ITM 1133 – Operating System College MCS

Acknowledgement
Alhamdulillah, Thanks to Allah SWT that with His willing gives us the opportunity to complete
this Final Assignment. This assignment was prepared for Operating System subject.

First and foremost, we would like to express our deepest thanks to our beloved lecturer and also
as guidance, Sir Nizam for the valuable guidance and advices. We also would like to thank her
for showing us some good example that related to the assignment.

Besides that, our deepest thanks and appreciation our parents, family, special mate of us, and
others for their cooperation, encouragement, constructive suggestion and full of support for the
assignment completion, from the beginning till the end. Also thanks to all of classmate, DITM
Group 4 and everyone, that has been contributed by supporting our work and helps us during the
assignment progress till it is fully completed.

Last but not least, our thanks to MCS College, for great facilities and accommodations that have
been provided. Without helps of the particular that mentioned above, we could face many
difficulties while doing this assignment.

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INTRODUCTION

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1.0 Committee Background

The Background of Operating Systems

An Operating System is the program. It is initially loaded into the computer memory by a boot
program. Its main aim is to manage all other programs in a computer. The other programs, called
application programs, make use of the operating system by submitting requests for services
through a defined application program interface (API). In addition, users can interact directly
with the operating system through different interfaces. Some are command driven others are
graphic.

An operating system performs the following services for applications:

 In a multitasking operating system, the operating system determines which applications

should run, in what order and how much time should be allowed for each application
before giving another application a turn.
 It manages the sharing of internal memory among multiple applications.
 It handles input and output to and from attached hardware devices, such as hard disks,
printers and dial-up ports.
 It sends messages to each application, interactive user or to a system operator about the
status of operation and any errors that may have occurred.
 It can take over the management of what are called batch jobs, such as printing, so that
the initiating application is freed from this work.
 On computers that can provide parallel processing, an operating system can manage the
division of the programs so they can run on more than one processor at a time.

Linux, Windows 2000, Solaris, VMS, OS/400, AIX and z/OS are all examples of operating
systems.

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1.1 Project Mission

This project missions it to learn and explore about windows operating system and Mac operating
system. With more research, we can find lots of advantages and disadvantage in this both
operating system and comparing them and have a choice to pick the best operating for our
environment

1.2 Project Objectives

Our objective is:

 Learn and understanding the features in operating system

 Adapt and know the new technology environment in operating system
 Explore the functions, benefits, advantages so that we can use it in working days

1.3 Project Scope

This project scope is, learning and know the operating system and introduce it to new student so
that they can understand the operating system benefits.

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CONTENT

2.0 Introduction and Information Of Operating System

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2.1 Comparison of Windows and Mac

 Windows
Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating systems and graphical user interfaces
produced by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in
November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user
interfaces (GUIs).Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal computer market,
overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. As of October 2009, Windows had
approximately 91% of the market share of the client operating systems for usage on the Internet.
The most recent client version of Windows is Windows 7; the most recent server version is
Windows Server 2008 R2; the most recent mobile OS version is Windows Phone.

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 Macintosh
The Macintosh (pronounced /ˈmækɨntɒʃ/ MAK-in-tosh),or Mac, is a series of several lines of
personal computers designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. The first Macintosh was
introduced on January 24, 1984; it was the first commercially successful personal computer to
feature a mouse and a graphical user interface rather than a command-line interface. The
company continued to have success through the second half of the 1980s, only to see it dissipate
in the 1990s as the personal computer market shifted towards IBM PC compatible machines
running MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows.

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 History of Operating System in Diagram

2.1.1 Windows & Mac Comparisons by Categories

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2.2 When is a caches useful? What problem does it solve?

Caches are useful when two or more components need to exchange data, and the components
perform transfers at differing speeds. Caches solve the transfer problem by providing a buffer of
intermediate speed between the components. If the fast device finds the data it needs in the
cache, it need not wait for the slower device. The data in the cache must be kept consistent with
the data in the components. If a component has a data value change, and the datum is also in the

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cache, the cache must also be updated. This is especially a problem on multiprocessor systems
where more than one process may be accessing a datum. A component may be eliminated by an
equal-sized cache, but only if:

 The cache and the component have equivalent state-saving capacity (that is, if the
component retains its data when electricity is removed, the cache must retain data as
well)

 The cache is affordable, because faster storage tends to be more expensive.

2.3 Three major activities of an operating system in regard to

secondary storage management

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with disk
management:

 Free space management

 Storage allocation
 Disk scheduling

2.4 Purpose of System Call

In computing, a system call is how a program requests a service from an operating system's
kernel that it does not normally have permission to run. System calls provide the interface
between a process and the operating system. Most operations interacting with the system require
permissions not available to a user level process, e.g. I/O performed with a device present on the
system, or any form of communication with other processes requires the use of system calls.

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That’s mean, system call basically request to the operating system to allow user to wait for I/O
completion.

System calls can be roughly grouped into five major categories:

1. Process Control.

 load
 execute
 create process
 terminate process
 get/set process attributes
 wait for time, wait event, signal event
 allocate, free memory

2. File management.

 create file, delete file

 open, close
 read, write, reposition
 get/set file attributes

3. Device Management.

 request device, release device

 read, write, reposition
 get/set device attributes

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 logically attach or detach devices

4. Information Maintenance.

 get/set time or date

 get/set system data
 get/set process, file, or device attributes

5. Communication.

 create, delete communication connection

 send, receive messages
 transfer status information
 attach or detach remote devices

2.5 Purpose of System Program

System programs are the collections of the computer programs or the software programs which
give the instructions to the computer. Basically for the functioning of computers, system
programs are required and a system programs makes it to function through the execution of the
instructions by central processor. Computer programs are the source codes from which further

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executable programs are derived. Computer programs are written by the computer programmers
in the programming language and they are important for the overall functioning of the computer.

System program provide a convenient environment for program development and execution.
They can be divided into:
 File manipulation
 Status information
 File modification
 Programming language support
 Program loading and execution
 Communication
 Application program

2.6 5 Major activities of an Operating System in regard to process

management?
A process is a program in execution. A process needs certain resources, including CPU time,
memory, files, and I/O devices, to accomplish its task.

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The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with process
management:

 The creation and deletion of both user and system processes

 The suspension and resumption of processes
 The provision of mechanisms for process synchronization
 The provision of mechanisms for process communication
 The provision of mechanisms for deadlock handling

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CASE STUDY

3.0 Case Study – Operating System Structure

Introduction

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Internal structure of operating systems can differ. Structures of operating systems tend to differ
depending on the arrangement of files, how hardware and applications are installed and
controlled and how the user interacts with the system. When it comes to Macintosh, Windows,
Linux, and other operating systems, their performance depends on it structure, as different
operating systems were built with different concepts and uses in mind.

MS DOS has the simplest structure. It was written with the aim of providing more functionality
in less space. It is not separated into modules. Though MS-DOS does have some structure, the
interface of MS-DOS and the levels of functionality are not clearly separated. MS-DOS follows
a layered approach. MS-DOS operating systems are divided into a number of layers; build one
on top of the other. The bottom layer, layer 0, contains hardware and the highest layer is known
as the user interface. Layers are chosen with modularity so that each utilizes services and
operations of only the immediate lower-level.

UNIX operating systems has limited structuring. It has two separate parts as System programs &
The Kernel. The UNIX operating system consists of everything below the system interface and
above the physical layer (hardware). It provides a large number of functions for one level like
file system, CPU scheduling, memory management and other operating system functions.

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The modern operating systems implement kernel modules. This is structured using object-
oriented approaches. Each core component is separate and talks to each other over known
interfaces. Each core component is loadable as and when needed within the kernel. Overall it is
similar to the layered architecture but with more flexibility.

Virtual machines are structured by taking the layered approach to the most logical conclusion.
Virtual machines treat hardware's and the kernel of the operating system as though all are
hardware. Virtual machines provide interfaces matching the underlying hardware. Operating
systems generates the vision of multiple processes, all executing on its very own processor with
its very own virtual memory. It is structured in a manner that the resources of the physical
computer are shared to make the virtual machine. CPU scheduling creates the idea that users
have their own processor. A normal user time -sharing terminal serves as the virtual machine
operator's console.

These are some basic structures of operating systems. One can identify ways in which they are
alike and differ according to the purpose it was built to serve. The architectures differ with
technological advances, outdating techniques frequently.

List of Operating System Structure

1) System Components

Operating system have eight components, they are:

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 Process Management

 Main Memory Management

 File Management

 I/O System Management

 Secondary Management

 Networking

 Protection System

 Command-Interpreter System

2) Operating Systems Services

 Program execution – system capability to load a program into memory and to run it.

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 I/O operations – since user programs cannot execute I/O operations directly, the
operating system must provide some means to perform I/O.

 File-system manipulation – program capability to read, write, create, and delete files.

 Communications – exchange of information between processes executing either on the

same computer or on different systems tied together by a network. Implemented via
shared memory or message passing.

 Error detection – ensure correct computing by detecting errors in the CPU and memory
hardware, in I/O devices, or in user programs.

Additional functions exist not for helping the user, but rather for ensuring efficient system
operations.

 Resource allocation – allocating resources to multiple users or multiple jobs

running at the same time.
 Accounting – keep track of and record which users use how much and what
kinds of computer resources for account billing or for accumulating usage
statistics.
 Protection – ensuring that all access to system resources is controlled.

3) System Call

 System calls provide the interface between a running program and the operating system.

o Generally available as assembly-language instructions.

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o Languages defined to replace assembly language for systems programming allow

system calls to be made directly (e.g., C, C++)

 Three general methods are used to pass parameters between a running program and the
operating system.

o Pass parameters in registers.

o Store the parameters in a table in memory, and the table address is passed as a
parameter in a register.

o Push (store) the parameters onto the stack by the program, and pop off the stack
by operating system.
 Types of system calls

o Process control

o File management

o Device management

o Information maintenance

o Communications

System call sequence to copy the contents of one file to another file

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4) Systems Programs

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 System programs provide a convenient environment for program development and

execution. The can be divided into:

o File manipulation

o Status information

o File modification

o Programming language support

o Program loading and execution

o Communications

o Application programs

 Most users’ view of the operation system is defined by system programs, not the actual
system calls.

5) System Structure

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 MS-DOS – written to provide the most functionality in the least space

o not divided into modules

o Although MS-DOS has some structure, its interfaces and levels of functionality
are not well separated

 MS-DOS Layer Structure :

 UNIX System Structure

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o UNIX – limited by hardware functionality, the original UNIX operating system

had limited structuring. The UNIX OS consists of two separable parts.
o Systems programs
o The kernel
o Consists of everything below the system-call interface and above the physical
hardware
o Provides the file system, CPU scheduling, memory management, and other
operating-system functions; a large number of functions for one level.

 An Operating System Layer

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6) Virtual Machines

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1. A virtual machine takes the layered approach to its logical conclusion. It treats hardware
and the operating system kernel as though they were all hardware.

2. A virtual machine provides an interface identical to the underlying bare hardware.

3. The operating system creates the illusion of multiple processes, each executing on its own
processor with its own (virtual) memory.

4. The resources of the physical computer are shared to create the virtual machines.

 CPU scheduling can create the appearance that users have their own processor.

 Spooling and a file system can provide virtual card readers and virtual line
printers.

 A normal user time-sharing terminal serves as the virtual machine operator’s

console.

5. Advantages/Disadvantages of Virtual Machines

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 The virtual-machine concept provides complete protection of system resources since

each virtual machine is isolated from all other virtual machines. This isolation,
however, permits no direct sharing of resources.

 A virtual-machine system is a perfect vehicle for operating-systems research and

development. System development is done on the virtual machine, instead of on a
physical machine and so does not disrupt normal system operation.

 The virtual machine concept is difficult to implement due to the effort required to
provide an exact duplicate to the underlying machine.

7) System Design and Implementation

System design goals:

 User goals – operating system should be convenient to use, easy to learn, reliable, safe,
and fast.

 System goals – operating system should be easy to design, implement, and maintain, as
well as flexible, reliable, error-free, and efficient.

System implementation:

 Traditionally written in assembly language, operating systems can now be written in

higher-level languages.

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 Code written in a high-level language:

o Can be written faster.

o Is more compact.

o Is easier to understand and debug.

 An operating system is far easier to port (move to some other hardware) if it is written in
a high-level language.

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8) System Generation – SYSGEN

 Operating systems are designed to run on any of a class of machines; the system must be
configured for each specific computer site.

 SYSGEN program obtains information concerning the specific configuration of the

hardware system.

 Booting – starting a computer by loading the kernel.

 Bootstrap program – code stored in ROM that is able to locate the kernel, load it into
memory, and start its execution.

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CONCLUSION

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4.0 Conclusion

Operating system is very use full and has lots of advantage. Operating system also allows you to
use your computer without any knowledge of coding. Operating system can improved security,
since only layers close to hardware need to operate in kernel mode.
improved portability since only small part of operating system interfaces with the hardware.
makes maintenance of operating system code easier.

Without an operating system, your hardware would not work at all, until you wrote your own
code for the hardware to do what you want. Operating system make your work easier.

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4.1 Reference

Website:

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_five_5_major_Operating_system_activities_with_rega
rds_to_process_management

http://www.blurtit.com/q369171.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call

http://communities.siliconindia.com/forum/ComputerSociety/Give_two_reasons_why_caches_ar
e_useful_What_problems_do_they_solve_What_problems_do_they_cause/6694

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh

https://kis.kellogg.northwestern.edu/Pages/WindowsMacComparisonGuide.aspx

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4.3 Slide Presentation

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