construction of buildings by
using prefabricated components which are inter-related in functions and are
produced to a set of instructions with certain constraints. Several plans are possible
using the same set of components. The degree of flexibility varies from system to
system.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A PREFABRICATION SYSTEM:-

The following characteristics among others are to be consideration devising a
system.
1) Intensified usage of spaces.
2) Straight and simple walling scheme.
3) Limited sizes and number of components.
4) Limited opening in bearing walls.
5) Regulated locations of partitions.
6) Standardized service and stair units.
7) Limited sizes of doors and windows with regulated positions.
8) Structural clarity and efficiency.
9) Suitability for adoption in low rise and high rise blocks.
10) Ease of manufacturing, storing and transporting.
11) Speed and ease of erection.
12) Simple jointing system.

PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS:-

The system of prefabricated construction depends on the extent of the use of
prefabricated components, their material, sizes and the technique adopted for their
manufacture and use in building. The various prefabrication systems are outlined
below.
1) Small prefabrication
2) Medium prefabrication
3) Large prefabrication
4) Open prefabrication system
a. Partial prefabrication open system
b. Full prefabrication open system
5) Large panel prefabrication system
6) Wall system
a. Cross wall system
b. Longitudinal wall system
7) Floor system
8) Stair case system
9) Box type system

SMALL PREFABRICATION
The first 3 types are mainly classified according to their degree of precast elements
using in that construction. for eg:- brick is a small unit precasted and used in
buildings. This is called as small prefabrication. That the degree of precast element is
very low.
MEDIUM PREFABRICATION
Suppose the roofing systems and horizontal member are provided with precast
elements.

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS – MODULAR COORDINATION

These constructions are known as medium prefabricated construction. Here the

degree of precast elements are moderate.
LARGE PREFABRICATION
In large prefabrication most of the members like wall panels, roofing/flooring
systems, beams and columns are prefabricated. Here degree of precast elements
are high.
OFF-SITE (FACTORY) PREFABRICATION
One of the main factors which affect the factory prefabrication is transport. The
width of road walls mode of transport vehicles are the factors which factor the
prefabrications which is to be done on site or factory.
Suppose the factory situated at a long distance from the construction site and the
vehicle have to cross a congested traffic with heavy weighed elements the cost in-
situ prefabrication is preferred even though the same condition are the cast in site
prefabrication is preferred only when number of houses are more for small elements
the conveyance is easier with normal type of lorry and trailors. Therefore we can
adopt factory (or) OFF site prefabrication for this type of construction.

OPEN PREFABRICATION SYSTEM:-

This system is based on the use of the basic structural elements to form whole or part
of a building. The standard prefabricated concrete components which can be used
are,
1) Reinforced concrete channel units
2) Hollow core slabs
3) Hollow blocks and battens
4) Precast plank and battens
5) Precast joists and tiles
6) Cellular concrete slabs
7) Prestressed / reinforced concrete slabs
8) Reinforced / prestressed concrete slabs
9) Reinforced / prestressed concrete
columns 10 Precast lintels and sunshades
11 Reinforced concrete waffle slabs / shells
12 Room size reinforced / prestressed concrete panels
13 Reinforced / prestressed concrete walling elements
14 Reinforced / prestressed concrete trusses
The elements may be cost at the site or off the site.
Foundation for the columns could be of prefabricated type of the conventional cast
in situ type depending upon the soil conditions and loads. The columns may have
hinged or fixed base connections depending upon the type of components used
and the method of design adopted.
There are two categories of open prefabricated systems depending on the extent of
prefabrication used in the construction as given below.
1) Partial prefabrication open system
2) Full prefabrication open system

PARTIAL PREFABRICATION OPEN SYSTEM:

The system basically emphasizes the use of precast roofing and flooring components
and other minor elements like lintels, sunshades, kitchen sills in conventional building
construction. The structural system could be in the form of insitu frame work or load
bearing walls.

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FULL PREFABRICATION OPEN SYSTEM:

In this system, almost all the structural components are prefabricated. The filler walls
may be of bricks or of any other local materials.
LARGE PANEL PREFABRICATION SYSTEM:
This is based on the use of large prefabricated components. The components used
are precast concrete large panels for walls, floor roofs, balconies, stair cases etc. The
casting of the components could be at the site or off the site.
Depending upon the context of prefabrication, this system can also lend itself to
partial prefabrication system and full prefabrication system.

WALL SYSTEM:
Structural scheme with precast large panel walls can be classified as
1) Cross wall system
2) Longitudinal wall system
CROSS WALL SYSTEM:
In this system the cross walls are load bearing walls. The facade walls are non-load
bearing. This system is suitable for high rise buildings.
LONGITUDINAL WALL SYSTEM:
In this system, cross walls are non-bearing, longitudinal walls are load bearing. This
system is suitable for low rise buildings.
A combination of the above systems with all load bearing walls can also be
adopted.
Precast concrete walls could be
1) Homogeneous walls
2) Non-homogeneous walls
Homogeneous walls The walls could be solid or ribbed.
Non-homogeneous walls:
Based on the structural functions of the walls, the walls could be classified as
a. Load bearing walls
b. Non-load bearing walls
c. Shear walls
Based on their locations and functional requirements the walls are further classified
as
(i) External walls which can be load or non-load bearing depending upon the
layout. They are usually non-homogeneous walls of sandwiched type to impart
better thermal comforts.
(ii) Internal walls which provide resistance against vertical loads, horizontal loads, fire
etc. and are normally homogeneous.

TYPES OF PRECAST FLOORS:

Depending upon the composition of units, precast flooring units could be
homogeneous or non-homogeneous.
1) Homogeneous floors could be solid slabs, cored slabs, ribbed or waffle slabs.
2) Non-homogeneous floors could be multilayered ones with combinations light
weight concrete or reinforced / pre stressed concrete with filled blocks.
Depending upon the way, the loads are transferred the precast floors could be
classified as one way or two way systems.

ONE WAY SYSTEM:-

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One way system transfers loads to the supporting members in one direction only.
The precast elements of this category are channel slabs, hollow core slabs, hollow
blocks and hollow plank system, channels and tiles system, light weight cellular
concrete slab etc.

TWO WAY SYSTEMS:-

Transfer loads in precast element under this system etc.. both the direction imparting
loads on the four edges. The category are room sized panels two way ribbed or
waffle slab
SYSTEMS PRODUCTION
The term production of systems is describes a series of operation directly concerned
In the process of making or more apply of moulding precast units on the face of it
there are very many techniques since almost every type prefabricates requires a
specific series of operation in its production.
These techniques however may be grouped into three basic method of production.
These are
1. The stand system
2. The conveyor belt or production line system
3. The aggregate system
Stand system
In the stand system the prefabricates mature at the point where they were moulded
While the production team moves to successive stands the bed on which
prefabricates.
Conveyor belt The conveyor belt system of production splits the whole production
process in to a series of operation carried out at a separate successive and
permanent point to the heat may be by means of conveyor belt trolleys & crane
etc.
Aggregate system
The word aggregates describes a large, complex permanently installed set of
machines and mechanical application which can carry out most of the separate
operation involved in casting concrete components.

PRODUCTION
The location of precasting yards consist of storage facilities suitable for transporting
and erection equipments and availability of raw materials are the critical factors
which should be carefully planned and provided for effective and economic use of
pre-cast concrete components in construction.
The manufacture of the components can be done in a centrally located factor of in
a site where precasting yards set-up at or near the site of work.

FACTORY PREFABRICATION;
Factory prefabrication is restored in a centrally located plant for manufacture of
standardized components on a long form basis.
It is a capital intensive production where work is done throughout the year
preferably under a covered shed to avoid the effects of seasonal variations high
level of mechanization can always be introduced in this system where the work can
be organized in a factory like manner with the help of constant team of workmen.
The basic disadvantage in factory prefabricated, is the extra cost in occurred in
transportation of elements from plant to site of work sometimes the shape and size of
prefabricable are to be limited due to lack of suitable transportation equipment
roads controls etc.

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SITE PREFABRICATION:
In this scheme, the components are manufactured at site near the site of work as
possible. This system is normally adopted for a specific job order for a short period.
The
work is normally carried out in open space with locally a valuable labour force. The
equipment machinery and moulds are of mobile nature.
Therefore there is a definite economy with respect to cost of transportation. This
system suffers from basic drawback of its non-suitability to any high degree of
mechanization. It has no elaborate arrangements for quality control.
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE:
The various processes involved in the manufacture of precast elements are
classified as follows:
1) Main process
2) Secondary (auxiliary) process
3) Subsidiary process
MAIN PROCESS:
It involves the following steps.
1) Providing and assembling the moulds, placing reinforcement cage in position for
reinforced concrete work, and
2) Fixing of inserts and tubes where necessary.
3) Depositing the concrete in to the moulds.
4) Vibrating the deposited concrete into the moulds.
5) Demoulding the forms.
6) Curing (steam curing if necessary)
7) Stacking the precast products.
SECONDARY (AUXILLARY) PROCESS:
This process is necessary for the successful completion of the process covered by
the main process.
1) Mixing or manufacture of fresh concrete (done in a mixing station or by a
matching
plant).
2) Prefabrication of reinforcement cage (done in a steel yard of workshop)
3) Manufacture of inserts and other finishing items to be incorporated in the main
precast products.
4) Finishing the precast products.
5) Testing the precast products.
STAGES OF PREFABRICATED CONCRETE PRODUCT:
FLOW DIAGRAM OF STAGES OF PROCESSING
CONCRETE ---------MOULD----------------- STEEL
MIXING-------------- PREPARATION-------- CUTTING
FILLING---------------------------------------- REINFORCING
COMPONENT
COMPACTION
CURING
DEMOULDING
STORAGE
STORAGE OF PRE-COST CONCRETE PRODUCTS BY STAGE
Stage process Operational involved
1 Procurement storage of Unloading raw materials
2 Testing of raw materials

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3 Design of concrete mix

4 Fabrication of reinforcement cages
5 Oiling and laying of moulds in portion
6 Placing of reinforcement cages inserts and fixtures
7 Preparation of fresh concrete
8 Transport fresh concrete
9 depouring into moulding etc.
10 Curing of concrete
11 Stacking of pre-cost element
12 Testing of finished component

PRODUCTION TOLERANCE (T)

The limits of deviation in the dimensions (Δs) T/2 the shape of the prefabricates.
This depends very much on the type of moulds, wooden, steel, concrete or plastic
the
tolerance also depends on the nominal dimension, nature of prefabricate and its
position
during casting
Degreeof ≤10 cm › 10 cm 730 cm 3 m › 9 m
Accuracy
≤ 30 cm ≤ 3 m ≤ 9 m
4 1 mm 2 mm 3 mm 4 mm 6 mm
5 2 mm 3 4 6 10
6 3 mm 4 6 10 15
7 4 mm 6 10 15 25
8 6mm 10 15 25 30
TRANSPORT
Transport of prefabrication elements must be carried out and with extreme care to
avoid any flock and distress in elements and handled as far as possible to be placed
in final portion Transport of prefab elements inside the factory depends on the
method of production selected for the manufacture.
Transport of prefab elements from the factory to the site of action should be
planned in conformity with the trafficable rules and regulations as stipulated by the
authouritic the size of the elements is often restricted by the availability of suitable
transport equipment, such as tractor-am-tailor, to suits the load and dimension of the
member in addition to the load carrying capacity of the bridges on the way.
While transporting the prefab elements in various systems, such as wages, trucks,
bullock cards etc. care should be taken to avoid excessive cantilever actions and
desired supports are maintained. Special care should be taken in negotiating sharp
beds uneven of slushy roads to avoid undesirable stresses in elements and in
transport vehicles.
Before loading the elements in the transporting media, care should be taken to
ensure the base packing for supporting the elements are located at specified
portion only.

ERECTION
It is the process of assembling the Prefabrication element in the find portion as per
the drawing. In the erection of prefab elements the following items of work are to be
carried out.
1).Slinging of the prefab elements.
2).Tying up of erection slopes connecting to the erection hooks.

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS – MODULAR COORDINATION

3).Cleaning the elements and the site of erection.

4).Cleaning the steel inserts before incorporation in the joints lifting and setting the
elements to correct position.
5).Adjustments to get the stipulated level line and plumb.
6).Welding of deats.
7).Changing of the erection tackles.
8).Putting up and removing the necessary scaffolding or supports.
9).Welding the insorts laying the reinforced in joints.
The erection work in various construction jobs by using prefab elements differs with
risk condition, hence skilled foremen, and workers to be employed on the job.

Equipments required for erection

Equipments required for the prefab elements in industry can be classified as.
1) Machinery required for quarrying of course and fine aggregates
2) Conveying equipment, such as but conveyor, chain conveyors etc.
3) Concrete mixers
4) Vibrators
5) Erection equipment such as cranes, derricks, chain pulley etc.
6) Transport machines
7) Work shop machinery for fabricating and repairing steel.
8) Bar straitening, bending and welding machines
9) Minor tools and takes, such as wheel barreriour, concrete buckets etc…
10) Steam generation a plant for accelerated curing

Planning co-ordination
It is important to have the precaster erector/installer and builder working together to
achieve best performance.

Site Access and storage

Check for site accessibility and precast panels delivery to site especially low bed
trailers
Check whether adequate space for temporary storage before installation and
ground conditions. (firm ground & levelled)
Uneven ground will cause overstress & crack panels.

Planning crane Arrangement

Plan the crane capacity and lifting gears based on
Heaviest weight of precast panels
Lifting heights
Working radius
Position of crane in relation to final panel location
Plan other equipments
Boom lift and scissor lift for unhooking installed panels.
Lifting gears
Skilled personnel’s
Competent crane
Rigger
Signalled etc
General considerations for crane selection
Total lifting weight
Crane model

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS – MODULAR COORDINATION

Crane safe working load (SWL) (i.e) Based on 15% capacity build in F.O.S. 1.33
o Lifting capacity must be 1.5 times the total weight i.e) F.O.S 1.5
Lifting and swing radius
Crane counter
Crane boom length is relation to the vertical and horizontal clearance from the
building.
Installation Process
Installation of vertical components
Verification of Delivered Panels
Check the panels delivered for correct marking lifting hook and
position etc
Surface finishing condition
Pc Dimension compliance
Reinforcement Provision/position
Architectural Detail compliance
Setting out
Check the panels delivered for marking, lifting hook and condition.
Set the reference lines & grids
Check starter bars for vertical components before hoisting for installation
2. Setting out Quality control point
Ensure correct offset line
Check shim pedal/plate level and firm
Rubber gasket property secured
For external wall/column place backer rod.
3. Hoisting, Rigging and Installation
While tilting provide rubber pad to avoid chip off.
Lift and rig the panel to designated location
Adjust the panel in position and secure
Lifting of space adding items with balanced centre of gravity.
Ensure horizontal alignment correct
Ensure panel vertically to correct plumb
Check panel to panel gap consistency
Check stability of prop before releasing hoisting cable.
4. Grouting works
Prepare and apply non shrink mortars to seal
For corrugated pipe sleeve on splive sleeve pour NSGT or proprietary
grouts into pipe slab.
Keep installed panels undisturbed for 24 hrs.
Check joint widths are consistent before grouting
Grout used should be same grade of components and self compacting to
prevent cracking.
Collect test cube sample for testing for critical element or load bearing
elements
5. Connecting joints
Cast in situ joints install rebars as required
Set up forms for casting joints
Do Concreting
Remove forms after sufficient strength
For external connections sealant shall be used
Panel with welded connections welding as required

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS – MODULAR COORDINATION

Installation of Horizontal Elements

1. Setting out
Set reference line/offset line to required alignment and level of slab/beam
during installation
Put temporary prop to support the precast slab/beam elements
Before Hoisting chem. Dimensions
Check level and stability of shim
Check protruding/ starter bars are within the Specified tolerance to prevent
any observation during the erection process
2. Hoisting & Installation
Put temporary props to support slab/beam
Lift and rig the elements in designated location
Align and check the level before placement
The beams shall prop atleast 2 location
Balcony planter box and shall be supported more than 2 location based on
design considerations

Check level of precast elements

3. Connections/Jointing
Precast with cast-in-situ joints place the lap rebars as required

Set formwork for casting joints

Remove formwork after concrete strength is achieved
Supporting beams shall be designed to form part of formwork joints
The connecting/lapping rebars tied & secured
Same grade of concrete 10 to be used that of panel.
4. Installation using Big canopy
Big canopy high rise precast concrete construction system
This is used for faster and efficient
5. Erection Purpose
In Japan
o Used to construct the 26 storey pre-cast concrete 30,763m 2
o The system realized 60% reduction in labor requirement for the frame erection.
In Singapore
DBS China square used the system to erect is efficient and faster
6. Installation constraints Management
Example
The project requires precast panel to install 2 basements down.
Constraint
Temporary Decking for various for various works.
Cross bracing with king posts
No direct access for panels

7. Management
Roller frame and plat form was laid.
The panels lowered in roller platform
Push to underneath deck where panel is required
Remove of one deck panel to lift and install panel in correct position.

8. Mishandling of precast panels

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS – MODULAR COORDINATION

Case Study
The hollow core slab was in the process of installation it was placed on the beam
corbel
For making adjustment in position the panel was lifted.
During lifting the panel was broken
Case of Failure
The panel was designed for simply supported condition
The lifting position with over 3 m cantilevered edge that has resulted panel
damage.
Remediation
Use appropriate lifting position
Seek advice from precaster

9. Common Defects in precast panels

The common defects to hole in precast panels before installation panel
before installation.
Panel not property touch up.

Damage due to insufficient protection during delivery

Panel dimension deviation
Panel twisted no rectangular
Wrong rib and architectural detail
Missing starter bar or as wrong position
Corrugated pipe duck choked
10. Precast failures
Bridge Deck collapse
Causes reported as inadequate lap length of rebar at cantilevered deck and
pier rebar.
Single T beam collapse
Cause reported as impact lend on the

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS – MODULAR COORDINATION

SKNCOA Ar. Kalyani Nilesh Junankar

 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS – MODULAR COORDINATION

SKNCOA Ar. Kalyani Nilesh Junankar

 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS – MODULAR COORDINATION

SKNCOA Ar. Kalyani Nilesh Junankar

 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS – MODULAR COORDINATION

SKNCOA Ar. Kalyani Nilesh Junankar

 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS – MODULAR COORDINATION

SKNCOA Ar. Kalyani Nilesh Junankar

 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS – MODULAR COORDINATION

SKNCOA Ar. Kalyani Nilesh Junankar

 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS – MODULAR COORDINATION

SKNCOA Ar. Kalyani Nilesh Junankar