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Basic Python Interview Questions

Q1. What is the di erence between list and tuples in Python?

LIST TUPLES
Lists are mutable i.e they Tuples are immutable (tuples are
can be edited. lists which can’t be edited).
Lists are slower than tuples. Tuples are faster than list.

Syntax: list_1 = [10,

Syntax: tup_1 = (10, ‘Chelsea’ , 20)
‘Chelsea’, 20]

LIST vs TUPLES

Q2. What are the key features of Python?

Python is an interpreted language. That means that, unlike
languages like C and its variants, Python does not need to be
compiled before it is run. Other interpreted languages include
PHP and Ruby.
Python is dynamically typed, this means that you don’t need
to state the types of variables when you declare them or
anything like that. You can do things like x=111  and then
x="I'm a string" without error
Python is well suited to object orientated programming in
that it allows the de nition of classes along with composition
 and inheritance. Python does not have access speci ers (like
C++’s public, private).
In Python, functions are rst-class objects. This means that
they can be assigned to variables, returned from other
functions and passed into functions. Classes are also rst
class objects
Writing Python code is quick but running it is often slower
than compiled languages. Fortunately Python allows the
inclusion of C based extensions so bottlenecks can be
optimized away and often are. The numpy package is a good
example of this, it’s really quite quick because a lot of the
number crunching it does isn’t actually done by Python
Python nds use in many spheres – web applications,
automation, scienti c modeling, big data applications and
many more. It’s also often used as “glue” code to get other
languages and components to play nice.

Q3. What type of language is python? Programming or

scripting?
Ans: Python is capable of scripting, but in general sense, it is
considered as a general-purpose programming language. To know
more about Scripting, you can refer to the Python Scripting
Tutorial.

Q4.How is Python an interpreted language?

Ans: An interpreted language is any programming language which
is not in machine level code before runtime. Therefore, Python is
an interpreted language.

Q5.What is pep 8?
Ans: PEP stands for Python Enhancement Proposal. It is a set of
rules that specify how to format Python code for maximum
readability.

Q6. How is memory managed in Python?

Ans: 

1. Memory management in python is managed by Python

private heap space. All Python objects and data structures
are located in a private heap. The programmer does not have
access to this private heap. The python interpreter takes care
of this instead.
2. The allocation of heap space for Python objects is done by
Python’s memory manager. The core API gives access to some
tools for the programmer to code.
3. Python also has an inbuilt garbage collector, which recycles all
the unused memory and so that it can be made available to
the heap space.

Q7. What is namespace in Python?

Ans: A namespace is a naming system used to make sure that
names are unique to avoid naming con icts.

Q8. What is PYTHONPATH?

Ans: It is an environment variable which is used when a module is
imported. Whenever a module is imported, PYTHONPATH is also
looked up to check for the presence of the imported modules in
various directories. The interpreter uses it to determine which
module to load.

Q9. What are python modules? Name some commonly used

built-in modules in Python?
Ans: Python modules are les containing Python code. This code
can either be functions classes or variables. A Python module is a
.py le containing executable code.

Some of the commonly used built-in modules are:

os
sys
math
random
data time
JSON

Q10.What are local variables and global variables in Python?

Global Variables:

Variables declared outside a function or in global space are called

global variables. These variables can be accessed by any function in
the program.

Local Variables:

Any variable declared inside a function is known as a local variable.

This variable is present in the local space and not in the global
space.

Example:

1 a=2                       #Global Variable

2 def add():
3 b=3                       #Local Variable
4 c=a+b
5 print(c)
6 add()

Output: 5

When you try to access the local variable outside the function
add(), it will throw an error.

Q11. Is python case sensitive?

Ans: Yes. Python is a case sensitive language.
Q12.What is type conversion in Python?
Ans: Type conversion refers to the conversion of one data type
iinto another.

int() – converts any data type into integer type

oat() – converts any data type into oat type

ord() – converts characters into integer

hex() – converts integers to hexadecimal

oct() – converts integer to octal

tuple() – This function is used to convert to a tuple.

set() – This function returns the type after converting to set.

list() – This function is used to convert any data type to a list type.

dict() – This function is used to convert a tuple of order (key,value)

into a dictionary.

str() – Used to convert integer into a string.

complex(real,imag) –  This functionconverts real numbers to

complex(real,imag) number.

Q13. How to install Python on Windows and set path variable?

Ans: To install Python on Windows, follow the below steps:

Install python from this link:

https://www.python.org/downloads/
After this, install it on your PC. Look for the location where
PYTHON has been installed on your PC using the following
command on your command prompt: cmd python. 
Then go to advanced system settings and add a new variable
and name it as PYTHON_NAME and paste the copied path.
Look for the path variable, select its value and select ‘edit’.
Add a semicolon towards the end of the value if it’s not
present and then type %PYTHON_HOME% 

Q14. Is indentation required in python?

Ans: Indentation is necessary for Python. It speci es a block of
code. All code within loops, classes, functions, etc is speci ed within
an indented block. It is usually done using four space characters. If
your code is not indented necessarily, it will not execute accurately
and will throw errors as well.

Q15. What is the di erence between Python Arrays and lists?

Ans: Arrays and lists, in Python, have the same way of storing data.
But, arrays can hold only a single data type elements whereas lists
can hold any data type elements.

Example:

1 import array as arr

2 My_Array=arr.array('i',[1,2,3,4])
3 My_list=[1,'abc',1.20]
4 print(My_Array)
5 print(My_list)

Output:

array(‘i’, [1, 2, 3, 4]) [1, ‘abc’, 1.2]

Q16. What are functions in Python?

Ans: A function is a block of code which is executed only when it is
called. To de ne a Python function, the def keyword is used.

Example:

1 def Newfunc():
2 print("Hi, Welcome to Edureka")
3 Newfunc(); #calling the function

Output: Hi, Welcome to Edureka

Q17.What is __init__?
Ans: __init__ is a method or constructor in Python. This method is
automatically called to allocate memory when a new object/
instance of a class is created. All classes have the __init__ method.

Here is an example of how to use it.

1 class Employee:
2 def __init__(self, name, age,salary):
3 self.name = name
4 self.age = age
5 self.salary = 20000
6 E1 = Employee("XYZ", 23, 20000)
7 # E1 is the instance of class Employee.
8 #__init__ allocates memory for E1.
9 print(E1.name)
10 print(E1.age)
11 print(E1.salary)

Output:
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Q18.What is a lambda function?

Ans: An anonymous function is known as a lambda function. This
function can have any number of parameters but, can have just
one statement.

Example:

1 a = lambda x,y : x+y

2 print(a(5, 6))

Output: 11

Q19. What is self in Python?

Ans: Self is an instance or an object of a class. In Python, this is
explicitly included as the rst parameter. However, this is not the
case in Java where it’s optional.  It helps to di erentiate between
the methods and attributes of a class with local variables.

The self variable in the init method refers to the newly created
object while in other methods, it refers to the object whose method
was called.

Q20. How does break, continue and pass work?

Allows loop termination when some condition is

Break met and the control is transferred to the next
statement.

Allows skipping some part of a loop when some

Continue speci c condition is met and the control is
transferred to the beginning of the loop
 Pass Used when you need some block of code
syntactically, but you want to skip its execution.
This is basically a null operation. Nothing
happens when this is executed.

Q21. What does [::-1} do?

Ans: [::-1] is used to reverse the order of an array or a sequence.
For example:

1 import array as arr

2 My_Array=arr.array('i',[1,2,3,4,5])
3 My_Array[::-1]

Output: array(‘i’, [5, 4, 3, 2, 1])

[::-1] reprints a reversed copy of ordered data structures such as

an array or a list. the original array or list remains unchanged.
 

Q22. How can you randomize the items of a list in place in

Python?
Ans: Consider the example shown below:

1 from random import shuffle

2 x = ['Keep', 'The', 'Blue', 'Flag', 'Flying', 'H
3 shuffle(x)
4 print(x)

The output of the following code is as below.

['Flying', 'Keep', 'Blue', 'High', 'The', 'Flag']

Q23. What are python iterators?

Ans: Iterators are objects which can be traversed though or
iterated upon.

Q24. How can you generate random numbers in Python?

Ans:  Random module is the standard module that is used to
generate a random number. The method is de ned as:

1 import random
2 random.random

The statement random.random() method return the oating point

number that is in the range of [0, 1). The function generates
random oat numbers. The methods that are used with the
random class are the bound methods of the hidden instances. The
instances of the Random can be done to show the multi-threading
programs that creates a di erent instance of individual threads.
The other random generators that are used in this are:

1. randrange(a, b): it chooses an integer and de ne the range in-

between [a, b). It returns the elements by selecting it
randomly from the range that is speci ed. It doesn’t build a
range object.
 2. uniform(a, b): it chooses a oating point number that is
de ned in the range of [a,b).Iyt returns the oating point
number
3. normalvariate(mean, sdev): it is used for the normal
distribution where the mu is a mean and the sdev is a sigma
that is used for standard deviation.
4. The Random class that is used and instantiated creates an
independent multiple random number generators.

Q25. What is the di erence between range & xrange?

Ans:  For the most part, xrange and range are the exact same in
terms of functionality. They both provide a way to generate a list of
integers for you to use, however you please. The only di erence is
that range returns a Python list object and x range returns an
xrange object.

This means that xrange doesn’t actually generate a static list at run-

time like range does. It creates the values as you need them with a
special technique called yielding. This technique is used with a type
of object known as generators. That means that if you have a really
gigantic range you’d like to generate a list for, say one billion,
xrange is the function to use.

This is especially true if you have a really memory sensitive system

such as a cell phone that you are working with, as range will use as
much memory as it can to create your array of integers, which can
result in a Memory Error and crash your program. It’s a memory
hungry beast.

Q26. How do you write comments in python?

Ans: Comments in Python start with a # character. However,
alternatively at times, commenting is done using docstrings(strings
enclosed within triple quotes).

Example:

#Comments in Python start like this

print("Comments in Python start with a #")

Output:  Comments in Python start with a #

Q27. What is pickling and unpickling?

Ans: Pickle module accepts any Python object and converts it into a
string representation and dumps it into a le by using dump
function, this process is called pickling. While the process of
retrieving original Python objects from the stored string
representation is called unpickling.

Q28. What are the generators in python?

Ans: Functions that return an iterable set of items are called
generators.

Q29. How will you capitalize the rst letter of string?

Ans: In Python, the capitalize() method capitalizes the rst letter of
a string. If the string already consists of a capital letter at the
beginning, then, it returns the original string.

Q30. How will you convert a string to all lowercase?

Ans: To convert a string to lowercase, lower() function can be used.

Example:

1 stg='ABCD'
2 print(stg.lower())

Output: abcd

Q31. How to comment multiple lines in python?

Ans: Multi-line comments appear in more than one line. All the
lines to be commented are to be pre xed by a #.  You can also a
very good  shortcut method to comment multiple lines. All you
need to do is hold the ctrl key and left click in every place wherever
you want to include a # character and type a # just once. This will
comment all the lines where you introduced your cursor.

Q32.What are docstrings in Python?

Ans: Docstrings are not actually comments, but, they
are  documentation strings. These docstrings are within triple
quotes. They are not assigned to any variable and therefore, at
times, serve the purpose of comments as well.

Example:

1 """
2 Using docstring as a comment.
3 This code divides 2 numbers
4 """
5 x=8
6 y=4
7 z=x/y
8 print(z)

Output: 2.0

Q33. What is the purpose of is, not and in operators?

Ans: Operators are special functions. They take one or more values
and produce a corresponding result.

is: returns true when 2 operands are true  (Example: “a” is ‘a’)

not: returns the inverse of the boolean value

in: checks if some element is present in some sequence

Q34. What is the usage of help() and dir() function in Python?
Ans: Help() and dir() both functions are accessible from the Python
interpreter and used for viewing a consolidated dump of built-in
functions. 

1. Help() function: The help() function is used to display the

documentation string and also facilitates you to see the help
related to modules, keywords, attributes, etc.
2. Dir() function: The dir() function is used to display the de ned
symbols.

Q35. Whenever Python exits, why isn’t all the memory de-
allocated?
Ans: 

1. Whenever Python exits, especially those Python modules

which are having circular references to other objects or the
objects that are referenced from the global namespaces are
not always de-allocated or freed.
2. It is impossible to de-allocate those portions of memory that
are reserved by the C library.
3. On exit, because of having its own e cient clean up
mechanism, Python would try to de-allocate/destroy every
other object.

Q36. What is a dictionary in Python?

Ans: The built-in datatypes in Python is called dictionary. It de nes
one-to-one relationship between keys and values. Dictionaries
contain pair of keys and their corresponding values. Dictionaries
are indexed by keys.

Let’s take an example:

The following example contains some keys. Country, Capital & PM.
Their corresponding values are India, Delhi and Modi respectively.

1 dict={'Country':'India','Capital':'Delhi','PM':'

1 print dict[Country]

India

1 print dict[Capital]

Delhi

1 print dict[PM]

Modi

Q37. How can the ternary operators be used in python?

Ans: The Ternary operator is the operator that is used to show the
conditional statements. This consists of the true or false values
with a statement that has to be evaluated for it.
Syntax:

The Ternary operator will be given as:

[on_true] if [expression] else [on_false]x, y = 25, 50big = x if x < y else
y

Example:

The expression gets evaluated like if x<y else y, in this case if x<y is
true then the value is returned as big=x and if it is incorrect then
big=y will be sent as a result.

Q38. What does this mean: *args, **kwargs? And why would we
use it?
Ans: We use *args when we aren’t sure how many arguments are
going to be passed to a function, or if we want to pass a stored list
or tuple of arguments to a function. **kwargs is used when we
don’t know how many keyword arguments will be passed to a
function, or it can be used to pass the values of a dictionary as
keyword arguments. The identi ers args and kwargs are a
convention, you could also use *bob and **billy but that would not
be wise.

Q39. What does len() do?

Ans: It is used to determine the length of a string, a list, an array,
etc.

Example:

1 stg='ABCD'
2 len(stg)

Q40. Explain split(), sub(), subn() methods of “re” module in

Python.
Ans:  To modify the strings, Python’s “re” module is providing 3
methods. They are:

split() – uses a regex pattern to “split” a given string into a list.

sub() – nds all substrings where the regex pattern matches
and then replace them with a di erent string
subn() – it is similar to sub() and also returns the new string
along with the no. of replacements.

Q41. What are negative indexes and why are they used?
Ans: The sequences in Python are indexed and it consists of the
positive as well as negative numbers. The numbers that are
positive uses ‘0’ that is uses as rst index and ‘1’ as the second
index and the process goes on like that.

The index for the negative number starts from ‘-1’ that represents
the last index in the sequence and ‘-2’ as the penultimate index and
the sequence carries forward like the positive number.
The negative index is used to remove any new-line spaces from the
string and allow the string to except the last character that is given
as S[:-1]. The negative index is also used to show the index to
represent the string in correct order.

Q42. What are Python packages?

Ans: Python packages are namespaces containing multiple
modules.

Q43.How can les be deleted in Python?

Ans: To delete a le in Python, you need to import the OS Module.
After that, you need to use the os.remove() function.

Example:

1 import os
2 os.remove("xyz.txt")

Q44. What are the built-in types of python?

Ans: Built-in types in Python are as follows –

Integers
Floating-point
Complex numbers
Strings
Boolean
Built-in functions

Q45. What advantages do NumPy arrays o er over (nested)

Python lists?
Ans: 

1. Python’s lists are e cient general-purpose containers. They

support (fairly) e cient insertion, deletion, appending, and
concatenation, and Python’s list comprehensions make them
easy to construct and manipulate.
2. They have certain limitations: they don’t support “vectorized”
operations like elementwise addition and multiplication, and
the fact that they can contain objects of di ering types mean
that Python must store type information for every element,
and must execute type dispatching code when operating on
each element.
3. NumPy is not just more e cient; it is also more convenient.
You get a lot of vector and matrix operations for free, which
sometimes allow one to avoid unnecessary work. And they are
also e ciently implemented.
4. NumPy array is faster and You get a lot built in with NumPy,
FFTs, convolutions, fast searching, basic statistics, linear
algebra, histograms, etc. 

Q46. How to add values to a python array?

Ans: Elements can be added to an array  using
the append(), extend() and the insert (i,x) functions.

Example:

1 a=arr.array('d', [1.1 , 2.1 ,3.1] )

2 a.append(3.4)
3 print(a)
4 a.extend([4.5,6.3,6.8])
5 print(a)
6 a.insert(2,3.8)
7 print(a)

Output:

array(‘d’, [1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.4])

array(‘d’, [1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.4, 4.5, 6.3, 6.8])

array(‘d’, [1.1, 2.1, 3.8, 3.1, 3.4, 4.5, 6.3, 6.8])

Q47. How to remove values to a python array?

Ans: Array elements can be removed
using pop() or remove() method. The di erence between these two
functions is that the former returns the deleted value whereas the
latter does not.

Example:

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1 a=arr.array('d', [1.1, 2.2, 3.8, 3.1, 3.7, 1.2,

2 print(a.pop())
3 print(a.pop(3))
4 a.remove(1.1)
5 print(a)

Output:

4.6

3.1

array(‘d’, [2.2, 3.8, 3.7, 1.2])

Q48. Does Python have OOps concepts?
Ans: Python is an object-oriented programming language. This
means that any program can be solved in python by creating an
object model. However, Python can be treated as procedural as
well as structural language.

Q49. What is the di erence between deep and shallow copy?

Ans: Shallow copy is used when a new instance type gets created
and it keeps the values that are copied in the new instance. Shallow
copy is used to copy the reference pointers just like it copies the
values. These references point to the original objects and the
changes made in any member of the class will also a ect the
original copy of it.  Shallow copy allows faster execution of the
program and it depends on the size of the data that is used.

Deep copy is used to store the values that are already copied. Deep
copy doesn’t copy the reference pointers to the objects. It makes
the reference to an object and the new object that is pointed by
some other object gets stored. The changes made in the original
copy won’t a ect any other copy that uses the object.  Deep copy
makes execution of the program slower due to making certain
copies for each object that is been called.

Q50. How is Multithreading achieved in Python?

Ans: 

1. Python has a multi-threading package but if you want to multi-

thread to speed your code up, then it’s usually not a good
idea to use it.
2. Python has a construct called the Global Interpreter Lock
(GIL). The GIL makes sure that only one of your ‘threads’ can
execute at any one time. A thread acquires the GIL, does a
little work, then passes the GIL onto the next thread.
3. This happens very quickly so to the human eye it may seem
like your threads are executing in parallel, but they are really
just taking turns using the same CPU core.
4. All this GIL passing adds overhead to execution. This means
that if you want to make your code run faster then using the
threading package often isn’t a good idea.

Q51. What is the process of compilation and linking in python?

Ans:  The compiling and linking allows the new extensions to be
compiled properly without any error and the linking can be done
only when it passes the compiled procedure. If the dynamic loading
is used then it depends on the style that is being provided with the
system. The python interpreter can be used to provide the dynamic
loading of the con guration setup les and will rebuild the
interpreter.
The steps that are required in this as:

1. Create a le with any name and in any language that is

supported by the compiler of your system. For example le.c
or le.cpp
2. Place this le in the Modules/ directory of the distribution
which is getting used.
3. Add a line in the le Setup.local that is present in the Modules/
directory.
4. Run the le using spam le.o
5. After a successful run of this rebuild the interpreter by using
the make command on the top-level directory.
6. If the le is changed then run rebuildMake le by using the
command as ‘make Make le’.

Q52. What are Python libraries? Name a few of them.

Python libraries are a collection of Python packages. Some of the
majorly used python libraries are – Numpy, Pandas, Matplotlib,
Scikit-learn and many more.

Q53. What is split used for?

The split() method is used to separate a given string in Python.

Example:

1 a="edureka python"
2 print(a.split())

Output:  [‘edureka’, ‘python’]

Q54. How to import modules in python?

Modules can be imported using the import keyword.  You can

import modules in three ways-

Example:

1 import array           #importing using the orig

2 import array as arr    # importing using an alia
3 from array import *    #imports everything prese

OOPS Interview Questions

Q55. Explain Inheritance in Python with an example.
Ans:  Inheritance allows One class to gain all the members(say
attributes and methods) of another class. Inheritance provides
code reusability, makes it easier to create and maintain an
application. The class from which we are inheriting is called super-
class and the class that is inherited is called a derived / child class.

They are di erent types of inheritance supported by Python:

1. Single Inheritance – where a derived class acquires the

members of a single super class.
 2. Multi-level inheritance – a derived class d1 in inherited from
base class base1, and d2 are inherited from base2.
3. Hierarchical inheritance – from one base class you can inherit
any number of child classes
4. Multiple inheritance – a derived class is inherited from more
than one base class.

Q56. How are classes created in Python? 

Ans: Class in Python is created using the class keyword.

Example:

1 class Employee:
2 def __init__(self, name):
3 self.name = name
4 E1=Employee("abc")
5 print(E1.name)

Output: abc

Q57. What is monkey patching in Python?

Ans:  In Python, the term monkey patch only refers to dynamic
modi cations of a class or module at run-time.

Consider the below example:

1 # m.py
2 class MyClass:
3 def f(self):
4 print "f()"

We can then run the monkey-patch testing like this:

1 import m
2 def monkey_f(self):
3 print "monkey_f()"
4  
5 m.MyClass.f = monkey_f
6 obj = m.MyClass()
7 obj.f()

The output will be as below:

monkey_f()

As we can see, we did make some changes in the behavior

of f() in  MyClass  using the function we de ned,  monkey_f(), outside
of the module m.

Q58. Does python support multiple inheritance?

Ans: Multiple inheritance means that a class can be derived from
more than one parent classes. Python does support multiple
inheritance, unlike Java.

Q59. What is Polymorphism in Python?

Ans: Polymorphism means the ability to take multiple forms. So,
for instance, if the parent class has a method named ABC then the
child class also can have a method with the same name ABC having
its own parameters and variables. Python allows polymorphism.

Q60. De ne encapsulation in Python?

Ans: Encapsulation means binding the code and the data together.
A Python class in an example of encapsulation.

Q61. How do you do data abstraction in Python?

Ans: Data Abstraction is providing only the required details and
hiding the implementation from the world. It can be achieved in
Python by using interfaces and abstract classes.

Q62.Does python make use of access speci ers?

Ans: Python does not deprive access to an instance variable or
function. Python lays down the concept of pre xing the name of
the variable, function or method with a single or double
underscore to imitate the behavior of protected and private access
speci ers.  
Q63. How to create an empty class in Python? 
Ans: An empty class is a class that does not have any code de ned
within its block. It can be created using the pass keyword. However,
you can create objects of this class outside the class itself. IN
PYTHON THE PASS command does nothing when its executed. it’s a
null statement. 
For example-

1 class a:
2     pass
3 obj=a()
4 obj.name="xyz"
5 print("Name = ",obj.name)

Output: 

Name = xyz

Q64. What does an object() do?

Ans: It returns a featureless object that is a base for all classes.

Also, it does not take any parameters.
Basic Python Programs
Q65. Write a program in Python to execute the Bubble sort
algorithm.

1 def bs(a):             # a = name of list

2     b=len(a)-1         # minus 1 because we alw
3                               
4     for x in range(b):
5         for y in range(b-x):
6             if a[y]>a[y+1]:
7                 a[y],a[y+1]=a[y+1],a[y]
8     return a
9 a=[32,5,3,6,7,54,87]
10 bs(a)

Output:  [3, 5, 6, 7, 32, 54, 87]

Q66. Write a program in Python to produce Star triangle.

 1 def pyfunc(r):
2     for x in range(r):
3         print(' '*(r-x-1)+'*'*(2*x+1))   
4 pyfunc(9)

Output:

*
***
*****
*******
*********
***********
*************
***************
*****************

Q67. Write a program to produce Fibonacci series in Python.

1 # Enter number of terms needed                 

2 a=int(input("Enter the terms"))
3 f=0                                         #fi
4 s=1                                         #se
5 if a<=0:
6     print("The requested series is
7 ",f)
8 else:
9     print(f,s,end=" ")
10     for x in range(2,a):
11         next=f+s                          
12         print(next,end=" ")
13         f=s
14         s=next</pre>

Output: Enter the terms 5 0 1 1 2 3

Q68. Write a program in Python to check if a number is prime.

1 a=int(input("enter number"))     
2 if a>1:
3     for x in range(2,a):
4         if(a%x)==0:
5             print("not prime")
6             break
7     else:
8         print("Prime")
9 else:
10     print("not prime")

Output:

enter number 3

Prime

Q69. Write a program in Python to check if a sequence is a

Palindrome.

1 a=input("enter sequence")
2 b=a[::-1]
3 if a==b:
4     print("palindrome")
 5 else:
6     print("Not a Palindrome")

Output:

enter sequence 323 palindrome

Q70. Write a one-liner that will count the number of capital

letters in a le. Your code should work even if the le is too big
to t in memory.
Ans:  Let us rst write a multiple line solution and then convert it to
one-liner code.

1 with open(SOME_LARGE_FILE) as fh:

2 count = 0
3 text = fh.read()
4 for character in text:
5     if character.isupper():
6 count += 1

We will now try to transform this into a single line.

1 count sum(1 for line in fh for character in line

Q71. Write a sorting algorithm for a numerical dataset in

Python.
Ans: The following code can be used to sort a list in Python:

1 list = ["1", "4", "0", "6", "9"]

2 list = [int(i) for i in list]
3 list.sort()
4 print (list)

Q72. Looking at the below code, write down the nal values of
A0, A1, …An.

1 A0 = dict(zip(('a','b','c','d','e'),(1,2,3,4,5))
2 A1 = range(10)A2 = sorted([i for i in A1 if i in
3 A3 = sorted([A0[s] for s in A0])
4 A4 = [i for i in A1 if i in A3]
5 A5 = {i:i*i for i in A1}
6 A6 = [[i,i*i] for i in A1]
7 print(A0,A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,A6)

Ans: The following will be the nal outputs of A0, A1, … A6

A0 = {'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2, 'e': 5, 'd': 4} # the o

A1 = range(0, 10)
A2 = []
A3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
A4 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
A5 = {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36, 7:
A6 = [[0, 0], [1, 1], [2, 4], [3, 9], [4, 16], [5, 25

Python Libraries Interview Questions

Q73. Explain what Flask is and its bene ts?
Ans:  Flask is a web microframework for Python based on
“Werkzeug, Jinja2 and good intentions” BSD license. Werkzeug and
Jinja2 are two of its dependencies. This means it will have little to no
dependencies on external libraries.  It makes the framework light