(Effective Alternative Secondary Education)

MATHEMATICS IV

Module 2
Quadratic Functions

BUREAU OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

Department of Education
DepEd Complex, Meralco Avenue,Pasig City
 Module 2
Quadratic Functions

What this module is about

This module is about Quadratic Functions. As you go over the exercises,
you will develop skills in sketching the graph and analyzing the effects on its
graph and ability to apply this in solving problems. Treat the lesson with fun and
take time to go back if you think you are at a loss.

What you are expected to learn

This module is designed for you to:

1. Draw the graph of a quadratic function using the

 vertex,
 axis of symmetry,
 direction of the opening of the graph, and
 given points.

2. Analyze the effects on the graph of the changes in a, h, and k in

f(x) = a(x-h) 2 + k.

How much do you know

A. Tell the direction of the opening of the graph of the following functions.

1. y = -2x2 + 5
2. y = x2 – 3
3. y = 3x2 – 9x + 2

B. Sketch the graph of the following functions.

4. y = -2x2 + 4x – 3
5. y = x2 – 4x + 2

C. Using f(x) = x2 as the reference graph, which graph opens wider/narrower.

2
 6. y = 3x2 + 2

y = 1 x2 – 5
3

7. y = -4x2 –4

y = -1 x2 + 2
4

D. Which graphs translate to the right or to the left of the origin?

8. f(x) = (x + 3)2
9. f(x) = 3(x –4)2
10. f(x) = -(x –2)2
11. y = 2(x + 2)2

E. Which graphs translate upward or downward considering f(x) = x 2 as the

reference graph.

12. f(x) = x2 – 4
13. f(x) = 3x2 + 1
14. f(x) = -2(x –3)2 + 3
15. y = (x + 2)2 - 2

What you will do

Lesson 1

Graph of Quadratic Function

The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola. You can graph using your
previous knowledge about the characteristics of the graph of a quadratic function
such as vertex, axis of symmetry and the direction of the opening.

Steps in graphing quadratic functions:

1. find the coordinates of the vertex

2. determine the axis of symmetry

3. determine the direction of the opening of the graph

3
 4. make a table of values (choose symmetric values with respect to the
value of h)

Examples: Construct a table of values and graph the following functions:

1. f(x) = (x + 1)2 – 2

Vertex = (-1, -2)

Axis of symmetry: x = -1
Direction of opening: upward

Table of values
x (x + 1)2 - 2 f(x)
1 (1 + 1)2 - 2 2
0 (0 + 1)2 - 2 -1
-1 (-1 + 1)2 - 2 -2
-2 (-2+ 1)2 - 2 -1
-3 (-3 + 1)2 - 2 2

2 f(x) = -(x – 2) 2 + 3

vertex = (2, 3)
axis of symmetry: x = 2
direction of opening: Downward

Table of values
x -(x – 2)2 + 3 f(x)
4 -(4 – 2)2 +3 -1
3 -(3 – 2)2 +3 -2
2 -(2 – 2)2 +3 3
1 -(1 – 2)2 +3 2
0 -(0 - 2)2 +3 -1

Try this out

Draw the graph of each of the following functions by following the steps
mentioned in the given examples.

1. f(x) = (x + 2)2 – 3

Vertex: ________

4
 Axis of symmetry: _________
Direction of opening: _________

Table of values
x (x + 2)2 - 3 f(x)
0
-1
-2
-3
-4

2. f(x) = -(x –2)2 + 4

vertex: ________
Axis of symmetry: ________
Direction of opening: ________

Table of values
x -(x - 2)2 + 4 f(x)
3
2
1
0
-1

3. f(x) = 3(x + 1)2 + 3

vertex:: ________
Axis of symmetry: _________
Direction of the opening: ______

Table of values
x 3(x + 1)2 + 3 f(x)
3
2
1
0
-1

5
 4. f(x) = (x - 1)2 + 3

vertex: _________
Axis of symmetry: _________
Direction of opening: __________

Table of values
x (x - 1)2 + 3 f(x)
3
2
1
0
-1

5. f(x) = 1/3(x – 1)2 + 2

vertex : ________
Axis of symmetry: _________
Direction of opening: _________

Table of values
x 1/3(x - 1)2 + 2 f(x)
3
2
1
0
-1

Lesson 2

Analyze the Effect of the Changes in a on the

Graph of the Function f(x) = ax2

The value of a in f(x) = ax2 has an effect on the graph of a quadratic

function. It determines the width of the parabola with respect to the axis of
symmetry. If 0 < a < 1, the graph is wider and tends to flatten out. If a > 1, the
graph is narrower and steeper.

Consider the following functions and f(x) = x2 as reference function.

6
 1. y = 2x2

Vertex: (0,0)
Axis of symmetry: x = 0
Opening of graph: Upward

Table of values
y= x 2x2 f(x) 2x2
y= 2 2(2)2 8 x2
1 2(1)2 2
y= 0 2(0)2 0 ½ x2
-1 2(-1)2 2
-2 2(-2)2 8
2. f(x) = 1/2x2
vertex: (0,0)
Axis of symmetry: x = 0
Opening of the graph:
Upward

Table of values
x ½(x) 2 f(x)
2 ½(2) 2 2
1 ½(1) 2 ½
0 ½(0) 2 0
-1 ½(-1) 2 ½
-2 ½(-2) 2 2

You will notice that the graph of f(x) = 2x 2 is narrower compared to the
graph of f(x) = x2. While, the graph of f(x) = ½x 2 is wider compared to the graph
of f(x) = x2.

Try this out

For each set of functions, tell which graph is narrower or wider.

1. f(x) = 2x2

f(x) = 3x2

2. f(x) = -1 x2
2

f(x) = -2x2

7
3. f(x) = 4x2

f(x) = 1 x2
4

4. f(x) = 5x2

f(x) = 4x2

5. f(x) = -3x2

f(x) = -1 x2
3
6. f(x) = -x2

f(x) = -3x2

7. f(x) = 2x2

f(x) = 4x2

8. f(x) = -5x2

f(x = -2x2

9. f(x) = 2 x2
3

f(x) = 1 x2
2

10. f(x) = - 1 x2
3
f(x) = - 1 x2
2

Lesson 3

Analyze the Effect of the Changes in h on the

Graph of the Function f(x) = a(x-h) 2

8
 The graph of the function f(x) = a(x-h) 2 is the same as the graph of
f(x) = ax2, except that its vertex is translated horizontally to the right of the origin
when h > 0.

The graph of the function f(x) = a(x - h) 2 is the same as the graph of f(x)
= ax2 except that it’s vertex is translated to the left of the origin when h < 0.

Example:

1. y = (x + 1)2 y = (x+1)2

vertex : (-1, 0) y = x2
Axis of symmetry: x = -1
Opening: Upward y = (x – 1)2

Table of values
x (x + 1)2 f(x)
1 (1+ 1)2 4
0 (0 + 1)2 1
-1 (-1 + 1)2 0
-2 (-2+ 1)2 1
-3 (-3+ 1)2 4

2. y = (x - 1)2 Table of values

x (x - 1)2 f(x)
-1 (-1- 1)2 4
vertex : (1, 0) 0 (0 - 1)2 1
Axis of symmetry: x = 1
1 (1 - 1)2 0
Opening of the graph: Upward
2 (2 - 1)2 1
3 (3 - 1)2 4

The graph of y = (x + 1) 2 moves to the left of the origin while the graph of
y = (x – 1)2 moves to the right of the origin.

Try this out

Given are the following functions. Tell the directions of each graph, if it
translates to the right or to the left of the reference graph f(x) = x 2.

9
 1. f(x) = (x + 4)2
2. f(x) = (x – 4)2
3. f(x) = ( x – 2)2

4. f(x) = (x + 2)2
5. f(x) = (x + 5)2
6. f(x) = 2(x – 5)2
7. f(x) = 3(x – 4)2
8. y = (x - 6)2
9. y = (x + 1)2
10. y = (x - ½)2

Lesson 4

Analyze the Effect of the Changes in k on the

Graph of the Function f(x) = ax 2 + k

Using the graph of f(x) = x 2 as the reference, the value of k translates the
graph vertically, upward if k > 0 or downward if k < 0.

Examples: y = x2 + 3

1. f(x) = x2 + 2

vertex : ( 0, 2 ) y = x2 + 2
axis of symmetry: x= 0
Opening of the graph: Upwards y = x2

Table of values
x x2 + 2 f(x)
2 (2)2 + 2 6
1 (1)2 + 2 3
0 (0)2 + 2 2
-1 (-1) 2 + 2 3
-2 (-2) 2 + 2 6

2. f(x) = x2 + 3
Table of values
vertex : ( 0, 3) x x2 + 3 f(x)
axis of symmetry: x = 0 2 (2) 2 + 3 7
opening of the graph: upwards 1 (1) 2 + 3 4
0 (0) 2 + 3 3
-1 (-1) 2 + 3 4
-2 (-2) 2 + 3 7
10
Try this out

Tell the direction of each graph, if it translates upwards or downwards .

Consider the graph of f(x) = x2 as your reference graph.

1. y = x2 + 6
2. y = x2 – 4
3. y = x2 – 3
4. y = x2 + 2
5. y = x2 – 2
6. y = x2 - 1
7. y = x2 + 5
8. y = x2 + 8
9. y = x2 +3
10. y = x2 – 1

Lesson 5

Analyze the Effects of the Changes in a on the

Graph of the Function f(x) = a(x-h) 2 + k.

Using your previous knowledge regarding the characteristics and different

forms of quadratic functions lets you analyze how the graph of f(x) = ax2 is
affected by both h and k. This would require translation of the graph from both
the x and y axis.

Example 1

If a = -2, h = -1 and k = -2 the quadratic function becomes

y = -2(x + 1) 2 – 2.
Vertex: (-1, -2)
Axis of symmetry: x = -1
Opening of the graph: Downward

Table of values
X -2(x + 1)2 -2 f(x)
1 -2(1 + 1)2 -2 -10
0 -2(0 + 1)2 -2 -4

11
 -1 -2(-1 + 1)2 -2 -2
-2 -2(-2 + 1)2 -2 -4
-3 -2(-3 + 1)2-2 -10

Example 2:

Write the equation of parabola if the graph of y = 2x 2 is shifted 4 units to

the left and 1 unit downward.

Answer : The equation is y = 2(x + 4)2 –1.

Try this out

A. Sketch the graph of the following quadratic functions. Complete the table
of values (choose points symmetric to the value of h) and other
characteristics such as vertex, axis of symmetry and direction of the
graph.

1. y = -(x –2)2 + 1
2. y = 2(x + 2)2 –3
3. y = (x – 1)2 + 2
4. y = (x + 1)2 –2
5. y = ( x + 1)2 – 4

B. Write the equation for each parabola described.

1. The graph of y = x2 shifted 5 units upward.

2. The graph of y = x2 shifted 3 units downward.
3. The graph of y = 2x2 shifted 2 units above the origin.
4. The graph of y = x2 shifted 4 units to the right of the origin.
5. The graph of y = 3x2 shifted 2 units to the left of the origin.
6. The graph of y = 2x2 shifted 3 units to the left and 5 units upward.
7. The graph of y = 3x2 shifted 3 units to the right and 2 units
downward.
8. The graph of y = x2 shifted 3 units to the left and 4 units downward.
9. The graph of y = -2x2 shifted 5 units to the right and 3 units upward.
10. The graph of y = -3x2 shifted 2 units to the left and 4 units upward.

Let’s summarize

1. The graph of a quadratic function is called parabola.

2. Graphing quadratic functions there are steps to be followed:

12
 a. Find the coordinates of the vertex.
b. Determine the axis of symmetry.
c. Determine the direction of the opening of the graph.
d. Prepare the table of values (choose the values of x symmetric to
the value of h).
3. The graph of the function of the form f(x) = ax 2 , as a increases the graph
narrows.
4. The graph of f(x) = a(x –h) 2 has the same shape and direction of opening
as the graph of f(x) = ax 2. But its position is translated h units to the right
or left.
5. As the value of k changes, the graph of f(x) = a(x –h) 2 + k is translated k
units up or down.

What have you learned

A. Tell the direction of the opening of the graph of the following functions.

1. y = 2x2 – 4
2. y = x2 + 3
3. y = -x2 + 2x – 5

B. Sketch the graph of the following functions.

4. y = 3 (x – 1)2 - 4
5. y = -x2 + 2x – 1

C. Using f(x) = x2 as the reference graph , which graph is wider or narrower?

6. y = 2x2 – 2
y = x2 + 4
7. y = -3x2 + 3
y = -1 x2 - 2
2

D. Which graphs translates to the right or to the left of the origin?

8. f(x) = (x – 3)2
9. f(x) = 4(x + 2)2
10. f(x) = - 2(x – 4)2
11. f(x) = 3(x + 3)2

E. Which graph translates upwards or downwards from f(x) = x 2 ?

12. f(x) = 3x2 -4

13
13. f(x) = -2x2 + 3
14. fX) = -3(x – 3)2 + 5
15. f(x) = (x + 4)2 - 3

14
 Answer key
How much do you know

A. 1. Downward

2. Upward

3. Upward

B. 4. y = -2x2 + 4x - 3

 V(1,-1)

5. y = x2 – 4x + 2

C.
6. narrower
wider

7. narrower
wider

D.
8. to the left

15
 9. to the right
10. to the right
11. to the left

E.
12. downward
13. upward
14. upward
15. downward

Try this out

Lesson 1

1. f(x) = (x + 2)2 – 3

Vertex: (-2, -3)

Axis of symmetry: x = -2
Direction of opening: upward

Table of values
x (x + 2) 2 - 3 f(x)
0 (0 + 2) 2 - 3 1
-1 (-1 + 2) 2 - 3 -2
-2 (-2 + 2 ) 2 - 3 -3
-3 (-3 + 2) 2- 3 -2
-4 (-4 + 2) 2- 3 1

2. f(x) = -(x – 2)2 + 4

vertex: (2, 4)
Axis of symmetry: x = 2
Direction of opening: downward

Table of values
x -(x - 2)2 +4 f(x)
4 -(4 – 2)2 + 4 0
3 -(3 – 2)2 + 4 3
2 -(2 - 2)2+ 4 4
1 -(1 – 2)2 + 4 3
0 -(0 – 2)2 + 4 0

16
3. f(x) = -(x + 1)2 + 3

vertex: (-1, 3)
Axis of symmetry: x= -1
Direction of the opening: downward

Table of values
x -(x + 1)2 +3 f(x)
1 -(1 + 1) 2 + 3 -1
0 -(0 + 1)2+ 3 2
-1 -(-1 + 1)2+ 3 3
-2 -(-2 + 1)2+ 3 2
-3 -(-3 + 1)2+ 3 -1

4. f(x) = (x - 1)2 + 3

vertex: (1, 3)
Axis of symmetry: x = 1
Direction of opening: Upward

Table of values
x (x - 1)2 + 3 f(x)
3 (3 – 1) 2 + 3 7
2 (2 – 1 ) 2+ 3 4
1 (1 – 1) 2 + 3 3
0 ( 0 – 1) 2 + 3 4
-1 (-1 – 1) 2 + 3 7

5. f(x) = 1/3(x – 1)2 + 2

17
 vertex : (1, 2)
Axis of symmetry: x = 1
Direction of opening: Upward

Table of values
x 1/3(x–1)2 + 2 f(x)
3 1/3(3–1)2 + 2 3.3
2 1/3(2–1)2+ 2 2.3
1 1/3(1–1)2 + 2 2
0 1/3(0 -1)2+ 2 2.3
-1 1/3(-1–1)2+ 2 3.3

Lesson 2
For each set of functions, tell which graph is narrower or wider.

1. f(x) = 2x2 , wider

f(x) = 3x2, narrower

2. f(x) = -1 x2, wider

2
f(x) = -2x2, narrower

3. f(x) = 4x2, narrower

f(x) = 1 x2, wider

4

4. f(x) = 5x2, narrower

f(x) = 4x2, wider

5. f(x) = -3x2, narrower

f(x) = -1 x2, wider

3
6. f(x) = -x2, wider

f(x) = -3x2, narrower

7. f(x) = 2x2, wider

f(x) = 4x2, narrower

18
 8. f(x) = -5x2, narrower

f(x = - 2x2, wider

9. f(x) = 2 x2, narrower

3

f(x) = 1 x2, wider

2

10. f(x) = - 1 x2, wider

3
1 2
f(x) = - x , narrower
2

Lesson 3:

1. moves to the left

2. moves to the right
3. moves to the right
4. moves to the left
5. moves to the left
6. moves to the right
7. moves to the right
8. moves to the right
9. moves to the left
10. moves to the right

Lesson 4
A.
1. upwards
2. downwards
3. downwards
4. upwards
5. downwards
6. downwards
7. upwards
8. upwards
9. upwards
10. downwards

Lesson 5

A.

19
1. y = -(x –2) 2 + 1

vertex: (2,1)
Axis of symmetry: x = 2
Direction of the graph: Downward

Table of values
x -(x – 2) 2 + 1 f(x)
4 -(4 – 2) 2 + 1 -3
3 -(3 – 2) 2 + 1 0
2 -(2 – 2) 2 + 1 1
1 -(1 – 2) 2 + 1 0
0 -(0 – 2) 2 + 1 -3

2. y = 2(x + 2) 2 –3

vertex: (-2 – 3)
Axis of symmetry: x = -2
Direction of the graph: Upwards

Table of values
x 2(x + 2) 2 - 3 f(x)
0 2(0 + 2) 2 - 3 5
-1 2( -1 + 2) 2 -3 -1
-2 2( -2 +2 ) 2 -3 -3
-3 2( -3 + 2) 2 - 3 -1
-4 2( -4 + 2) 2 - 3 5

3. y = (x – 1) 2 + 2

Vertex: (1, 2)
Axis of symmetry: x = 1

20
 Direction of the graph: Upwards

Table of values
x (x – 1)2 + 2 x
3 (3 –1)2+ 2 6
2 (2 – 1)2 + 2 3
1 (1 – 1)2 + 2 2
0 (0 – 1)2 + 2 3
-1 (-1 – 1)2 + 2 6

4. y = (x + 1)2 –2

Vertex: (-1, -2)

Axis of symmetry: x = -1
Direction of the graph: Upwards

Table of values
x (x + 1)2 –2 f(x)
2
1 (1 + 1) - 2 2
0 (0 + 1)2 - 2 -1 5. y = (x + 1)2 – 4
-1 (-1 + 1)2 - 2 -2
-2 (-2 + 1)2 - 2 -1 Vertex: (-1, -4)
-3 (-3 + 1)2 - 2 2 Axis of symmetry: x = -1
Direction of the graph: Upwards

Table of values
x (x + 1)2 – 4 f(x)
1 (1 + 1)2 - 4 0
0 (0 + 1)2 - 4 -3
-1 (-1 + 1)2 - 4 -4
-2 (-2 + 1)2 - 4 -3
-3 (-3 + 1)2 - 4 0

B.
1. y = x2 + 5

21
 2. y = x2 -3

3. y = 2x2 + 2

4. y = (x - 4)2

5. y = 3(x + 2)2

6. y = 2(x + 3)2 + 5

7. y = 3(x – 3)2 – 2

8. y = (x + 3)2 – 4

9. y = -2(x – 5)2 + 3

10. y = -3(x + 2)2 + 4

What have you learned

A.
1. Upward
2. Upward
3. Downward

B.
4. y = 3(x – 1) 2 - 4

5. y = -x2 + 2x – 1

22
C.
6. narrower
wider

7. narrower
wider

D. E.
8. to the right 12. downward
9. to the left 13. upward
10. to the right 14. upward
11.to the left 15. downward

23