Methods of Research

Methods of Research – Non-Participant
Observation
 Created August 5, 2016
 Author QuickNET
 Category Research Aptitude
Studies which involve observing people can be divided into two main
categories, namely participant observation and non-participant observation.
Non-Participant Observation
In non-participant observation studies, the researcher is not part of the
group being studied. The researcher decides in advance precisely what
kind of behavior is relevant to the study and can be realistically and
ethically observed. The observation can be carried out in a few different
ways. For example, it could be continuous over a set period of time (e.g.
one hour) or regularly for shorter periods of time (for 60 seconds every so
often) or on a random basis. Observation does not only include noting what
happened or was said but also the fact that a specific behavior did not
occur at the time of observation.
Non-participant observation is often used in tangent with other data

collection methods, and can offer a more “nuanced and dynamic”
appreciation of situations that cannot be as easily captured through other
methods. (Liu & Maitlis 2010)
Advice for USING this option
 Researcher lives in or regularly visits the site/suburb/organisation

 The researcher adopts a more separate and distant role than that of
the Participant Observer
 Non-participant observation can be overt or covert
 It is important that the researcher build trust and develop empathy with
participants, whilst simultaneously making sure to avoid over-empathizing
with participants
 The collection of detailed field notes is key to successful non-participant
observation
 Audio and visual recorders or cameras can be used to aid with capturing
raw data
 If you intend to make individual and identified reference to a
person’s behavior, you must inform the participant and that person must
freely choose to participate. Public expressions of behavior and unidentified
observations do not have the same requirements.
Advantages of Non-Participant Observation:
However, non-participant observation also has some advantages.
Following are the merits of participant observation:
(a) Objectivity and neutrality:
If an observer participates in the event actively and emotionally he may try

to justify the evil things of the group as just things. In this frame of mind he
cannot analyze the phenomena with neutrality. But in non-participant
observation, the objectivity or neutrality can be maintained. The observer in
this type of observation gives a detached and unbiased view about the
group.
(b) Command respect and co-operation:
In case of non-participant observation the researcher plays an impartial

role. Therefore every member of the group gives him a special status and
co-operate with his study.
(c) More willingness of the respondent:
Often people do not feel shy to disclose their secrets, weaknesses or

informal things to a stranger. But they always become reluctant to disclose
these things to a known person.
(d) Careful analysis:

In participant observation because of the much familiarity with the events,
sometimes the observer does not realize the significance of same events
and neglects them. But in non- participant observation the researcher does
not even miss a minute thing. He carefully judges the merits and demerits
of each and every phenomenon under study.
(e) Freedom from groupism:
In non-participant observation the researcher always maintains his impartial

status. His aloofness from petty conflicts helps him to carry his research
work more smoothly.
Disadvantages of Non-Participant Observation:
The following are the disadvantages of non-participant observation:
(a) Subjectivity:
In non-participant observation the observer does not have clarity about

certain events on activities. He cannot clear his doubts by asking various
questions to the group members. Therefore he has to simply understand
and interpret what he sees. This lack of understanding may make some of
his findings biased and coloured by his personal prediction, belief and pre-
conception.
(b) Inadequate observation:
The observer can observe only those events which take place in front of
him. But that is not enough and only a part of the phenomena as a vast
range of information required for the research. He can know many things
about the group when he participates in the group and interacts with the
group members.
(c) Unnatural and formal information:

The members of a group become suspicious of a person who observes
them objectively. In front of an outsider or stranger they feel conscious and
provide only some formal information’s in an unnatural way. It creates bias
and what the observer collects is not actual or normal thing but only formal
information’s.
(d) Inconvenience to the respondents:
The members of a particular group always feel uncomfortable when they

know that their behaviour is critically analyzed by an outsider. Therefore in
some cases the tribals do not allow an outsider to watch their socio-cultural
activities. It is always better for a researcher to become a member of the
group in order to learn much about it.
Limitations to this option include:
 The observer effect: the presence of the researcher may influence the
participants’ actions. This may reduce over a longer period of observation,
but remains a potential issue.
 The objectivity of the observer: The researcher can take steps to ensure
systematic and rigorous approaches to sampling, field notes, and data
collection to increase transparency.
 Selectivity: The observation can never capture everything. This can be
addressed by observing as many different circumstances as is possible,
over as long a period of time as is possible.
 Ethical concerns: Should the researcher’s voice be viewed with greater
authority than that of the participants? This can be addressed by drawing
on participant accounts, as well as that of the researcher.
References
 Liu, F., & Maitlis, S. (2010). Nonparticipant Observation. In Albert J. Mills,
G. Durepos, & E. Wiebe (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Case Study
Research. (pp. 610-612). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Retrieved from: http://srmo.sagepub.com/view/encyc-of-case-study-
research/n229.xml

Methods of Research

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Methods of Research – Non-Participant

Non-participant observation is often used in tangent with other data

Advice for USING this option

 Researcher lives in or regularly visits the site/suburb/organisation

Advantages of Non-Participant Observation:

However, non-participant observation also has some advantages.

Following are the merits of participant observation:

(a) Objectivity and neutrality:

If an observer participates in the event actively and emotionally he may try

(b) Command respect and co-operation:

In case of non-participant observation the researcher plays an impartial

(c) More willingness of the respondent:

Often people do not feel shy to disclose their secrets, weaknesses or

(d) Careful analysis:

(e) Freedom from groupism:

In non-participant observation the researcher always maintains his impartial

Disadvantages of Non-Participant Observation:

The following are the disadvantages of non-participant observation:

In non-participant observation the observer does not have clarity about

(b) Inadequate observation:

(c) Unnatural and formal information:

(d) Inconvenience to the respondents:

The members of a particular group always feel uncomfortable when they

Limitations to this option include:

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