International Journal of Applied Engineering Research.

ISSN 0973-4562, Volume 9, Number 11 (2014) pp. 1289-1294

© Research India Publications
http://www.ripublication.com/ijaer.htm

Robotic Surgical Systems—A Review

Apoorva Chaudhary1, Dinesh K. Atal2 and Sanjeev Kumar3

1,2
Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Haryana
3
Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh

Abstract

Robotic surgery is a type of surgery where doctor performs the

operation on the patient by controlling the arms of the robotic system.
These robotic arms mimic the surgeon's hand and scales down the
movement hence allowing the surgeon to easily make precise and
small cuts. Robotic surgery has been a revolutionary step in the
improvement of surgical procedures as it is enhancing surgery through
improved precision, stability, and dexterity. The use of robotics in
medical procedures has become common place in the past decade as
medical robotics includes a number of devices used for surgery,
rehabilitation therapy, assisting people with disabilities and prosthetics.
Due to the wide acceptance of surgical robots, the need to provide
smaller, more efficient and less expensive equipment is driving
researchers to achieve great heights. Surgical robots have been
successfully implemented in several hospitals around the globe and
have received world-wide acceptance. With advancements in
technology, accuracy and proficiency is being achieved by various
surgical systems and the current study reviews the latest robotic
surgical technologies.

Keywords: Surgical robots, medical robotics, surgical advances,

robotic surgery, minimally invasive surgeries.

1. Introduction
Robotic surgery is a proliferating new technology that is taking the surgical profession
by storm. Surgical robots provide surgeons with high precision and dexterity,
necessary to perform the complex, minimally invasive surgical (MIS) procedures.
“Minimally invasive” means that instead of operating on patients through large
1290 Apoorva Chaudhary et al

incisions miniaturized surgical instruments that fit through a series of quarter-inch

incisions are used[1]. In the case of robot-assisted minimally-invasive surgery, instead
of directly moving the instruments, the surgeon uses different methods to control the
instruments; either a direct tele manipulator or through computer control. Surgical
Robots also increase the scope and effectiveness of MIS as key advantages of robotic
surgery include the requirement of small incision, high accuracy and ability to repeat
identical motions, less pain, less scarring, less bleeding, lower risk of infection, shorter
hospital stays, quicker recovery time and return to normal activities, 3D vision, motion
scaling, fluid movement, wrist articulation capability, remote sensing technology,
tremor filtering, ergonomically intuitive sensing, 25 times more magnification, mul-
tiple instruments entrance system, haptic feedback and tele-surgery with tele-
proctoring and it also has some limitations including absence of tactile or haptic
information, surgeon's judgment, high cost and not being able to use qualitative
information[2].

2. Robotic Surgical Systems

Surgical Robots have very high costs but have proven to be profitable for the society.
There are three main categories when it comes to robotic surgical systems including:

2.1 Supervisory-Controlled Systems

Supervisory-controlled systems are the most automated but can't perform surgery
without any human guidance. Surgeons must do extensive prep work with surgery
patients before the robot can operate. The drawbacks of these systems are that once the
instructions have been input and the sequence initiated, there is no place for error as
there is no way to make any adjustments to the procedure in real time. These types of
surgeries are common in hip and knee replacements [3,4].

2.2 Tele surgical Systems

Tele surgery is also known as remote surgery in which the surgeon manipulates the
robotic arms during the procedure rather than allowing the robotic arms to work from a
predetermined program. Surgical tasks are directly performed by a robotic system
which is controlled by the surgeon at a remote location.

2.3 Shared Control Systems

Shared-control robotic systems aid surgeons during surgery, but the human does most
of the work. It is a type of robotic surgery in which the robot performs the entire
procedure using a program preset by the surgeon. The robotic system monitors the
surgeon's performance and provides stability and support through active constraint.
Active constraint is a concept that relies on defining regions on a patient as one of four
possibilities: safe, close, boundary or forbidden. Shared Control systems are often
used in neurosurgery and orthopedic surgery [3].
Robotic Surgical Systems—A Review 1291

3. Recent Advancements In Technology

3.1 The Socrates Robotic Telecollaboration System
The Socrates system allows the surgeon in the remote area to interact with the
operative surgeon located in any other area. This system allows viewing video images
generated by an overhead camera or endoscope being used at the operative site. In
February, 2001; first robotic surgery using the Socrates System was performed.
Applications: With the use of SOCRATES, new definitions have evolved.
Telementoring-the use of this technology for teaching by an expert surgeon at the
remote area to the second surgeon in an operating room via video-conferencing
technology.
Telesurgery-the surgeon performs the operation sitting on a console from a remote
location and the location of the console can be within a few feet or away from the
operating site.
Telestration-Surgeon puts marks on a drawing tablet to virtually illustrate on the
local surgeon's video screen and this can be used to highlight the area of interest; tumor
mass, for example[5].

3.2 Sofie Surgical Robot

Surgeon's Operating Force-Feedback Interface Eindhoven (Sofie) developed by
Eindhoven University of Technology is the first surgical robot which works on the
force-feedback mechanism allowing the surgeons to experience physical feedback.
Sofie can alter the resistance of the surgical controls based on the amount of force
being exerted on the patient’s tissues, which helps surgeons keep track of the amount
of pressure being applied on the patient’s organs. This also works on the concept of
master-slave in which master and slave are completely separated from each other and
the communication takes place through the data cables. Sofie is also compact than
most surgical robots, and can be mounted on the operating table instead of the floor
and hence makes the task of approaching organs from different directions easier[6].

3.4 iDrive Intelligent Power Unit

The iDrive by Power Medical Interventions (PMI) is a detachable intelligent surgical
instrument and iConsole device which is designed to support a variety of minimally
invasive procedures by offering surgeons broad range of cutting and stapling
configurations combined with increased flexibility, precision and access. The iDrive is
a hand-held, computer-controlled power unit to which PMI's intelligent surgical
instruments can be attached and this innovation allows these intelligent surgical units
to be driven by a single power unit which further leads to reduced cost; less than half
of the current cost. Hence, iDrive is easy to use, cost-effective, reusable and less
wasteful, potentially leading to savings for health centers [7].
The iConsole is a wireless device that communicates directly with the iDrive
during surgical procedures to output specific auditory and visual reference information
via its speaker and liquid crystal display. iConsole allows surgeon to make real-time,
critical decisions that may lead to an improved patient outcome
1292 Apoorva Chaudhary et al

Applications include resection and transection of tissue and to create anastomoses

between structures [3].

3.5 The Stealth Station

The Stealth Station by Medtronic Surgical Navigation Technologies is a 3-D imaging
system allowing the surgeons to navigate through the body. It combines images from
variety of sources including X-Ray, Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ultrasound. Due to the combination of these different
techniques, more precise 3-D images are acquired allowing the surgeon to focus on
exact desired location, simultaneously providing the real-time images throughout the
surgery [8]. Advantages include less pain, less scarring, reduced recovery time and
reduced radiation exposure.
Applications include tumor biopsy, tumor resection, total knee and hip transplant,
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery and screw placement through the spine.

3.6 Spider Surgical System

The Spider Surgical System is a flexible laparoscopic platform for performing
minimally invasive surgery allowing multiple instruments to be used through one
incision. Eliminating the earlier crossed arm movements, Spider allows a single
surgeon to operate from true right and left instrument manipulation. The system allows
the surgeon to perform different procedures using a combination of flexible and
common laparoscopic instruments and is a single operator platform allowing
triangulation to be achieved via single site access. Advantages include less scarring
with potential for limited post-operative pain and a faster recovery time [9].

3.7 DA Vinci Single-Site Surgery

Intuitive's da Vinci Single-Site Surgery enables surgeons to operate through a small
incision in the patient’s belly button in order to remove the gallbladder or uterus. It is
compatible with the da Vinci Si Surgical System. Instruments and camera cross within
the single-site port and use remote center technology to avoid collisions of cannula,
arm interferences and port-site movement. The da Vinci system software automatically
detects and re- associates the user’s hands with the instrument tips to create Intuitive
movement through crossed cannulae. Major advantage of these system is virtually
scarless surgery [10].

3.8 New da Vinci Sp Single Port Minimally Invasive Robotic System

Intuitive's New da Vinci Sp single port robot assisted surgical system delivers a 3D
high-definition camera and three fully articulating instruments through its 25 mm
cannula. The EndoWrist Sp Instruments used by the system have two more degrees of
freedom than the da Vinci Single-Site instruments allowing substantially more control
for the surgeon [10].
Applications: The system is initially indicated for urologic minimally invasive
procedures that are already performed via a single incision [11].
Robotic Surgical Systems—A Review 1293

3.9 The da Vinci Si system

The da Vinci Si System is built on the core technology at the heart of the existing da
Vinci and da Vinci S Systems and provide advanced 3D HD visualization with up to
10x magnification and an immersive view of the operative field. These systems also
enclose Endo wrist instrumentation with dexterity and range of motion far greater than
the human hand. The presence of Intuitive Motion technology, imitates the experience
of open surgery by preserving natural eye-hand-instrument alignment and intuitive
instrument control. The da Vinci Si Surgical System provides Control and Comfort to
the surgeon, OR Efficiency and Integrated technology & data [10].

Year Surgical system Manufacturer Use

2001 Socrates Robotic Developed by Used for sharing control
Telecollaboration System Computer Vision of AESOP 3000 from
different locations
2001 Zues Surgical System Developed by Used for robotic- assisted
Computer Motion thoracic and laparoscopic
surgeries
2004 Trans-rectal Ultrasound Developed by John Used for trans-rectal
(TRUS) Prostate Robotic Hopkins University ultrasound guided biopsy
System of prostate
2005 The Raven I Developed by Used for open-surgery and
University Of MIS
Washington
2006 TRUS-Guided Brachy- Developed by John Used in Trans-rectal
therapy Hopkins University ultrasound guided
brachytherapy
2007 NeuroArm Developed by Used in neurosurgery for
University of Calgary both biopsy and
and MacDonald microsurgery
Dettwiler and
Associates
2009 Robotic Doppler Micro Developed by Vascular Used for vascular
Probe Technology identification in robotic
microsurgical procedures
2009 iDrive Intelligent Power Developed by Power Used for resecting and
Unit Medical Interventions transecting tissue as well
as for creating
anastomoses between
structures
2010 SOFIE "Surgeon’s Developed by 1st surgical robot based on
Operating Force-feedback Eindhoven University force feedback
Eindhoven" Surgical Robot of Technology
2012 The Raven II Developed by Open- Source surgery
University Of robot
Washington and UC
Santa Cruz
1294 Apoorva Chaudhary et al

2012 Amadeus Robotic Surgical Developed by Titan Used for laparoscopic

System Medical Inc surgery

Fig. 1: Major Surgical Robots (Timeline)

4. Conclusion
Robotic surgery has developed over the past 10 years and we have reached to an extent where
the surgical procedure can be performed without being directly visualized and touched.
Robotic surgery has developed and enhanced several surgical techniques in specialties such as
urology, general surgery, and gynecology, ophthalmology but still much is in the horizon to
study and develop in robotic surgery but the results obtained are encouraging and it seems to
be just a matter of time until robotic surgery becomes the new standard of treatment in a
significant amount of surgical procedures establishing new standards of treatment and
demonstrating that it is here to stay and evolve.

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