1.What is “quick opening” control valve.

For smaller movement of the stem, there is maximum flow rate.

2..What is “Linear” control valve.
If stem position varies linearly with flow rate, then it is linear.
3.Define Control Valve sizing.
Q=Cv.sqrt(P/Sg)
Q-Flow rate
Cv-Valve coefficient
P-pressure difference across valve.
Sg-Specific gravity of liquid.
4.HOW WILL YOU CHANGE THE ACTION OF A CONTROL VALVE?
IF THE CONTROL VALVE IS WITHOUT BOTTOM FLANGE THE ACTUATOR NEEDS TO BE CHANGED.
IF THE BOTTOM FLANGE IS PROVIDED, DISCONNECT STEM, SEPARATE BODY FROM BONNET.
REMOVE THE BOTTOM FLANGE AND PLUG FROM BODY .
DETACH THE PLUG FROM THE STEM BY REMOVING THE PIN.
FIX THE STEM AT THE OTHER END OF THE PLUG AND FOX THE PIN BACK.
TURN THE BODY UPSIDE DOWN.
CONNECT IT BACK TO THE BONNET AFTER INSERTING THE PLUG AND STEM.
CONNECT BACK THE STEM AND COUPLE IT.
FIX BACK THE BOTTOM FLANGE.
CALIBRATE THE VALVE
5.WHEN CAN A BY- PASS NOT BE USED ON POSITIONER?
SPLIT RANGE OPERATION.
REVERSING ACTION POSITIONER.
VALVE BENCH SET NOT STANTARD
6.WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT VALVE CHARACTERISTICS?
LINEAR, EQUAL % , QUICK OPENING.
7.AN OPERATOR TELLS YOU THAT FLOW INDICATION IS MORE. HOW WOULD YOU START
CHECKING IT?
FIRST FLUSH THE TRANSMITTER ( BOTH IMPULSE LINES ).
ADJUST ZERO BY EQUALISING IF NECESSARY.
IF STILL THE INDICATION IS MORE THEN CHECK LP SIDE FOR CHOKE.
IF THAT IS CLEAR THEN CHECK LEAKS ON THE LP SIDE.
IF NO, CALIBRATE THE TRANSMITTER.
8.AN OPERATOR TELLS YOU THAT A CONTROL VALVE IS STUCK, HOW WILL YOU START
CHECKING?
PROCUREMENT OF WORK PERMIT,
CONTROLLER IN MANUAL MODE,
TRIP ENABLE
NECESSARY TOOLS TO BE TAKEN,
BYPASS OF A VALVE ( TO BE DONE BY OPERATOR ).
APPLY AIR SIGNAL TO ACTUATOR, CHECK FOR STROKE.
IF NUMBER DISENGAGE FROM SPLIT CLAMP AFTER TAKING NECESSARY PRECAUTION,
SUPPLY TO ACTUATOR IF MOVING ,
PROBLEM IN BODY OF VALVE – REMOVE AFTER LINE IS DE PRESSURISING / DRAINED
9.WHEN DO YOU USE A VALVE POSITIONER?
IF THE DIAPHRAGM ACTUATOR DOES NOT SUPPLY SUFFICIENT FORCE TO POSITION THE VALVE
ACCURATELY AND OVERCOME ANY OPPOSITION THAT FLOWING CONDITIONS CREATE A
POSITIONER MAY BE REQUIRED
10.WHAT IS “EQUAL PERCENTAGE” IN THE EQUAL PERCENTAGE VALVE?
FOR EQUAL INCREMENT OF STEM TRAVEL AT CONSTANT PRESSURE DROP AN EQUAL
PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN EXISTING FLOW OCCURS.
11.HOW DO YOU CONVERT PSI SIGNAL IN TO LINEAR?
PSI SIGNAL IN TO LINEAR = ( ( A-3) / 12) X 12 + 3
12.HOW DO YOU CALIBRATE A D / P TRANSMITTER IN LINE?
PROCUREMENT OF WORK PERMIT.
CONTROLLER IN MANUAL MODE AND IF TRIP EXISTS,
DISABLE THE SAME BY INFORMING THE OPERATOR.
CLOSE THE MAIN ISOLATION VALVE ( HP & LP),
EQUALISE & DRAIN THE LIQUID IF ANY.
ADJUST ZERO OF THE TRANSMITTER &
REQUIRED SPAN BY APPLYING MAX. CAL. SPAN.
13.WHAT IS THE SEAL LIQUID FOR FILLING IMPULSE LINES ON CRUDE/ VISCOUS LIQUIDS?
GLYCOL.
14.WHAT IS FLASHING IN CONTROL VALVE?
WHEN A LIQUIDS ENTERS A VALVE AND THE STATIC PRESSURE AT THE VENA CONTRACTA
LESS THAN THE FLUID VAPOUR PRESSURE AND THE VALVE OUTLET PRESSURE IS ALSO LESS THE
FLUID VAPOUR PRESSURE THE CONDITION CALLED FLASHING EXISTS
15.WHAT IS AN ACTUATOR?
A DEVICE THAT CREATES AUTOMATIC MOTION BY CONVERTING VARIOUS FORMS OF ENERGY
TO ROTARY OR LINEAR MECHANICAL ENERGY. ITS A DEVICE TO CONVERT AN ELECTRICAL
CONTROL SIGNAL TO A PHYSICAL ACTION.
16.WHY IS ma SIGNAL PREFERRED FOR SIGNAL TRANSMISSION?
NOISE REDUCTION AND NO CURRENT DROP FOR LONG TRANSMISSION LINE.
17.WHY DOES A TRANSMITTER O/ P SIGNAL START FROM 3 – 15 OR 4 – 20 M. A?
LINEAR AND CAN CHECK UP WHETHER ITS LIVE ZERO OR DEAD ZERO
18.WHAT IS MEANT BY CAVITATIONS IN CONTROL VALVES?
WHEN A LIQUID ENTERS A VALVE AND THE STATIC PRESSURE AT THE VENA CONTRACTA DROPS
TO LESS THAN THE FLUID VAPOR PRESSURE AND THE RECOVERING TO ABOVE FLUID VAPOUR
PRESSURE, THIS PRESSURE RECOVERY CAUSES AN IMPLOSION OR COLLAPSE OF THE VAPOUR
BUBBLES FORMED AT THE VENA CONTRACTA. THIS CONDITION IS CALLED CAVITATION
18.WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE OF PRESSURE GAUGE?
MEASURING THE STRESS IN AN ELASTIC MEDIUM
19.WHAT ARE THE LIMITATION OF A LEVEL TROL?
MIN – 12” MAX – 72”
20.WHAT HAPPENS IF THE DISPLACER HAS FALLEN OR HAS A HOLE IN IT?
DISPLACER HAS FALLEN, OUTPUT WILL BE MAXIMUM.
HAS A HOLE IN IT, OUTPUT WILL BE MINIMUM
21.TYPES OF ACTION / TYPES OF ACTUATOR?
AIR TO CLOSE ( DIRECT ) AND AIR TO OPEN ( REVERSE )
22.TYPES OF BODY DESIGN?
GLOBE VALVE, SINGLE OR DOUBLE SEATED.
ANGLE VALVE,
BUTTERFLY VALVE,
PLUG VALVE
THREE WAY VALVE,
PINCH VALVE,
SAUNDERS VALVE
BALL VALVE.
NEEDLE VALVES
23.WHAT IS Cv OF A VALVE?
IT IS THE NO. OF U.S GALLONS / MIN. OF H2O WHICH PASS THROUGH A FULLY OPEN VALVE AT
A PRESSURE DROP OF 1 PSI AT 60 DEG. F .
24.WHAT TYPE OF BONNETS WOULD YOU USE FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE AND VERY LOW
TEMPERATURE?
HIGH TEMPERATURE BONNETS ARE PROVIDED WITH RADIATING FINS.
LOW TEMPERATURE : EXTENDED BONNETS.
25.WHAT IS THE USE OF POSITIONER?
QUICK ACTION AND POSITIONING OF CONTROL VALVE.
VALVE HYSTERSIS.
VALVE USED ON VISCOUS LIQUIDS.
SPLIT RANGE.
LINE PRESSURE CHANGES ON VALVES.
VALVE BENCH SET NOT STANDARD
REVERSING VALVE OPERATION.
SPRING LESS ACTUATORS.
CHANGING VALVE CHARACTERISTICS.
Question 4. What Is The Difference Between Dry Leg And Wet Leg?
Answer :
Dry leg means in lab. And wet leg means in feild
Question 5. How Can We Calibrate A Positioner?
Answer :
A positioner is a device put into a valve to ensure that it is at a correct position of opening as per
the control signal. An I/P converter only sends the opening/closing request to valve but can not
confirm its position.
Positioner senses the valve opening through a position feedback link connected to valve stem
which is its input signal. I/P converter output is its setpoint input. The difference between these
two is the error signal based on which the positioner positions the valve to correct position to
reduce error to zero. Hence positioner is nothing but a pneumatic feedback controller.
Controlled external supply air to positioner provides power to positioner to position a valve. Also
positioner is used in a valve when valve operating signal range is different from I/P converter
output range.
Question 6. Explain What Is The Working Principle Of The Magnetic Meter?
Answer :
An electric potential is developed when a conductor is moved across the magnetic field. In most
electrical machinery the conductor is a wire. The principle is equally applicable to a moving,
electrically conductive liquid. The primary device of commercial magnetic meters consist of
straight cylindrical electrically insulated tube with a pair of electrodes nearly flush with the tube
walls and located at opposite end of a tube diameter. This device is limited to electrically
conducting liquids. The magnetic meter is particularly suited to measurement of slurries and
dirty fluids.
Question 12. What Is Solenoid Valve? Where It Is Used?
Answer :
A solenoid is electrically operated valve. It consists of solenoid coil in which magnetic plunger
moves. This plunger is connected to the plug and tends to open or close the valve.
There are two types of solenoid valves:
1. Normally Open
2. Normally closed
Use: It is used for safety purpose in different electric work
Question 20. What Are Different Types Of Control Valves?
Answer :
The commonly used control valves can be defined as follows:
a. Depending on Action:
Depending on action there are two types of control valves 1. Air to close 2. Air to close
b. Depending on body:
 Depending on body there are 4 types of control valves
1. Globe valves single or double seated
2. Angle valves
3. Butterfly valves
4. Three way valves
1. Question 23. What Is The Use Of Valve Positioner?
Answer :
Valve positioner can be used for following reasons:
a. Quick action
b. Valve hysterisis
c. Viscous liquids
d. Split range.
e. Line pressure changes on valve
f. Bench set not standard
g. Reverse valve operations
2. Question 24. What Is The Use Of Double Seated Valve?
Answer :
In double seated valves the upward and downward forces on the plug due to reduction of fluid
pressure are nearly equalized. It is generally used on bigger size valves and high pressure
systems. Actuator forces required are less.
3. Question 25. What Is The Use Of Single Seated Valve?
Answer :
The single seated valve is used on smaller sizes where an absolute shut off is required. The
use of single seated valve is limited by pressure drop across the valve in the closed or almost
closed position.
Question 28. Explain How Can A D.p. Transmitter Be Calibrated?
Answer :
D.P. transmitter can be calibrated using following steps:
1. Adjust zero of Xmtrs.
2. Perform static pressure test: Give equal pressure on both sides of transmitter. Zero should
not shift either side. If the zero shifts then carry out static alignment.
3. Perform vacuum test: Apply equal vacuum to both the sides. Zero should not shift.
4. Calibration procedure: Give 20 psi air supply to the transmitter and vent L.P. side to
atmosphere. Connect output of the instrument to the standard test gauge. Adjust zero. Apply
required pressure to the high pressure side and adjust the span. Adjust zero gain if necessary.
1. Question 30. Explain Why Is The Orifice Tab Provided?
Answer :
Following reasons justify for providing orifice tab:
1. Indication of orifice plate in a line
2. The orifice diameter is marked on it.
3. The material of the orifice plate.
 4. The tag number of the orifice plate.
5. To mark the inlet of an orifice.
2. Question 31. Do You Know How Do You Identify An Orifice In The Pipeline?
Answer :
An orifice tab is welded on the orifice plate which extends out of the line giving an indication
of the orifice plate.
3. Question 32. Explain What Are Different Types Of Orifice Plates? State Their Uses?
Answer :
Different orifice plates are:
1. Concentric
2. Segmental
3. Eccentric
Concentric: These plates are used for ideal liquid as well as gases and steam service.
Concentric holes are present in these plates, thats why it is known as concentric orifice.
Segmental: This plate has hole in the form of segment of the circle. This plate is used for
colloidal and sherry flow measurement.
Eccentric: This plate has the eccentric holes. This plate is used in viscous and sherry flow
measurement.
1. Question 45. Can We Use A Control Valve Without Positioner?
Answer :
Control valve can not be without positioner. The purpose of the positioner is to control the
control valve stroke so as to keep the valve in desired position. The positioner receives signal
from the controller, and send the boosted signal to the actuator to reach the desired position as
and when the valve reaches the desired position the positioner cuts the boosted signal to the
actuator and keeps the position.
2. Question 46. Why 4-20 Ma Signal Is Preferred Over A 0-10v Signal?
Answer :
Generally in a transistor some amount of voltage is required for turning it on. This voltage is
the cut in voltage. Up to this voltage the exists a nonlinearity in its characteristics. Beyond
this cut in voltage the char. of transistor is linear. This nonlinear region lays between 0-4ma,
beyond 4ma it linear. This is why 4-20 ma range is used.
2.Define range?
Distance between zero and span is called range.
3.Define zero?
Minimum value of range is zero.
4.Define span?
Maximum value of range is called span
5.What is absolute pressure?
It is the total pressure in the system
absolute pressure =Gauge pressure + atm pressure.
6.What are the types of pressure measuring methods in electronics transmitter?
Resistance type,capacitance type,inductance type
7. An electronic pressure transmitter range 0-60psi .what will be the output at 24
psi?
10.4ma
step: (24/60)*16+4=10.4ma
8.What are the commonly used manometer liquids ?
Alcohol,mercury,water.
9.Explain calibration procedure of DP transmitter?
a) Adjust zero of the transmitter
b) Static pressure test:give equal pressure on both side of the transmitter .
zero should not shift .if it is shifting carry out static alignment.
c) vacuum test :apply equal vacuum on both side the zero should not shift.
d)Calibration procedure:give 20psi air supply to the transmitter ,vent LP side to
atmosphere.
e) apply required pressure to HP side of the transmitter an adjust span
f) adjust zero again if necessary.
10.Generally for a temprature control _________action will be suitable.
Derivative action
What is closed loop ?
A Closed control loop exists where a process variable is measured,compared to a
setpoint and action is taken to correct any deviation from setpoint.

What is open loop?

An open loop is more of a manually controlled control loop exists where the process
variable is not compared and action is taken not in response to feedback on the
condition of the process variable but is instead taken without regard to process variable
conditions.
Whar are the common process variables used in industrial application ?
Pressure,Flow,Level,Temperature
Density,Ph,Mass,Conductivity.
What is setpoint?
Setpoint is a value for a process variable that is desired to be maintained.
What is error (Control loop) ?
Error is the difference between the measured variable and the setpoint and can be
either positive or negative.
What is controller in a Control loop?
A controller is a device that receives data from a measurement instrument,compares
that data to a programmed setpoint and if necessary signals a control element to take a
corrective action.
What is an actuator ?
An actuator is the part of a final control devices that causes a physical change in the
final control device when signaled to do so.
Eg: Valve,Motor etc…

What is meant by Manipulated variable ?

The fuel or energy that is physically altered by the final control element.
What is a Transducer?
A transducer is device that translates a mechanical signal into an electrical signal.
What is a Transmitter?
A transmitter is a device that converts a reading from a sensor or transducer into a
standard signal and transmit that signal to a monitor or controller.

What is a Pneumatic Signal?

Pneumatic signals are signals produced by changing the air pressure in a signal pipe in
proportion to the measured change in a process variable.
3-15 psig
What is an Electric (Analog) Signal?
Electric analog signals produced by changing the electrical property in proportion to the
measured change in a process variable.
4-20 ma,1-5 volt,
PID - Proportional Integral Derivative Controller
The PID function uses system feedback to continuously control a dynamic process.
The purpose of PID control is to keep a process running as close as possible to a
desired set point.
PID Means - Proportional + Integral + Derivative Control
CV = CV § + CV (I) + CV (D)
Proportional Control
Proportional Band - A band around SP is defined in percents of PV range.
Proportional error is 100% on the border of PB.
Proportional error is 0% at SP.
P-Control output CV§ value that is in - Direct linear proportion to the size of error value.

Advantages of Proportional Control-

Simple
Easy to implement
Disadvantages of Proportional Control-
Never reach setpoint.
Integral Control
Compensate for the proportional control shortcomings.
The integral time set is the ideal amount of time for the process value to reach setpoint.
Derivative Action
Derivative Action responds to the rate and direction of change in the error.
What is calibration ?
The process of adjusting an instrument or compiling a deviation chart so that its reading
can be correlated to the actual value being measured.
What is accuracy ?
The closeness of an indication or reading of a measurement device to the actual value
of the quantity being measured.Usually expressed as ± percent of full scale.
What is error ?
The difference between the value indicated by the transducer and the true value of the
measurand being sensed. Usually expressed in percent of full scale output.
What is repeatability ?
he ability of a transducer to reproduce output readings when the same measurand value
is applied to it consecutively, under the same conditions, and in the same direction.
Repeatability is expressed as the maximum difference between output readings.
What is range?
Those values over which a transducer is intended to measure, specified by its upper
and lower limits.
What is span?
The difference between the upper and lower limits of a range expressed in the same
units as the range.
What is Rangeability?
The ratio of the maximum flow rate to the minimum flow rate of a meter.
Top Interview questions : Calibration engineer / Calibration technician
1.What is the purpose of Calibration ?
2.What is traceability ?
3.What is span ?
4.What is range ?
5.Explain about zero suppression / elevation ?
6.Different types of instrument errors ?
7.What is Master gauge ?
8.How to calibrate pressure instrument ?
[Read the pressure transmitter calibration method][1]
9.How to calibrate a control valve ?
[Control valve calibration procedure][2]
10.What is "As found value " and “as left value” ?
11.What is “zero” adjustment ?
12.What is span adjustment?
13.How to calibrate a thermocouple ?
14.What is thermobath ?
 15.Why we 250Ohs when HART communicator connected to instrument ?
16.How to calibrate a pressure relief valve ?
17.How to calibrate a solenoid valve ?
18.Control valve calibration - what is stroke ?
19.How to calibrate a interface level transmitter ?
20. How to calibrate a Borden gauge ?
21.How to calibrate a smart instrument?
22.What is LRV ?
23.What is URV?
24.How to calibrate a Foundation Fieldbus device?
1. State the function of Valve
2.Describe the three types of Valve
3.List the four uses of pressure control valve
4.Describe two types of relief valve
5.State the difference in cracking pressure and full flow pressure
6.Describe the two main types of pressure reducing valve
7.State the function of a pressure sequencing valve
8.State the function of unload valve
9.List and describe five types of directional control valve
2. Instrumentation Current Loop (4-20 ma loops)
3. Why to use 4-20 ma loops ? What are the advantages of 4-20 ma?

4.
5. The DC current loop is used extensively in the instrumentation field to transmit
process variable to indicators and controllers (PLC,DCS,Standalone controllers
etc).It is also used to send control signals to field device to manipulate process
variables such as temperature,level and flow. This can be done by sending
signals from a controller (PLC,DCS,or other control equipment) to final control
element such as control valve,pumps etc.
6. The standard current range used in these loops is 4 to 20 mA (milli ampere) and
this value is normally converted to 1 to 5 VDC by a 250 ohm resistor at the input
to controllers and indicator.These instruments are normally high input impedance
electronic devices that draw virtually no current from the instrument loop.
What are the different process variables?
 Flow.
 Pressure.
 Temperature.
 Level.
 Quality i.e. % O2, CO2, pH etc
Flow, pressure, temperature is the basic three variables.
Define all the process Variable and state their unit of measurement
Flow: It is defined as volume per unit of time at specified temperature and
pressure Conditions, is generally measured by positive-displacement or rate meters.
Units: kg / hr, litter / min, gallon / min, m3 / hr, Nm3 / hr.
Pressure: It is defined as Force per unit Area. P = F/A
Units : bar, Pascal, kg / cm2, lb / in2.
Level: The height of the water column, liquid and powder etc., at the desired
measurement of height between minimum level points to maximum level point is called
level.
Units: Meters, mm, cm, percentage.
Temperature: It is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body is called temperature.
Units : Degree Centigrade, Degree Fahrenheit, Degree Kelvin, Degree Rankin.
What are the primary elements used for flow measurement?
The primary elements used for flow measurement are:
 Orifice Plate.
 Venturi tube.
 Pitot tube.
 Annubars.
 Flow Nozzle.
 Weir & Flumes
How do you identify an orifice in the pipeline?
An orifice tab is welded on the orifice plate which extends outer of the line giving an
indication of the orifice plate.
Why flow is measured in square root?
The differential pressure measured has nonlinear relation with flow through the
pipeline. Differential pressure developed by a venturi, orifice plate, pitot tube, or any
other acceleration-based flow element is proportional to the square of the flow rate.
The square root extractor is used to convert the measured differential pressure into
the flow rate.
How do you calibrate a D. P. transmitter?
The following steps are to be taken which calibrating:
1. Adjust zero of the Tx’r.
2. Static pressure test: Give equal pressure on both sides of the transmitter. Zero
should not shift. If it is shifting carry out static alignment.
3. Vacuum test: Apply equal vacuum to both the sides. The zero should not shift.
4. Calibration Procedure:
* Give 20 psi air or 24V DC supply to the transmitter
* Vent the L.P. side to atmosphere.
* Connect the output of the Instrument to a standard test gauge or Multimeter and adjust
zero.
5. Apply required pressure to high-pressure side of the transmitter and adjust the span.
6. Adjust zero again if necessary.
How do you do zero checks on a D. P. transmitter?
Close one of the valves either H. P. or L.P. opens the equalizing valve. The O/P should
read zero.

Explain direct and indirect level measurement:

Direct level measurement:
Bob and tape: A bob weight and measuring tape provide the most simple and direct
method of measuring liquid level.
Sight glass: This consists of a graduated glass tube mounted on the side of the vessel.
As the level of the liquid in the vessel change, so does the level of the liquid in the glass
tube.
Indirect level measurement:
Pressure gauge: This is the simplest method, for pressure gauge, is located at the zero
level of the liquid in the vessel. Any rise in level causes an increase of pressure which
can be measured by a gauge.
Purge system: In this method, a pipeline is installed vertically with the level open and
zero. The other end of the tube is connected to a regulated air supply and to a pressure
gauge. To perform a level measurement, the air supply is adjusted so that the pressure
is slightly higher than the pressure due to the height of the liquid. This is achieved by
regulating the air pressure until bubbles are seen in the cabin leaving the open end of
the pipe.
Differential pressure meter: Connections are made at the vessel top and bottom and
to the two columns of the D.P. meter. The top connection is made to the L.P. column of
the transmitter and the bottom to H.P. column of the transmitter. The difference in
pressure in the vessel is balanced out since it is fed to both the column of the meter.
The difference in pressure deducted by the meter will be due only to the changing, level
of the liquid.
Displacer type level measurement: The level trol is one of the most common
instruments used measuring level in closed tanks. This instrument works of Archimedes
principle. The displacer in immersed in the liquid due to which there is loss of weight
depending on the specified gravity of the liquid. This displacer hangs freely on a knife
transmitted to the pneumatic or electronic counterpart at the other end.
How will you reverse an action of the level trol?
The reversing are serves as motion take-off arm from the torque tube. It is provided with
a slot on each side of the centre so that link can be connected either for reverse or
direct action.
What will happen if the displacer has fallen down while in line?
The output will be maximum.
What will happen if the displacer has a hole in it while in line?
The output will be minimum
What is Pt 100 mean?
Pt100 means 100 OHMS at 0 degrees C for a platinum resistance bulb.
What are two wire and three wire R.T.D. system?
Two wire R .T .D. system: Two wire RTD system use for short distance like a
compressor field local panel.
Three wire System: Three wire systems use for long distance coke a field to control
Run. The third wire is used for compensation of lead wire resistance.
Why is a converter used in a temp. recorder ?
The converter is designed to convert D. C. input voltage into an A. C. input voltage
proportional in amplitude to the input.
Why are Thermowells used ?
In numerous application it is neither desirable nor practical to expose a temperature
sensor directly to a process material. Wells are therefore used to protect against
damage corrosion, erosion, abrasion and high pressure processes. A thermowell is also
useful in protecting a sensor from physical damage during handling and normal
operation.
What is the specialty of thermocouples lead wires ?
They should be of the same material as the thermocouple
What is the difference the Wheatstone bridge and a potentiometer?
The difference between a potentiometer and a Wheatstone bridge measuring
instrument is that potentiometer is a voltage measuring instrument and Wheatstone
bridge is a current measuring instrument.
Explain tuning of controllers
Tuning basically involves adjustment of proportional. Integral and derivative parameters
to achieve good control. The gain, time constants, and dead times around the loop will
dictate the settings of various parameters of the controller.
Tuning methods are broadly classified into two :
1. Closed Loop Method: e.g. Ultimate Gain Method
2. Open Loop Method: e.g. process Reaction curve
What is the use of single seated valve?
The single seated valve is used on smaller sizes, and in a valve of larger sizes, where
an absolute shut off is required. The use of a single seated valve is limited by the
pressure drop across the valve in the closed or almost closed position.
What is the use of double seated valve?
In double seated valves the upward and downward forces on the plug due to the
reduction of fluid pressure are nearly equalized. It is generally used on bigger size
valves and high pressure systems. Actuator forces required are less i.e. a small size
actuator.
What types of bonnets would you use of high temp? and very low temp.?
High temperature: Bonnets are provided with radiation fins to prevent glad packing from
getting damaged. On very low temperature: Extended bonnets are used to prevent
gland packing from getting freeze.
 How will you work on a control valve while it is line?
While the control valve is in line or in service, it has to be bypassed and secondly the
line to be depressurized and drained.
What is the use of a valve positioner?
 Quick Action control valve.
 Valve hysteresis.
 Valves used on viscous liquids.
 Split Range.
 Line pressure changes on valve.
 Valve Bench set not standard.
 Reversing valve operation.
What is Process control?
A process control is continuous changing of a process variable to desire
variable according to the measured feedback variable from the process. A Process
control system always aim to achieve a process variable at the desired quantity, so that
the system is said to be in controlled
What is transmitter?
A transmitter is an electronic device that is generally mounted in the field in close
proximity to a sensor. The sensor (also known as a transducer) measures a physical
variable such as temperature or pressure and outputs a very low-level electronic signal.
The basic function of the transmitter is to provide the correct electrical power to turn on
(or excite) the sensor then to read the low-level sensor signal, amplify it to a higher level
electrical signal and send that signal a long distance to a control or read-out device.
What is a “Smart” Transmitter?
A “Smart” transmitter is a transmitter that uses a microprocessor as the heart of the
electronics. They are useful in remote area communication and calibration process. The
sensor signal transmitter into a unified standard signal: 0/4-20mADC, 1-5VDC, 0-
10VDc. The output control signal is standard such as 4-20mA. A good smart transmitter
id insensitive to noise.
Difference between 2 wire, 3 wire and 4 wire transmitter.
In 2 wire transmitter the power and signal are transmitted through same cable.
In 3 wire transmitter the data signal and power are with respect to common ground.
In 4 wire transmitter two wires for power supply and two for signals.
Why 4-20 mA preferred over 0-20 mA signal?
In 4-20mA signal, 4 represents the minimal value and 20mA is maximun value in the
signal. With 0- 20 mA you can not distinguish between minimum field value and
connection break, in both situations the output will be 0mA.
4-20 mA, internal circuit can distinguish between connection break of minimum value.
Normally when the value is minimum the transmitter will give you 4 mA while in case of
connection breakage it will give 0 mA.
What is Actuator ?
In a closed-loop control system, the part of the final control element that translates the
control signal into action by the control device.
 What is Field bus ?
Fieldbus is a general term for a digital only, high speed communications protocol. The
key attribute to Fieldbus communications is higher speed communications with the
possibility of addressing multiple transmitters all on the same field wiring.
What are the flow measuring instruments used in Flow measurement?
 Differential pressure meters
 Positive displacement
 Velocity meters
What type of pressure sensors used in pressure measurement?
 Manometers
 Bourdon tubes
 Bellow elements
 Diaphragm elements
 DP transmitters
What is Control Valves?
A control valve is a final control element, which restricts the flow of liquid through the
channel.
What are the specifications of the control valve?
 Flow medium and operating temperature
 Flow rate kg/hr or Nm3/hr Max/Min/Normal
 Inlet and Outlet pressure : kg/cm2 Max/Min/Normal
 Max. allowable diff. Pressure : kg/cm2
 A density of medium : kg/m3
 Viscosity
 Cv : Valve Flow Coefficient
Actuator, Body, Trim, Diaphragm, Diaphragm plate, Actuator stem
Actuator spring, Seat, Travel Indicator, Valve stem, Gaskets, Yoke, Handwheel
Explain Working of RTDs
Resistance temperature detector(RTD) uses material which change their resistance
which exposed to temperture. Temperature is determined by measuring resistance and
then using the RTD Resistance vs Temp characteristic to detect temperature.
Can I split my one T/C signal to two separate instruments?
The T/C signal is a very low-level millivolt signal, and should only be connected to one
device. Splitting to two devices may result in bad readings or loss of signal. The solution
is to use a “dual” T/C probe, or convert one T/C output to a 4-20 mA signal by using a
transmitter or signal conditioner; then the new signal can be sent to more than one
instrument
Explain Working of Thermocouple:
Thermocouple consists of two different metals, which are joint together. When the
juction of two disimilar metalsis exposed to tempearture, an voltage induced accross the
metals.
What is Cold Junction compensation?
The industry accepted standard for the temperature at open end is 0 deg C. Therefore
most tables and chart make the assumption that the temp at open end is 0 deg C. In
industry the open ends are always at actual room temperature and not 0 deg C.