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Python Tutorial – Python Programming For Beginners
In this Python Interview Questions blog, I will introduce you to the most frequently asked questions in Python interviews. This blog is the perfect guide for you to learn all the concepts required to clear a Python interview. Our Python
Interview Questions is the one-stop resource from where you can boost your interview preparation. We have 40 questions on Python Programming and additional 10 MCQs which will help you with different expertise levels to reap the
maximum benefit from our blog.
Before moving ahead, you may go through the recording of Python Interview Questions where our instructor has shared his experience and expertise that will help you to crack any Python Interview:
Python is an interpreted language. That means that, unlike languages like C and its variants, Python does not need to be compiled before it is run. Other interpreted languages include PHP and Ruby.
Python is dynamically typed, this means that you don’t need to state the types of variables when you declare them or anything like that. You can do things like x=111 and then x="I'm a string" without error
Python is well suited to object orientated programming in that it allows the definition of classes along with composition and inheritance. Python does not have access specifiers (like C++’s public, private), the justification for this
point is given as “we are all adults here”
In Python, functions are first-class objects. This means that they can be assigned to variables, returned from other functions and passed into functions. Classes are also first class objects
Writing Python code is quick but running it is often slower than compiled languages. Fortunately Python allows the inclusion of C based extensions so bottlenecks can be optimized away and often are. The numpy package is a
good example of this, it’s really quite quick because a lot of the number crunching it does isn’t actually done by Python
Python finds use in many spheres – web applications, automation, scientific modelling, big data applications and many more. It’s also often used as “glue” code to get other languages and components to play nice.
Deep copy is used to store the values that are already copied. Deep copy doesn’t copy the reference pointers to the objects. It makes the reference to an object and the new object that is pointed by some other object gets stored. The
changes made in the original copy won’t affect any other copy that uses the object. Deep copy makes execution of the program slower due to making certain copies for each object that is been called.
Tuples are immutable (tuples are lists which can’t be edited). Syntax: tup_1 = (10, ‘Chelsea’ , 20)
1. Python has a multi-threading package but if you want to multi-thread to speed your code up.
2. Python has a construct called the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL). The GIL makes sure that only one of your ‘threads’ can execute at any one time. A thread acquires the GIL, does a little work, then passes the GIL onto the next
thread.
3. This happens very quickly so to the human eye it may seem like your threads are executing in parallel, but they are really just taking turns using the same CPU core.
4. All this GIL passing adds overhead to execution. This means that if you want to make your code run faster then using the threading package often isn’t a good idea.
Syntax:
Example:
The expression gets evaluated like if x<y else y, in this case if x<y is true then the value is returned as big=x and if it is incorrect then big=y will be sent as a result.
1. Python memory is managed by Python private heap space. All Python objects and data structures are located in a private heap. The programmer does not have an access to this private heap and interpreter takes care of this
Python private heap.
2. The allocation of Python heap space for Python objects is done by Python memory manager. The core API gives access to some tools for the programmer to code.
3. Python also have an inbuilt garbage collector, which recycle all the unused memory and frees the memory and makes it available to the heap space.
1. Single Inheritance – where a derived class acquires the members of a single super class.
2. Multi-level inheritance – a derived class d1 in inherited from base class base1, and d2 is inherited from base2.
3. Hierarchical inheritance – from one base class you can inherit any number of child classes
4. Multiple inheritance – a derived class is inherited from more than one base class.
A session basically allows you to remember information from one request to another. In a flask, a session uses a signed cookie so the user can look at the session contents and modify. The user can modify the session if only it has the
secret key Flask.secret_key.
1. Help() function: The help() function is used to display the documentation string and also facilitates you to see the help related to modules, keywords, attributes, etc.
2. Dir() function: The dir() function is used to display the defined symbols.
Q10. Whenever Python exits, why isn’t all the memory de-allocated?
Ans:
1. Whenever Python exits, especially those Python modules which are having circular references to other objects or the objects that are referenced from the global namespaces are not always de-allocated or freed.
2. It is impossible to de-allocate those portions of memory that are reserved by the C library.
3. On exit, because of having its own efficient clean up mechanism, Python would try to de-allocate/destroy every other object.
The following example contains some keys. Country, Capital & PM. Their corresponding values are India, Delhi and Modi respectively.
1 dict={'Country':'India','Capital':'Delhi','PM':'Modi'}
1 print dict[Country]
India
1 print dict[Capital]
Delhi
1 print dict[PM]
Modi
1 # m.py
2 class MyClass:
3 def f(self):
4 print "f()"
1 import m
2 def monkey_f(self):
3 print "monkey_f()"
4
5 m.MyClass.f = monkey_f
6 obj = m.MyClass()
7 obj.f()
monkey_f()
As we can see, we did make some changes in the behavior of f() in MyClass using the function we defined, monkey_f(), outside of the module m.
Q13. What does this mean: *args, **kwargs? And why would we use it?
Ans: We use *args when we aren’t sure how many arguments are going to be passed to a function, or if we want to pass a stored list or tuple of arguments to a function. **kwargsis used when we don’t know how many keyword
arguments will be passed to a function, or it can be used to pass the values of a dictionary as keyword arguments. The identifiers args and kwargs are a convention, you could also use *bob and **billy but that would not be wise.
Q14. Write a one-liner that will count the number of capital letters in a file. Your code should work even if the file is too big to fit in memory.
Ans: Let us first write a multiple line solution and then convert it to one liner code.
Q15. What are negative indexes and why are they used?
Ans: The sequences in Python are indexed and it consists of the positive as well as negative numbers. The numbers that are positive uses ‘0’ that is uses as first index and ‘1’ as the second index and the process goes on like that.
The index for the negative number starts from ‘-1’ that represents the last index in the sequence and ‘-2’ as the penultimate index and the sequence carries forward like the positive number.
The negative index is used to remove any new-line spaces from the string and allow the string to except the last character that is given as S[:-1]. The negative index is also used to show the index to represent the string in correct order.
Q16. How can you randomize the items of a list in place in Python?
Ans: Consider the example shown below:
1. Create a file with any name and in any language that is supported by the compiler of your system. For example file.c or file.cpp
2. Place this file in the Modules/ directory of the distribution which is getting used.
3. Add a line in the file Setup.local that is present in the Modules/ directory.
4. Run the file using spam file.o
5. After successful run of this rebuild the interpreter by using the make command on the top-level directory.
6. If the file is changed then run rebuildMakefile by using the command as ‘make Makefile’.
Q19. Looking at the below code, write down the final values of A0, A1, …An.
1 A0 = dict(zip(('a','b','c','d','e'),(1,2,3,4,5)))
2 A1 = range(10)A2 = sorted([i for i in A1 if i in A0])
3 A3 = sorted([A0[s] for s in A0])
4 A4 = [i for i in A1 if i in A3]
5 A5 = {i:i*i for i in A1}
6 A6 = [[i,i*i] for i in A1]
7 print(A0,A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,A6)
1 import random
2 random.random
The statement random.random() method return the floating point number that is in the range of [0, 1). The function generates the random float numbers. The methods that are used with the random class are the bound methods of the
hidden instances. The instances of the Random can be done to show the multi-threading programs that creates different instance of individual threads. The other random generators that are used in this are:
1. randrange(a, b): it chooses an integer and define the range in-between [a, b). It returns the elements by selecting it randomly from the range that is specified. It doesn’t build a range object.
2. uniform(a, b): it chooses a floating point number that is defined in the range of [a,b).Iyt returns the floating point number
3. normalvariate(mean, sdev): it is used for the normal distribution where the mu is a mean and the sdev is a sigma that is used for standard deviation.
4. The Random class that is used and instantiated creates an independent multiple random number generators.
This means that xrange doesn’t actually generate a static list at run-time like range does. It creates the values as you need them with a special technique called yielding. This technique is used with a type of object known as
generators. That means that if you have a really gigantic range you’d like to generate a list for, say one billion, xrange is the function to use.
This is especially true if you have a really memory sensitive system such as a cell phone that you are working with, as range will use as much memory as it can to create your array of integers, which can result in a Memory Error and
crash your program. It’s a memory hungry beast.
Flask is a “microframework” primarily build for a small application with simpler requirements. In flask, you have to use external libraries. Flask is ready to use.
Pyramid is built for larger applications. It provides flexibility and lets the developer use the right tools for their project. The developer can choose the database, URL structure, templating style and more. Pyramid is heavy
configurable.
Django can also used for larger applications just like Pyramid. It includes an ORM.
The developer provides the Model, the view and the template then just maps it to a URL and Django does the magic to serve it to the user.
Django uses SQLite by default; it is easy for Django users as such it won’t require any other type of installation. In the case your database choice is different that you have to the following keys in the DATABASE ‘default’ item to match
your database connection settings.
Engines: you can change database by using ‘django.db.backends.sqlite3’ , ‘django.db.backeneds.mysql’, ‘django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2’, ‘django.db.backends.oracle’ and so on
Name: The name of your database. In the case if you are using SQLite as your database, in that case database will be a file on your computer, Name should be a full absolute path, including file name of that file.
If you are not choosing SQLite as your database then settings like Password, Host, User, etc. must be added.
Django uses SQLite as default database, it stores data as a single file in the filesystem. If you do have a database server—PostgreSQL, MySQL, Oracle, MSSQL—and want to use it rather than SQLite, then use your database’s
administration tools to create a new database for your Django project. Either way, with your (empty) database in place, all that remains is to tell Django how to use it. This is where your project’s settings.py file comes in.
1 DATABASES = {
2 'default': {
3 'ENGINE' : 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
4 'NAME' : os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
5 }
6 }
So the data itself is not stored client side. This is nice from a security perspective.
1. Abstract Base Classes: This style is used when you only wants parent’s class to hold information that you don’t want to type out for each child model.
2. Multi-table Inheritance: This style is used If you are sub-classing an existing model and need each model to have its own database table.
3. Proxy models: You can use this model, If you only want to modify the Python level behavior of the model, without changing the model’s fields.
Q31. How To Save An Image Locally Using Python Whose URL Address I Already Know?
Ans: We will use the following code to save an image locally from an URL address
1 import urllib.request
2 urllib.request.urlretrieve("URL", "local-filename.jpg")
Q32. How can you Get the Google cache age of any URL or web page?
Ans: Use the following URL format:
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:URLGOESHERE
Be sure to replace “URLGOESHERE” with the proper web address of the page or site whose cache you want to retrieve and see the time for. For example, to check the Google Webcache age of edureka.co you’d use the following URL:
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:edureka.co
Q33. You are required to scrap data from IMDb top 250 movies page. It should only have fields movie name, year, and rating.
Ans: We will use the following lines of code:
The above code will help scrap data from IMDb’s top 250 list
1 import numpy as np
2 arr = np.array([1, 3, 2, 4, 5])
3 print(arr.argsort()[-3:][::-1])
Output
[431]
1 import numpy as np
2 a = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
3 p = np.percentile(a, 50) #Returns 50th percentile, e.g. median
4 print(p)
Output
Q37. What advantages do NumPy arrays offer over (nested) Python lists?
Ans:
1. Python’s lists are efficient general-purpose containers. They support (fairly) efficient insertion, deletion, appending, and concatenation, and Python’s list comprehensions make them easy to construct and manipulate.
2. They have certain limitations: they don’t support “vectorized” operations like elementwise addition and multiplication, and the fact that they can contain objects of differing types mean that Python must store type information for every
element, and must execute type dispatching code when operating on each element.
3. NumPy is not just more efficient; it is also more convenient. You get a lot of vector and matrix operations for free, which sometimes allow one to avoid unnecessary work. And they are also efficiently implemented.
4. NumPy array is faster and You get a lot built in with NumPy, FFTs, convolutions, fast searching, basic statistics, linear algebra, histograms, etc.
1. In an ideal world, NumPy would contain nothing but the array data type and the most basic operations: indexing, sorting, reshaping, basic elementwise functions, et cetera.
2. All numerical code would reside in SciPy. However, one of NumPy’s important goals is compatibility, so NumPy tries to retain all features supported by either of its predecessors.
3. Thus NumPy contains some linear algebra functions, even though these more properly belong in SciPy. In any case, SciPy contains more fully-featured versions of the linear algebra modules, as well as many other numerical
algorithms.
4. If you are doing scientific computing with python, you should probably install both NumPy and SciPy. Most new features belong in SciPy rather than NumPy.
Q41. Which of the following statements create a dictionary? (Multiple Correct Answers Possible)
a) d = {}
b) d = {“john”:40, “peter”:45}
c) d = {40:”john”, 45:”peter”}
d) d = (40:”john”, 45:”50”)
Answer: b, c & d.
Answer: b) //
When both of the operands are integer then python chops out the fraction part and gives you the round off value, to get the accurate answer use floor division. For ex, 5/2 = 2.5 but both of the operands are integer so answer of this
expression in python is 2. To get the 2.5 as the answer, use floor division using //. So, 5//2 = 2.5
Q44. Why are local variable names beginning with an underscore discouraged?
a) they are used to indicate a private variables of a class
b) they confuse the interpreter
c) they are used to indicate global variables
d) they slow down execution
As Python has no concept of private variables, leading underscores are used to indicate variables that must not be accessed from outside the class.
A new exception class must inherit from a BaseException. There is no such inheritance here.
Q47. Suppose list1 is [2, 33, 222, 14, 25], What is list1[-1] ?
a) Error
b) None
c) 25
d) 2
Answer: c) 25
Answer: b) The location contains double slashes ( \\ ) and w is used to indicate that file is being written to.
a) True
b) False
c) None
d) Error
Answer: a) True
The WITH statement when used with open file guarantees that the file object is closed when the with block exits.
I hope this set of Python Interview Questions will help you in preparing for your interviews. All the best!
Got a question for us? Please mention it in the comments section and we will get back to you at the earliest.
If you wish to learn Python and gain expertise in quantitative analysis, data mining, and the presentation of data to see beyond the numbers by transforming your career into Data Scientist role, check out our interactive, live-online Python
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Comments
arcenstone 1 Comment
Q41 is simply wrong, “{}” is correct literal for dict
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