Calculus

Applications of Integration

By

Norazaliza Mohd Jamil & Norhafizah Md Sarif

Faculty of Industrial Science & Technology
[email protected], [email protected]

Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif

http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Description
Aims
This chapter is aimed to :
1. Consider various application of integration
2. evaluate the definite and indefinite integral
3. explain the basic properties of integral

Expected Outcomes
1. Students should be able to use definite integral to find area between two curves
2. Students should be able to sketch graph to find area between curve and surface area
3. Students should be able to determine the length of a plane curve

References
1. Abdul Wahid Md Raji, Hamisan Rahmat, Ismail Kamis, Mohd Nor Mohamad, Ong Chee
Tiong. The First Course of Calculus for Science & Engineering Students, Second
Edition, UTM 2016.

Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif

http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Content

1
Area Under a Curve
2 Area Between a Curves
3 Arc Length and Surface Area

Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif

http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Area Under the Curve

Definition – Area: If f ( x) continuous on  a, b then the

area of region between the curve y  f ( x) and the x-axis
from x  a to x  b is given by
b
A   f ( x)dx
a

. Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif

http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Above x  axis Below x  axis

d

b
Area, A   f ( x) dx Area, A 
c
g ( x) dx
a

Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif

http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
6
 Example

Find the area bounded by the curve y  x 2 and x-axis between x  0 to x  3 .

The required region is the shaded

y  x2
region as shown in Figure 1. The area
of this region is
3
3  x 3

 x dx  
2

0
 3 0
27

3
9
x3
Figure 1
Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif
http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Example

Find the area bounded by the lines y  2  x, x  3, x  4 and x-axis .

The required region is the shaded

region as shown in Figure 2. The 3

shaded region is below the x - 2

1
axis, therefore the area of this
0
region is 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
4 -2
 x2 
 2  x  dx   2 x  
4
3
 2 3
-3
-4

3 -5
 
2
1
 1 unit 2 FigureMd
Calculus by Norhafizah 2 Sarif
2 http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Example

2
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve x  , y  2, y  4 and y -axis
y
.

The required region is the shaded

2
region as shown in Figure 3. The area x
y
of this region is

2
dy   2 ln y 2
4

4
2 y
2
 2  ln 4  ln 2 
 1.386 unit 2

FigureMd
Calculus by Norhafizah 3 Sarif
http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Example

Determine the area of the region bounded by the curve y  x

3
and x -axis for
.1  x  1.

For 1  x  0 , region is located below the x -axis

whereas for 0  x  1 the region is located above Area below Area above
x-axis x-axis
the x -axis. Area is partly above and below the x -
axis 1 0 1
x = -1 1.5 x=1

1
x 3 dx   1
x 3 dx   x 3 dx
0
1
0 1
 x4   x4 
    
0.5

-1.5 -1 -0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
 4  1  4  0
-0.5
1
-1
 unit 2
2
-1.5
Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif
Figure 4 http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Example

Find the total area bounded by the curve y  x( x  1)( x  3) and x -axis for
0  x  3.

For 0  x  1, region is located above the x -axis

whereas for 1  x  3 the region is located
below the x -axis.

3
 0
x( x  1)( x  3)dx
1 3
  x( x  1)( x  3)dx   x( x  1)( x  3)dx
0 1
y  x( x  1)( x  3)
   x 
1 3
  x  4 x  3x dx 
3 2 3
 4 x  3x dx
2
0 1

37 Figure 5
 unit 2
12
Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif
http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Example

Find the area between x-axis and the graph f ( x)  x  1 from x  0 to x  2

2

x – intercept :
Figure 6
x2  1  0
x  1, 1

y- intercept: y  1

1 2
A   0  ( x 2  1)dx   ( x 2  1)  0dx
0 1
1 2
x x3 3 Remarks: A common mistake is to work
 x  x
3 0
3 1
this problem by evaluating the integral
2
2 4 3
  2
A   x 2  1 dx 
x
x 
2
3 3 0 3 3
2
0

Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif

http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Area Between Curves

 In some practical problems, we need to compute the area between

any two curves.

 Let f ( x) and g ( x) are functions such that f ( x)  g ( x) on the interval

 a, b  .
 To find the area of the region between the two curves from x  a to

x  b , we subtract the area between the lower curve g ( x) and the

x-axis from the area between the upper curve and the x-axis.

Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif

http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
Area Between Two Curves

Area, A    f ( x)  g ( x)dx
b

Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif

http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Example

Find the area of the shaded region

Upper function
y

y = 2x + 1

y = x2 – 3x + 5

Lower function
Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif
http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
Solution:
We need to find the upper and lower limits of the integrals by searching
for the intersection points of the curve. This can be done by solving the
simultaneous equations.
x 2  3x  5  2 x  1
x2  5x  4  0
( x  4)( x  1)  0

The lower limit is a  1 and the upper limit is b  4 . Therefore, the area
of the shaded region is
  2 x  1   x  3 x  5  dx
4
2
Area =
1
4
 5x2 x3 
  4x  
 2 3 1
9

2 Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif
http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Example

Find the area of the shaded region by the curve y  x  2 and the lines
2

y   x, x  0 and x .1

y
The upper and lower functions y  x2  2
are given by y  x 2  2 and

y   x respectively. The area of

the shaded area is
y  x
x
 x  2     x  dx
1
2
Area =
0
1
  x 2  2  x dx
0
1
 x3 x 2  17 x=0 x=1
   2x    Figure 7
3 2 0 6 Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif
http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Example

Find the area of the region that is enclosed between the curve y  x
2
and
the lines y  x  6 .

10
By solving simultaneous equations,
y  x2 8 the lower limit is a  2 and the upper
6 limit is b  3. The shaded region is in

4 interval [-2,3] and has lower function

y  x6 2 y  x 2 and the upper function y  x  6.

0
    dx
3
2   2
Area = x 6 x
 20.8333 unit 2

Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif

Figure 8 http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Example

Find the area of the shaded region by the curve y  x3 and the lines y  x.

y y
We obtain the intersection points of
y  x3
y  x3 and y  x by solving the equation. yx

x3  x
x3  x  0
x
x( x  1)  0
2
1 1

Thus x  0 and x  1 .
Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif
Figure 9
http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
For 1  x  0 , the upper function y  x3 and the lower function y  x .
Whereas for 0  x  1, the upper function y  x and the lower function
y  x3 .

Hence the area of the shaded region is

Area = A1  A2

x  x  dx +   x  x 3 dx
0 1
= 3
1 0
0 1
 x4 x2   x2 x4 
     
4 2  1  2 4 0
1 1
 
4 4
1
 unit 2
2 Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif
http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Example

Find the area of the region that bounded by the curve y  2 x and the
line y  x  3 in the first quadrant .

The required region is shown in shaded

region in Figure 10. Notice that the
shaded region can be obtained by
subtracting the whole area with the
triangle. The area is
1
 9  3  6
9
Area  = 
0
2 x dx Area  =
2
9
 4 23 
 x   18
 3 0
 36

Area  36  18  18unit 2 Calculus by NorhafizahFigure 10

Md Sarif
http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Arc Length

Definition – Arc Length: If the function y  f ( x) is a smooth

curve on the interval  a, b  then the arc length L of this curve

over  a, b is defined as

2
 dy 
1    dx   1   f ( x)  dx
b b
L 
2
a
 dx  a

Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif

http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Example
3
Find the arc length (rounded to 4 decimal places) of the curve y  x on 2

the interval 1,3 .

3
3 12
Let f ( x)  x . Therefore f ( x)  x
2
2
2
3
 3 12 
L 1   x  dx
1 2 
3
9
  1  xdx
1
4
9 du 9
By applying substitution technique, let u  1  x . Thus 
4 dx 4
31

4 12 4
  u du
9 13
4

 4.6566
Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif
http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Surface Area

 When the arc of a curve is revolved about a line, it generates

a surface.
 A surface of revolution is a surface generated by rotating a
two-dimensional curve about the x -axis and y -axis. The
resulting surface always has azimuthal symmetry. Examples
of surface revolution include cone and cylinder.

Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif

http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Example

The curve y  f ( x) in the interval  a, b is revolved about the x -axis.

Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif

http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 a b

s

y
s

Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif

x http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
Geometry

Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif

http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Surface Area

Definition – Revolving about x-axis: If the function y  f ( x) has

a continuous first derivative throughout the interval a  x  b,

then the area of the surface generated by revolving the

curve about the x -axis is

S   2 f ( x) 1   f '( x)  dx
b 2
a

Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif

http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Surface Area

Definition – Revolving about y -axis: If the function x  g ( y ) has

a continuous first derivative throughout the interval c  y  d ,

then the area of the surface generated by revolving the

curve about the y -axis is

S   2 g ( y ) 1   g '( y )  dy
d 2
c

.
Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif
http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Example

Find the surface area that is generated by revolving the portion of the
curve y  x between 0  x  2, about x -axis.
3

By inserting the information given into the formula,

we obtained

   
1

2
S 2 x 3
1  3x 2
dx
0
1
  2 x 3 1  9 x 4 dx
0

By applying the techniques of substitution, where


u  1  9x4 ,  du
dx
 36 x 3

When x  0, u  1 and x  2, u  145

Figure 11
Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif
http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
Simplify whenever necessary,

145 du
S  2  x3 u
1 36 x 3
 145

18 1
 u du
145
 2 32 
 u 
 27 1

 1746.0312  1
27
 64.6308

Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif

http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Example

Find the surface area that is generated by revolving the portion of the
curve y  x between 1  x  4, about x -axis.

Surface area are given as follow

y
4 1
S   2 x 1  dx
1 4x
4 y=x1/2
   4 x  1 dx
1

x
By applying the techniques of substitution, where
du
u  4 x  1, 4
dx
We get 17 1
S  u du Figure 12
5 4 Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif
http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452
 Authors Information

Norhafizah Binti Md Sarif Norazaliza Binti Mohd Jamil

Email: Email:
[email protected] [email protected]
Google Scholar: Google Scholar:
Norhafizah Md Sarif Norazaliza Mohd Jamil
Scopus ID : Scopus ID :
57190252369 42061495500
UmpIR ID:
3479

Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif

http://ocw.ump.edu.my/course/view.php?id=452