==================COLLECTION========================

Q1. What are limitations of object Arrays?

The main limitations of Object arrays are

 These are fixed in size ie once we created an array object there is no chance
of increasing or decreasing size based on our requirement. Hence If we
don’t know size in advance , arrays are not recommended to use
 Arrays can hold only homogeneous elements.
 There is no underlying data structure for arrays and hence no readymade
method support for arrays. Hence for every requirement programmer has to
code explicitly

To over come these problems collections are recommended to use

Q2. What are differences between arrays and collections?

Collections
Arrays
1. Arrays r fixed in size and 1. Collections are growable in
hence once we created an array nature and hence based on our
we are not allowed to increase or requirement we can increase or
decrease the size based on our decrease the size.
requirement.
2. Memory point of view arrays 2. Memory point of view
are not recommended to use collections are recommended to
use.
3. Performance point of view 3. Performance point of view
arrays are recommended to use collections are not recommended
to use.
4. Arrays can hold only 4. Collections can hold both
homogeneous elements homogeneous and heterogeneous
elements.
5. Arrays can hold both 5. Collections can hold only
primitives as well as objects objects.
6. For any requirement, there is 6. For every requirement ready
no ready method support made method support is
compulsory programmer has to available. Being a programmer
code explicitly. we have to know how to use
those methods and we are not
responsible to implement those.

Q3. what are differences between arrays and ArrayList?

Refer the answer of Q2

Q4. What are differences between arrays and Vector?

Refer the answer of Q2

Q5. What is Collection API ?

It defines set of classes and interfaces which can be used for representing a group
of objects as single entity

Q6. What is Collection framework?

It defines set of classes and inter faces which can be used for representing a group
of objects as single entity

Q7. What is difference between Collections and Collection?

Collection is an interface which can be used for representing a group of individual

objects as single entity and it acts as root interface of collection frame work.

Collections is an utility class to define several utility methods for Collection

implemented class objects.

Q8. Explain about Collection interface?

 This interface can be used to represent a group of objects as a single entity.

 It acts as root interface for entire collection framework.
 It defines the most commonly used methods which can be applicable for any
collection implemented class object

Q9. Explain about List interface?

List interface is a child interface of Collection interface. This can be used to
represent group of individual objects in as a single entity where

 Duplicates are allowed

 Insertion order is preserved

Q10. Explain about Set interface?

Set is a child interface of Collection interface. it can be used to represent a group of

individual objects as a single entity where

 Duplicate objects are not allowed.

 Insertion order is not preserved

Q11. Explain about SortedSet interface?

it is child interface of Set interface. it can be used to represent a group of

individual objects in to a single entity where

 All the objects are arranged in some sorting order (Can be natural sorting
order or customizede).
 Duplicates are not allowed.

Q12. Explain about NavigableSet ?

It is child interface of SortedSet and provides several utility methods for navigation
purposes

 It doesn’t allows duplicates

 Insertion order is preserved
 It is introduced in 1.6 version

Q13. Explain about Queue interface?

If we want to represent a group of individual objects prior to processing, then we

should go for Queue interface. It is child interface of Collection interface.

It has introduced in 1.5 version.

Q14. Explain about Map interface?

Remember it is not a child Interface of Collection Interface and hence Map and
Collection Interfaces doesn’t have any relationship.

 It can be used for representing a group of Objects as key, value pairs.

 Both keys and values should be objects
 Keys can t be duplicated but values can be duplicated.
 it has introduced in 1.2 version

Q15. Explain about SortedMap ?

 If we want to represent a group of objects as key value pairs where all the
entries are arranged according some sorting order of keys then we should go
for SortedMap.
 It is child interface of Map.
 It has introduced in 1.2 version

Q16. Explain about NavigableMap?

 It is child interface of SortedMap and defines several method for navigation

purpose
 It is introduced in 1.6 version

Q17. Explain about ArrayList class?

ArrayList is a Collection which can be used to represent a group of objects as a

single entity.

 it is a implemented class for List interface

 Introduced in 1.2 version
 The underlying data structure is resizable or growable array.
 Insertion order is preserved
 Duplicates are allowed
 Heterogeneous objects are allowed
 null insertion is possible
 This class implements RandomAccess , Serializable , Cloneable interfaces
 Best choice for retrieval purpose and worst if our frequent operation is
insertion or deletion in the middle

Q18. What is RandomAccess Interface?

  If a collection class implements RandomAccess interface then we can access
any of its element with the same speed.
 RandomAccess interface is marker interface and it dosent contains any
methods.
 ArrayList and vector classes implements this interface.

Q19. Explain about LinkedList class?

LinkedList is a Collection implemented class which can be used for representing a

group of objects as a single entity.

 LinkedList is the implemetation class for List interface

 Introduced in 1.2 version
 Underlying data Structure is DoubleLinkedList
 Allows duplicates
 Insertion order is preserved
 Allows heterogeneous objects
 null insertion is possible
 LinkedList class implements Seriallizable and Cloneable interface but not
RandomAccess interface
 Best choice if frequent operation is insertion or deletion an objects in
middle but worst choice if frequent operation is retrieval.

Q20. Explain about Vector class?

Vector is a legacy collection class which can be used to represent a group of

objects.

 Introduced in 1.0 version. it is legacy class

 The underlying data structure is resizable or growable array.
 Insertion order is preserved
 Duplicates are allowed
 Heterogeneous objects are allowed
 It is a implemented class for List interface
 null insertion is possible
 Vector class implements RandomAccess ,Serializable,Cloneable interfaces
 Best Choice if frequent operation is retrieval and worst choice if frequent
operation is insertion or deletion in the middle.
 All methods present in Vector class are synchronized hence Vector class
object is thread safe.
Q21. What is difference between ArrayList and Vector?

Vector
ArrayList
1. No method is synchronized in 1. All methods in Vector are
the ArrayList class synchronized.
2. ArrayList object is not thread 2. Vector is thread safe.
safe.
3. Relatively performance is high 3. Relatively performance is low
4. Introduced in 1.2 version and it 4. Introduced in 1.0 version and it
is non legacy is legacy

Q22. How we can get synchronized version of ArrayList?

Collections class contains synchronizedList() method for this

Public static List synchronizedList(List l)

EX
ArrayList l= new ArrayList();
List l2=Collections.synchronizedList(l);

Similarly we can get synchronized versions of Set and Map objects by the
following methods.

Public static List synchronizedSet(Set s)

Public static List synchronizedMap(Map m)

Q23. What is difference between size and capacity of a Collection Object?

size means number of objects present where as capacity means no of objects it

can accommodate.

Q24. What is difference between ArrayList and Linked List?

ArrayList LinkedList
1. The underlying data structure 1. The underlying data structure
is resizable or growable array. is Double Linked List.
2. This is Best choice if frequent 2. This is Best choice if frequent
operation is retrieval and worst operation is insertion or deletion
choice if frequent operation is in the middle and worst choice if
insertion or deletion in the frequent operation is retrieval .
middle.
3. This class implements 3. This class implements
Serializable , Cloneable and Serializable , Cloneable but
RandomAccess interfaces. not RandomAccess interface.

Q25. What are legacy classes and interfaces present in Collections framework
?

 Enumeration ---Interface
 Dictonary ------Abstract class
 Hashtable -----Concrete class
 Properties -----Concrete class
 Vector -----Concrete class
 Stack -----Concrete class

Q26. what is difference Enumeration and Iterator?

Enumeration Iterator
1. It is legacy interface and 1 It is non-legacy and introduced
introduced in 1.0 version in 1.2 version
2Applicable only for legacy 2Applicable for any Collection
classes and it is not universal implemented class object.
cursor
3While iterating the elements we 3While iterating we can perform
are not allowed to remove the removal also in addition to read
objects just we can perform only operation.
read operation
4By using elements() method we 4. By using iterator() method we
can get Enumeration object can get Iterator
object

Q27. What are limitations of Enumeration?

  While iterating the elements we are not allowed to perform removal
operation
 It is applicable only for legacy classes and it is not a universal cursor.
 It can retrieve the elements only in forward direction

Q28. What is difference between enum and Enumeration?

An enum can be used to define a group of named constants .It has introduced in
1.5 version

Ex
Class Beer{
KO,KF,RC,FO
}

Enumeration is cursor to retrieve Objects one by one from Collection objects.

Q29. What is difference between Iterator and ListIterator?

o ListIterator is the child interface of the Iterator

o Iterator is the single direction cursor where as ListIterator is
bidirectional cursor.
o While iterating the elements by Iterator we can perform only read and
remove operations. But by using ListIterator we can perform
read,removal, replace and addition of new objects also.
o Iterator is applicable for every Collecton implemented class object but
ListIterator is applicable only for List implemented class objects.
o Iterator can be get by using iterator() of Collection interface where as
ListIterator can be get by using listIterator() method of List interface
o both are introduced in 1.2 version

Q30. What is relation between ListIterator and Iterator?

ListIterator is child interface of Iterator

Q31. Explain about HashSet class?

 The underlying data structure is Hashtable

  null values are accepted
 duplicates are not allowed
 insertion order is based on hashcode of the object hence insertion order is
not preserved
 best suitable if frequent operation is search operations
 HashSet class implements Serializable and Cloneable
 it is implementation class for Set interface
 heterogeneous objects are allowed
 it is introduced in 1.2 version

Q32. If we are trying to insert duplicate values in Set what will happen?

If we are trying to insert duplicate objects to the HashSet , we wont get any
compile time or run time errors just the add(Object o) returns false and it doesn’t
add that object.

Q33. What is LinkedHashSet?

It is the child class of HashSet. The main difference between HashSet and
LinkedHashSet is:

In the case of HashSet insertion order is not preserved , but in the case of
LinkedHashSet insertion will be preserved.

Q34. Differences between HashSet and LinkedHashSet?

HashSet LinkedHashSet
1The Underlying datastructure is 1The underlying datastructure is
Hashtable combination of LinkedList and
Hashtable
2Insertion Order is not preserved 2 Insertion order is preserved.
3Introduced in 1.2 version 3 Introduced in 1.4 version

Q35. What are major enhancements in 1.4 version of collection frame work?

LinkedHashSet
LinkedHashMap
IdentityHashMap
Q36. Explain about TreeSet?

It is Collection object which can be used to represent a group of objects according

to some sorting order.

 The underlying datastructure is Balanced tree

 Duplicates are not allowed
 All objects are stored according to some sorting order hence insertion order
is not preserved
 Heterogeneous objects are not allowed violation leads to
ClassCastException
 For an Empty TreeSet as firs element null value can be inserted but after
inserting that first value if we are trying to insert any other objects then we
will get NullPointerException
 For an non empty TreeSet if we are trying to inser null value at run time u
will get NullPointerException

Q37. What are differences between List and Set interfaces?

List Set
1Insertion Order is preserved 1Insertion Order is not preserved
2Duplicate Objects are allowed 2 Duplicate Objects are not
allowed
3The implemented classes are 3 The implemented classes are
ArrayList,LinkedList , Vector HashSet, LinkedHashSet
and Stack classes and Tree

Q38. What is Comparable interface?

 This interface can be used for defining natural sorting order of the objects.
 It is present in java.lang package
 It contains a method public int compareTo(Object obj1)

Q39. What is Comparator interface?

 This interface can be used for implementing customized sorting order.

 It is present in java.util package
 It contains two methods
 o public int compare(Object ,Object)
o public boolean equals(Object)

Q40. What are differences between Comparable and Comparator?

Comparable Comparator
1This can be used for natural 1This can be used for
sorting order implementing customized sorting
2This interface present in 2 This is present in java.util
java.lang package package
3Contains only one method: 3 It contains two methods.
public int compare(Object
public int compareTo(Object ,Object)
obj1) public Boolean equals(Object)
4 It is marker interface 4 It is not a marker interface.

Q41. What is difference between HashSet and TreeSet?

HashSet TreeSet
1The underlying data structure is 1The underlying data structure is
Hashtable balanced tree
2Heterogeneous objects are 2 Heterogeneous objects are
allowed not allowed bydefalut
3Insertion order is not preserved 3 Insertion order is not
and it is based on hashcode of the preserved and all the objects are
objects inserted according to some
sorting order.
4null insertion is possible 4 As the first element only null
insertion is possible and in all
other cases we will get
NullPointerException

Q42. What is Entry interface?

It is inner interface of Map.
In the Map each key value pair is considered as Entry object.

interface Map{
//more code here
interface Entry{
Object getKey()
Object getValue()
Object setValue(Object new)
}
}

Q43. Explain about HashMap?

It is a Map Object which can be used used to represent a group of objects as
key-value pairs.

 The underlying data structure is Hashtable

 Duplicaes keys are not allowed duplicate values are allowed
 Insertion order is not preserved because insertion is based on hashcode of
keys.
 Heterogeneous objects are allowed for both keys and values
 null key is allowed only once
 null values are allowed multiple times
 Introduced in 1.2 version

Q44. Explain about LinkedHashMap?

It is child class of HashMap. It is exactly same as HashMap except the following

difference.

In the case of HashMap the insertion order is not preserved but in the case of
LinkedHashMap insertion order is preserved. Introduced in 1.4 version

Q45. Differences between HashMap and LinkedHashMap ?

HashMap LinkedHashMap
1.The underlying data structure is 1.The underlying data structure is
Hashtable a combination of Hashtable and
linkedlist
2.Insertion order is not preserved 2 Insertion order is preserved
and it is based on hashcode of
keys
3.Introduced in 1.2 version 3 Introduced in 1.4 version.

Q46. Differences between HashMap and Hashtable?

HashMap Hashtable
1.The underlying data structure is 1.The underlying data structure
Hashtable of Hashtable
2.No method is synchronized and 2 .All methods are synchronized
hence HashMap object is not and hence it is thread safe
thread safe
3.Performance is high 3. Performance is low
4.null insertion is possible for 4. null insertion is not possible
both keys and values for both key and value violation
leads to NullPointerException
5.Introduced in 1.2 version and it 5. Introduced in 1.0 version and
is non legacy it is legacy

Q47. What is IdentityHashMap?

It is exactly same as HashMap except the following difference.

In the HashMap JVM uses equals() method to identify duplicate keys but in
the case of IdentityHashMap JVM uses == operator for this.

Q48. What is difference between HashMap and IdentityHashMap?

Refer Q47 for the answer.

Q49. What is WeakHashMap?

It is exactly same as HashMap except the following difference.

 In case of HashMap an Object is not eligible for garbage collection if it is
associated with HashMap even though it dosent have any external references. ie
HashMap dominates garbage collector.

But in case of WeakHashMap , if an Object is not having any external references

then it is always eligible for garabage collectoion even though it is associated with
weakHashMap. ie garbage collector dominates WeakHashMap

Q50. What is difference between HashMap and WeakHashMap?

Refer Q49 for the answer.

Q51. What is TreeMap?

TreeMap can be used to store a group of objects as key-value pairs where all the
entries are arranged according to some sorting order of keys.

 The underlying data structure is RED-BLACK Tree

 Duplicates keys are not allowed but values can be duplicated.
 Insertion order is not preserved because insertion is based on some sorting
order
 If we are depending on Natural sorting order then keys should be
homogeneous(violation leads to ClassCastException) but values need not
homogeneous
 In case of customized sorting order we can insert heterogeneous keys and
values
 For empty TreeMap as first entry with null values are allowed but after
inserting that entry if we are trying to insert any other entry we will get
NullPointerException
 For non empty TreeMap if we are trying to insert null keys we will get
NullPointerException
 There are no restrictions for null values.

Q52. What is Hashtable

Hashtable is a legacy Map and can be used to store objects as key value pairs.

 The underlying data sturucture is Hashtabe

 Duplicates keys are not allowed but duplicate values are allowed
  null insertion is not possible for both keys and values
 all methods are synchronized
 insertion order is not preserved because it is based on hashcode of keys
 heterogeneous Objects are allowed for both keys and values
 introduced in 1.0 version it is legacy class

Q53. What is PriorityQueue?

It represents a data structure to hold group of individual objects prior to processing

based on some priority .it can be natural sorting order and it can be customized
sorting order described by Comparator.
It is the implementation class of Queue interface.

 Insertion order is not preserved because here insertion is done based on

some sorting order
 Duplicates are not allowed
 null insertion is not possible even as first element also
 If we are depending on natural sorting order Objects should be
homogeneous violation leads to ClassCastException
 If we are depending on customized sorting order Objects can be
heterogeneous also.

Q54. What is Arrays class?

 It is utility class for arrays.

 It defines several utility methods for arrays like sorting an array or searching
an element in array
 present in java.util package

Q55. We are planning to do an indexed search in a list of objects. Which of the

two Java collections should you use: ArrayList or LinkedList?
ArrayList
Q56. Why ArrayList is faster than Vector?

All methods present in the Vector are synchronized and hence any method can be
executed by only one thread at a time. It slows down the execution.

But in ArrayList, no method is synchronized and hence multiple thread are

allowed execute simultaneously which speed up the execution.
===========================================================
==========================

INNER CLASSES……………….

1. What is inner class and when we should go for inner classes?

Some times we can declare a class inside another class such type of classes are
called inner classes

Example

Class Car{

//more code here

Class Engine{

//more code here

Without existing Car object there is no chance of existing Engine object, hence
Engine class has declared inside Car class.

2.How many types of inner classes are present?

There are four types of inner classes are present

o Normal or regular inner class

o Method local inner class
o Anonymous inner class
o Static nested class
3.What is method local inner class?

 Sometimes we can declare a class inside a method such type of classes are
called method local

inner classes

 The main purpose of method local inner classes is to define method specific
functionality

The scope of method local inner classes is the scope of the method where it
is declared.

 This is the mostly rarely used type of inner classes.

Example

class Test{

public void m1(){

class Inner {

public void sum(int I,int j){

System.out.println(i+J);

}//sum

}//inner

Inner i=new Inner();

i.sum(10,20);

//more code here

I.sum(100,303);
 //more code here

i.sum(102,84);

}//m1()

Public static void main(){

New Test().m1();

4.What is anonymous inner class?

 Some times we can declare a inner class without name such type of inner
classes are called

anonymous inner classes

 Anonymous inner classes can be divided into 3 categories

 Anonymous inner class that extends a class
 Anonymous inner class that implements an interface
 Anonymous inner class that defines inside a method
argument

ANONYMOUS INNER CLASS THAT EXTENDS A CLASS

Example

Class popcorn{

Public void taste(){

System.out.println(“it is salty”);

}
 //more code here

Class Test{

Public static void main(String[] args)

Popcorn p=new Popcorn()

{ // here we are creating child class for popcorn

Public void taste(){

System.out.println(“it is sweet”);

};//here semicolon indicates we r creating child class

object with parent

// class reference here child class doesn’t contain name

p.taste ()// it is sweet

Popcorn p=new Popcorn();

p1.taste() //it is salty

ANONYMOUS INNER CLASS THAT IMPLEMENTS AN

INTERFACE

example
 class Test{

Public static void main (String [] args){

Runnable r=new Runnable (){

Public void run(){

for (int i=0;i<10;i++){

System.out.printin(“child thread”);

};

Thread t=new Thread(r);

t.start();

for(int i=0;i<10;i++){

System.out.printin(“main thread”);

Don’t become fool that here we are creating object of interface Runnable.Here
we are actually

creating an object of class that is implemented Runnable interface.

ANONYMOUS INNER CLASS THAT DEFINES INSIDE A METHOD

ARGUMENT

Example
 Class Test{

Public static void main (String [] args){

New Thread (new Runnable()

Public void run(){

for(int i=0;i<10;i++){

System.out.printin(“child thread”);

}).start();

for(int i=0;i<10;i++){

System.out.printin(“main thread”);

}//main

}//Test

5. With out having name of class how we can create an object and utilize the
functionality of Anonymous inner class?

By using parent class names

6. What is difference between anonymous inner class and general class?

  A general class can extend only one class at a time of course inner class can
extend only one class at a Time.
 A general class can implement any no of interfaces at a time but a
anonymous inner class can

implement only one interface at a time

 A general class can extend a class and can implement an interface

simultaneously but an

anonymous inner class can extend a class or can implement an interface one
at a time but not

both simultaneously.

7. What is difference between normal inner class and static nested class?

Normal Inner Class Static Nested Class

1. Inner class object 1. Nested class object never
always associated with associated with
outer class object ie
without existing outer outer class object , ie without
class object there is no existing outer class object inner
chance of existing inner class object can exist
class object.

2. Inside normal inner 3. Inside static nested class can

class we can’t declare
static members. declare static members

4. We can’t place main 2. We can place main method in

 method in normal inner static nested class
class and hence and hence innocation of
innocation of inner class nested class directly from
directly command prompt is possible
from command prompt
is not possible.

5. From normal inner class 3. From static nested class we

we can access both can access only static
static and non static member of outer class
members of outer class.

8. What is static nested class ? Why the term nested instead of inner in static
nested class?

Some times we can declare inner class with static modifier such type of
inner class are called static

Nested classes. The term nested instead of static because without existing
outer class object inner

class object can exist.

Example

Class outer {

Static class Nested{

Public static void main (String [] args){

System.out.println (“nested class main ()”);

Public static void main(String[] args){

 System.out.println(“outer class main()”);

 Java Outer

O/P

Outer class main()

 Java Outer$Nested

O/P

Nested class main()

9. Inside inner class is it possible to declare main()?

No it is not possible to declare main () inside inner class but in static nested
class it is possible for

Example refer above code

===========================================================
============================================
EXCEPTION=================================================
=====
Q1.What is an Exception?
Ans. An unwanted, unexpected event that disturbs normal flow of the program is
called Exception. Example: FileNotFondException.

Q2.What is the purpose of Exception Handling?

Ans. The main purpose of Exception Handling is for graceful termination of the
program.

Q3.What is the meaning of Exception Handling?

Ans. Exception Handling doesn’t mean repairing an Exception; we have to define
alternative way to continue rest of the code normally.
Example: If our programming requirement is to read the data from the file locating
at London but at Runtime if London file is not available then we have to use local
file alternatively to continue rest of program normally. This is nothing but
Exception Handling.

Q4.Explain Default Exception Handling Mechanism in java?

Ans. If an exception raised, the method in which it’s raised is responsible for the
creation of Exceptions object by including the following information:

 Name of the Exception

 Description of the Exception
 Stack Trace
 After creating Exception object the method handover it to the JVM.
 JVM checks for Exception Handling code in that method.
 If the method doesn’t contain any Exception handling code then JVM
terminates the method abnormally and removes the corresponding entry
from the stack.
 JVM identify the caller method and checks for Exception Handling code in
that method. If the caller doesn’t contain any exception handling code then
JVM terminates that method abnormally and removes the corresponding
entry from the stack.
 This process will be continue until main() method.
 If the main() method also doesn’t contain exception handling code the JVM
terminates that main() method and removes the corresponding entry from the
stack.
 Just before terminating the program abnormally JVM handovers the
responsibility of exception handling to the Default Exception Handler which
is the component of JVM.
  Default Exception Handler just print exception information to the consol in
the following format

Name of Exception: Description

Stack Trace (Location of the Exception)

Q5.What is the purpose of try?

Ans We should maintain all risky code inside the try block.

Q6. What is the purpose of catch block?

Ans. We have to maintain all Exception Handling code inside the catch block.

Q7. Is try with multiple catch block is possible?

Ans. The way of handling an exception is varied from exception to exception
compulsory we have to write a separate catch block for every exception. Hence try
will multiple catch block is possible and it is recommended to use.
Example:
try{
//Risky code
}
catch(IOException e)
{
//Hndling code for IOException
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
//handling code for AE
}
catch(NullPointerExcetpion e)
{
// handling code for NPE
}
catch(Exception e)
{
//default exception handling code
}
Q8. If try with multiple catch block present is order of catch blocks important
in which order we have to take?
Ans. If try with multiple catch block present then the order of catch block is very
important it should be from child to parent but not from parent to child.

Q9. What are various methods to print Exception information? and

differentiate them.

Ans.

Throwable class defines the following method to print exception or error

information .
1. printStackTrace() :- This method print exception information in the following
format.

Name of the Exception: Description

StackTrace

2. toString():- This method print exception information in the following format.

Name of the Exception: Description

3. getMessage():- This method prints only description of the exception.

Description

Q10.If an exception rised inside catch block then what will happen?
Ans. If an exception raised inside catch block and it is not part of any try block
then it is always abnormal termination.

Q11. Is it possible to take try, catch inside try block?

Ans. Yes, It is possible to take try, catch inside try block. That is nesting of try
catch is possible.

Q12.Is it possible to take try, catch inside catch block?

Ans. Yes, It is possible to take try, catch inside catch block.
Q13. Is it possible to take try without catch?
Ans. Yes, it is possible to take try without catch but compulsory finally block
should be available.

Q14. What is the purpose of finally block?

Ans. The main purpose of finally block is, to maintain the cleanup code. This
block will execute always.

Q15. Is finally block will be execute always?

Ans. Yes finally block will be executed always irrespective of whether exception
raised or not raised whether exceptions are handled or not handle. There is one
situation where the finally block won’t be executed if the JVM is going to be
shutdown.

Q16. In which situation finally block will not executed?

Ans. There is one situation where the finally block won’t be executed if we are
using system.exit(0) explicitly then JVM itself will be shutdown and there is no
chance of executing finally block.

Q17. If return statement present inside try is finally block will be executed?
Ans. Yes, if return statement present inside try, then also finally block will be
executed. finally block will dominate return statement also.

Q18. What is the difference between final, finally and finalize()?

Ans. final:- final is a modifier applicable for variables, methods and classes. final
variable means constant and reassignment is not possible. final method means
implementation is final in the child classes we can’t override. final classmeans it
won’t participate in inheritance and child class creation is not possible.
finally:- It is a block associated with try catch to maintain cleanup code. Finally
block will be executed always irrespective of whether exception is raised or not
raised or whether the exception is handle or not handle.
finalize():- It is a method, Garbage collector always calls this method just before
destroying any object to perform cleanup activities.

Q19. Is it possible to write any statement between try-catch and finally?

Ans. No, it is not possible to write any statement between try catch and finally. If
we will try to write any statement between them then we will get compile time
error.
Q20. Is it possible to take two finally blocks for the same try?
Ans. No, it is not possible to take two finally blocks for the same try. If we try to
take then we will get compile time error.

Q21. Is syntax try-finally-catch is valid ?

Ans. No, this syntax is not valid. It should be like try-catch-finally then only code
will compile.
Q22. What is the purpose of throw?
Ans. Sometimes we can create Exception object explicitly and we can handover
that exception object to the JVM explicitly by throw keyword.
The purpose of throw keyword is to handover our created exception object
explicitly to the JVM.
Example1:
class Test{
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println(10/0);
}
}
In this case ArithmeticException object created implicitly and handover
to the JVM automatically by the main method.

Example2:
Class Test{
Public static void main(String[] args){
Throw new ArithmeticException(“/by Zero”);
}
}
In this case creation of an exception object and handover to the JVM
explicitly by the programmer.

Q23. Is it possible to throw an Error?

Ans. Yes, It is possible to throw any Throwable type including Error.

Q24. Is it possible to throw any java object?

Ans. No, we can use throw keyword only for throwable objects otherwise we will
get compile time error saying incompatible type.
Q25. After throw is it allow to take any statement directly?
Ans. After throw statement we are not allow to place any statement directly
violation leads to compile time error saying Unreachable Statement.
Q26. What is the purpose of throws?
Ans. The main purpose of throws keyword is to delegate the responsibilities of
exception handling to the caller. It requires in the case of checked exception.
Q27. What is the difference between throw and throws?
Ans. Sometimes we can create Exception object explicitly and we can handover
that exception object to the JVM explicitly by throw keyword.The main purpose of
throw keyword is to handover our created exception object explicitly to the JVM.
The main purpose of throws keyword is to delegate the responsibilities of
exception handling to the caller. It requires in the case of checked exception.

Q28. What is the difference between throw and thrown?

Ans. There is no terminology of thrown in java.

Q29. Is it possible to use throws keyword for any java class?

Ans. No, we can use throws keyword only for Throwable classes. Otherwise we
will get compile time error saying Incompatible types.
Q30. If we are taking catch block for an exception but there is no chance of
rising that exception in try then what will happen?
Ans. If there is no chance of raising an exception in try then we are not allow to
write catch block for that exception violation leads to compile time error. But this
rule is applicable only for fully checked exception.
Q31. Explain Exception Handling keyword?
Ans. Exception Handling keyword:
Try :- To maintain Risky code.
Catch:- To maintain Exception Handling code.
Finally:- To maintain the clean up code.
Throw:- To handover our created exception object to the JVM explicitly.
Throws:- To delegate the responsibilities of Exception Handling to the
caller.

Q32. Which class act as root for entire java Exception hierarchy?
Ans. Throwable class act as root for entire java Exception hierarchy.
Q33. What is the difference between Error and Exception?
Ans. Throwable class contain two child classes.
Exception:- These are mostly caused by our program and are recoverable.
Error:- These are not caused by our program, mostly caused by lake of
system resources. These are non recoverable.

Q34. What is difference between checked exception and unchecked

exception?
Ans. The exceptions which are checked by the compiler for smooth execution of
the program at Runtime is called checked exception. Example: IOException,
InterruptedException.The exceptions which are not checked by the compiler are
called unchecked exception. Example: ArithmeticException,RuntimeException.
Q35.What is difference between partially checked and fully checked
Exception?
Ans. A checked exception is said to be fully checked if and only if all the child
classes also checked otherwise it is called partially checked exception.
Example:
IOException:- fully checked exception
Exception:- partially checked exception
Throwable:- partially checked exception
RuntimeException:- unchecked exception

Q36. What is a customized Exception?

Ans. Sometimes based on our programming requirement we have to create our
own exception such type of exception are called customize Exception.
Example:
TooYoungException
TooOldException
InsufficientFundException

Q37. Explain the process of creating the customized Exception.

Ans. Creating customized Exception:
Class TooYoungException extends RuntimeException{
TooYoungExcetpion(String desc){
Super(desc);
}
}
Class TooOldException extends RuntimeException
{
TooOldException(String desc){
super(desc);
}
}
Class custExcepiton{
Public static void main(String[] args){
Int age=Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
If(age>60)
{
Throw new TooYoungException(“Please wait some more time, definitely you will
get best match”);
}
Else if(age<18)
{
Throw new TooOldException(“Your age is already crossed of marriage, no chance
to getting marriage”);
}
Else
{
System.out.println(“Congratulation! You will get match details
soon by your email”);
}
}

Q38. Explain control flow in try, catch, finally.

Ans. Try{
Statement1;
Statement2;
Statement3;
}
Catch(X e){
Statement4;
}
Finally{
Statement5;
}
Statement6;
Case1:
If there is no Exception then output is
Statement1
Statement2
Statement3
Statement5
Statement6
Normal termination
Case2:
If an exception raised at statement2 and corresponding catch block has matched
then output is
Statement1
Statement4
Statement5
Statement5
Normal termination
Case3:
An exception raised at statement2 and corresponding catch has not matched then
output is
Statement1
Statement5
Abnormal termination
Case4:
An exception occurs at statement4 it always Abnormal termination but before that
finally block will be executed and output is
Statement1
Statement2
Statement5
Abnormal termination
Case5:
If an exception raised at statement5 or statement6, it is always abnormal
termination.
Q39. Can you give the most common occurred exception in your previous
project.
Ans. NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutofBoundException,
StackOverFlowError, ClassCastException, NoClassDefFoundError,
ExceptionInitilizerError, IllegalArgumentException, NumberFormatException,
IllegalStateException, AssertionError.
Q40. Explain the cases where you used Exception Handling in your previous
project?
===========================================================
============================================== Multi
Threading=================================

Q1. What is Multitasking?

Ans. Executing several task simultaneously is called multitasking.

Q2. What is the difference between process-based and Thread-based

Multitasking?
Ans.

Process-based multitasking:- Executing several task simultaneously where each

task is a separate independent process such type of multitasking is called process
based Multitasking. Example:-While typing a program in the editor we can listen
MP3 audio songs. At the same time we download a file from the net. all these
task are executing simultaneously and each task is a separate independent program.
hence it is process based multitasking. It is best suitable at operating system level.

Thread-based multitasking:- Executing several task simultaneously where each

task is a separate independent part of the same program is called Thread-based
multitasking. and every independent part is called a thread. This type of
multitasking is best suitable at programmatic level.

Q3. What is Multithreading and explain its application areas?

Ans. Executing several thread simultaneously where each thread is a separate
independent part of the same program is called multithreading. Java language
provides inbuilt support for multithreading by defining a reach library, classes and
interfaces like Thread, ThreadGroup, Runnable etc. The main important
application area of multithreading are video games implementation, animation
development, multimedia graphics etc.

Q4.What is advantage of Multithreading?

Ans. The main advantage of multithreading is reduces response time and improves
performance of the system.
Q5. When compared with C++ what is the advantage in java with respect to
Multithreading?
Ans. Java language provides inbuilt support for multithreading by defining a reach
library, classes and interfaces like Thread, Thread Group, Runnable etc. But in c++
there is no inbuilt support for multithreading.
Q6. In how many ways we can define a Thread? Among extending Thread
and implementing Runnable which is recommended?
Ans. We can define a Thread in the following two ways:

1. by extending Thread class or

2. by implementing Runnable interface.

Among the two ways of defining a thread implementing Runnable mechanism is

always recommended. In the first approach as our Thread class already extending
Thread there is no chance of extending any other. Hence, we missing the key
benefit of oops (inheritance properties).

Q7. What is the difference between t.start() and t.run () method?

Ans. In the case of t.start () method, a new thread will be created which is
responsible for the execution of run () method.
But in the case of t.run () method no new thread will be created main
thread executes run () method just like a normal method call.
Q8. Explain about Thread Scheduler?

Ans. If multiple threads are waiting for getting the chance for executing then
which thread will get chance first decided by Thread Scheduler. It is the part of
JVM and its behavior is vendor dependent and we can’t expect exact output.
Whenever the situation comes to multithreading the guarantee behavior is very-
very low.

Q9. If we are not overriding run () method what will happened?

Ans. If we are not overriding run () method then Thread class run () method will
executed which has empty implementation and hence we will not get any output.

Q10. Is overloading of run() method is possible?

Ans. Yes, we can overload run() method but Thread class start() method always
invokes no-argument run() method only. The other run() method we have to call
explicitly then only will be executed.

Q11.Is it possible to override start() method?

Ans. Yes it is possible. But not recommended.

Q12.If we are overriding start() method then what will happen?

Ans. It we are overriding start() method then our own start() method will be
executed just like a normal method call. In this case no new Thread will be created.

Q13. Explain life cycle of a Thread?

Ans. Once we create a Thread object then the Thread is said to be in New/Born
state once we call t.start() method now the Thread will be entered into
ready/Runnable state that is Thread is ready to execute. If Thread Scheduler
allocates CPU now the Thread will entered into the Running state and start
execution of run() method. After completing run() method the Thread entered into
Dead State.

Q14. What is the importance of Thread class start() method?

Ans. Start() method present in Thread class performing all low level joining
formalities for the newly created thread like registering thread with Thread
Scheduler etc and then start() method invoking run() method. As the start ()
method is doing all low level mandatory activities, Programmer has to concentrate
only on run () method to define the job. Hence, start() method is a big assistant to
the programmer. Without executing Thread class start () method there is no chance
of starting a new Thread.
Q15. After starting a Thread if we trying to restart the same thread once
again what will happen?
Ans. After starting a Thread restarting of the same Thread once again is not
allowed violation leads to Runtime Exception saying IllegalThreadStateException.
Q16. Explain Thread class constructors?
Ans. There are eight constructors are available in Thread class:
1. Thread t=new Thread ();
2. Thread t=new Thread (Runnable r);
3. Thread t=new Thread (String name);
4.Thread t=new Thread (Runnable r, String name);
5.Thread t=new Thread (ThreadGroup g, String name);
6.Thread t=new Thread (ThreadGroup g, Runnable r);
7.Thread t=new Thread (ThreadGroup g, Runnable r, String name);
8.Thread t=new Thread (ThreadGroup g, Runnable r, String name, long stacksize);

Q17. How to get and set name of a Thread?

Ans. For every Thread in java there is a name. To set and get the name of a
Thread we can use the following methods. All methods are final.
1. Public final void setName (String name); - To set the name of a Thread
2. Public final String getName (); - To get the name of a Thread.

Q18. What is the range of Thread priority in java?

Ans. The valid range of a Thread priority is 1-10. (1 is least priority and 10 is
highest priority)
.
Q19. Who uses Thread priority?
Ans. Thread Scheduler uses priorities while allocating CPU. The Thread which is
having highest priority will get chance first for execution.

Q20. What is the default priority of the Thread?

Ans. The default priority only for the main thread is 5 but for all remaining
threads default priority will be inheriting from parent to child. Whatever priority
parent thread has the same will be inherited to the child thread.

Q21. Once we created a new Thread what about its priority?

Ans. Whatever priority parent thread has the same will be inherited to the new
child thread.
Q22. How to get and set priority of a Thread?
Ans. To get and set priority of a Thread, Thread class defines the following two
methods:;

1. Public final int

getPriority();
2. Public final void setPriority(int priority);

Q23. If we are trying to set priority of a Thread as 100 what will happen?
Ans. If we are trying to set priority of a Thread as 100 then we will not get any
compile time error but at the runtime we will get Runtime exception
IllegalArgumentException. Because the valid range of the Thread priority is (1-10)
only.

Q24. If two threads having same priority then which thread will get chance
first for execution?
Ans. If two threads having same priority then which thread will get the chance
first for execution decided by Thread Scheduler. It is the part of JVM and its
behavior is vendor dependent and we can’t expect exact output.

Q25. If two threads having different priority then which thread will get
chance first for execution?
Ans. If two threads having different priority then the Thread which is having
highest priority will get chance first for execution.

Q26 .How we can prevent a thread from execution?

Ans. We can prevent a Thread from execution by using the following methods:

1. Yield()
2. Join()
3. Sleep()

Q27. What is yield () method? Explain its purpose?

Ans. yield () method causes the current executing thread to pause execution and
give the chance for waiting thread are same priority. If there is no waiting thread or
all the remaining waiting thread have low priority then the same thread will get
chance once again for execution. The Thread which is yielded when it will get
chance once again for execution depends upon mercy of Thread scheduler. Public
static native void yield ();

Q28.What is purpose of join () method?

Ans. If a Thread wants to wait until some other Thread completion then we should
go for join() method.
 Example: if a Thread t1 execute t2.join() ; then t1 will entered into waiting
state until t2 Thread completion.

Q29. Is join () method is overloaded?

Ans. Yes join() method is overloaded method.
Public final void join () throws InterruptedException
By using this method thread will wait up to another thread
completion .

Public final void join(long ms) throws InterruptedException

By using this method thread will wait upto sometime what we are passing as a
argument in millisecond

Public final void join(long ms, int ns)throws InterruptedException

By using this method thread will wait up to sometime what we are passing as a
argument in millisecond and nanosecond.

Q30 What is the purpose of sleep () method?

Ans. If a Thread don’t want to perform any operation for a particular amount of
time then we should go for sleep() method. Whenever we are using sleep() method
compulsory we should handle InterruptedException either by using try-catch or by
using throws keyword otherwise we will get compile time error.

Q31. What is synchronized keyword? Explain its advantages and

disadvantages.
Ans. Synchronized keyword is applicable for method and blocks only. We
can’t use for variables and classes.
If a method declared as a synchronized then at a time only one Thread is
allow to execute that method on the given object.
The main advantages of synchronized keyword are, we can prevent data
inconsistency problems and we can provide Threadsafty.
But the main limitation of synchronized keyword is it increases waiting
time of Threads and effect performance of the system. Hence if there is no specific
requirement it is not recommended to use synchronized keyword.

Q32.Where we can use synchronized keyword?

Ans. Synchronization concept is applicable whenever multiple Threads are
operating on the same object simultaneously. But whenever multiple Threads are
operating on different objects then there is no impact of synchronization.

Q33. What is object lock? Explain when it is required?

Ans. Every object in java has a unique lock whenever we are using
synchronization concept then only lock concept will coming to the picture.
If a Thread wants to execute a synchronized method first it has to get the lock of
the object. Once a Thread got the lock then it is allow to execute any synchronized
method on that object. After completing synchronized method execution Thread
releases the lock automatically. While a Thread executing synchronized method on
the given object the remaining Threads are not allow to execute any synchronized
method on that object simultaneously. But remaining Threads are allow to execute
any non-synchronized method simultaneously. (Lock concept is implemented
based on object but not based on method.)
Q34.What is the class level lock? Explain its purpose.
Ans. Every class in java has a unique lock if a Thread wants to execute static
synchronized method that Thread has to get class level lock once a Thread got
class level lock then only it is allow to execute static synchronized
method.
While a Thread executing any static synchronized method then remaining Threads
are not allow to execute any static synchronized method of the same class
simultaneously. But the remaining Threads are allow to execute the following
method simultaneously:

1. Any static non-synchronized method.

2. Synchronized instance methods
3. Non-synchronized instance method.

There is no relationship between object lock and class level lock, both
are independent.

Q35. While a thread executing any synchronized method on the given object is
it possible to execute remaining synchronized method of the same object
simultaneously by any other thread?
Ans. No, it is no possible.
Q36. What is the difference between synchronized method and static
synchronized method?
Ans. If a Thread wants to execute a synchronized method first it has to get
the lock of the object. Once a Thread got the lock then it is allow to execute
any synchronized method on that object. If a Thread wants to execute static
synchronized method that Thread has to get class level lock once a Thread got
class level lock then only it is allow to execute static synchronized method.

Q37. What is the advantage of synchronized block over synchronized method?

Ans. If very few lines of the code required synchronization then declaring entire
method as the synchronized is not recommended. We have to declare those few
lines of the code inside synchronized block. This approach reduces waiting time of
the Thread and improves performance of the system.

Q38. What is synchronized statement?

Ans. The Statement which is inside the synchronized area (synchronized method
or synchronized block) is called synchronized statement.

Q39. How we can declare synchronized block to get class level lock?
Ans. To get the class level lock we can declare synchronized block as follows:
synchronized(Display.class)
{
}

Q40. How two thread will communicate with each other?

Ans. Two Threads will communicate with each other by using wait(), notify(),
notifyAll() methods.

Q41. wait(), notify(), notifyAll() method can available in which class?

Ans. These methods are defined in Object class.

Q42.Why wait(), notify(), notifyAll() method defines in object class instead of

Thread class?
Ans. These methods are defined in Object class but not in Thread because Threads
are calling this method on the shared object.

Q43.If a waiting thread got notification then it will entered into which state?
Ans. It will entered into another waiting state to get lock.
Q44.In which method threads can release the lock?
Ans. Once a Thread calls wait() method it immediately releases the lock of that
object and then entered into waiting state similarly after calling notify() method
Thread releases the lock but may not immediately. Except these three methods(
wait(), notify(), notifyAll() ) method Thread never releases the lock anywhere else.

Q45. Explain wait(), notify(), notifyAll() method uses.

Ans. Two Threads will communicate with each other by using wait(), notify() or
notifyAll() methods.
These methods are defined in Object class but not in Thread because Threads
are calling this method.

Q46. What is the difference between notify() and notifyAll()?

Ans. To give notification to the single waiting Thread. We use notify() method
and to give notification to all waiting thread we use notifyAll() method.

Q47. Once a Thread got the notification then which waiting thread will get
chance?
Ans. It is depends on the Thread Scheduler.

Q48. How a thread can interrupt another thread?

Ans. A Thread can interrupt another Thread by using interrupt() method.

Q49. What is DeadLock? Is it possible to resolve DeadLock situation?

Ans. If two Threads are waiting for each other forever such type of situation is
called DeadLock.
For the DeadLock, there are no resolution techniques but prevention
techniques are available.

Q50. Which keyword causes DeadLock situation?

Ans. Synchronized keyword is the thing to causes of DeadLock. If we are not
using properly synchronized keyword the program will entered into DeadLock
situation.

Q51. How we can stop a thread explacitly?

Ans. Thread class defines stop() method by using this method we can stop a
Thread. But it is deprecated. And hence not recommended to use.

Q52. Explain about suspend() and resume() method?

Ans. A Thread can suspend another Thread by using suspend() method.
A Thread can resume a suspended Thread by using resume() method.

Q53.What is Starvation()? And Explain the difference between Deadlock and

Starvation?
Ans. A long waiting Thread is said to be in starvation (because of least priority)
but after certain time defiantly it will get the chance for execution. But in the case
of Deadlock two Threads will wait for each other forever. It will never get the
chance for execution.
Q54. What is race condition?
Ans. Multiple Threads are accessing simultaneously and causing data
inconsistency problem is called race condition, we can resolve this by using
synchronized keyword.
Q55. What is Daemon Thread? And give an example?
Ans. The Threads which are running in the background are called Daemon
Thread.
Example: Garbage collector.
Q56. What is the purpose of a Daemon Thread?
Ans. The main purpose of Daemon Threads is to provide support for non-daemon
Threads.

Q57. How we can check Daemon nature of a Thread?

Ans. We can check Daemon nature of a Thread by using isDaemon() method.
Q58. Is it possible to change a Daemon nature of a Thread?
Ans. Yes, we can change Daemon nature of a Thread by
using setDaemon() method.
Q59. Is main thread is Daemon or non-daemon?
Ans. By default main thread is always non-daemon nature.
Q60. Once we created a new thread is it daemon or non-daemon.
Ans. Once we created a new Thread, The Daemon nature will be inheriting from
parent to child. If the parent is Daemon the child is also Daemon and if the parent
is non-daemon then child is also non-daemon.
Q61. After starting a thread is it possible to change Daemon nature?
Ans. We can change the Daemon nature before starting the Thread only. Once
Thread started we are not allow to change Daemon nature otherwise we will get
RuntimeException sying IllegalThreadStateException.
Q62. When the Daemon thread will be terminated?
Ans. Once last non-daemon Thread terminates automatically every Daemon
Thread will be terminated.
Q63. What is green Thread?
Ans. A green thread refers to a mode of operation for the Java Virtual Machine
(JVM) in which all code is executed in a single operating system thread. If the Java
program has any concurrent threads, the JVM manages multi-threading internally
rather than using other operating system threads.
There is a significant processing overhead for the JVM to keep track of thread
states and swap between them, so green thread mode has been deprecated and
removed from more recent Java implementations.
Q64.Explain about Thread group?
Ans. Every Java thread is a member of a thread group. Thread groups provide a
mechanism for collecting multiple threads into a single object and manipulating
those threads all at once, rather than individually. For example, you can start or
suspend all the threads within a group with a single method call. Java thread
groups are implemented by the ThreadGroup api class in the java.lang package.

Q65.What is the Thread Local?

Ans. It's a way for each thread in multi-threaded code to keep its own copy of an
instance variable. Generally, instance variable are shared between all threads that
use an object; ThreadLocal is a way for each thread to keep its own copy of such a
variable. The purpose might be that each thread keeps different data in that
variable, or that the developer wants to avoid the overhead of synchronizing access
to it.
Q66. In your previous project where you used multithreading concept?
===========================================================
===============================================JDBC=======
===============================

1: What is the difference between Database and Database management

system?
Ans: Database is a collection of interrelated data. Database management system
is a software which can be used to manage the data by storing it on to the data base
and by retrieving it from the data base. And DBMS is a collection of interrelated
data and some set of programs to access the data.

There are 3 types of Database Management Systems.

 Relational DataBase Management Systems(RDBMS): It is a software

system, which can be used to represents data in the form of tables. RDBMS
will use SQL2 as a Queries language.
 Object Oriented DataBase Management Systems(OODBMS): It is a
software system, which can be used to represent the data in the form of
objects. This DBMS will use OQL as a Query language.
 Object Relational DataBase Management Systems(ORDBMS): It is a
DBMS which will represents some part of the data in the form of tables and
some other part of the data in the form of objects. This management system
will use SQL3 as a Query Language, it is a combination of SQL2 and OQL.

2: How a query could be executed when we send a query to Database?

When we send an SQL Query from SQL prompt to the DataBaseEngine, then
Database Engine will take the following steps.

 Query Tokenization: This phase will take SQL query as an input and divide
into stream of tokens.
 Query Parsing: This phase will take stream of tokens as an input, with them
it tried to construct a query tree. If query parser constructs query tree
successfully then it was an indication that no grammatical mistakes in the
 taken SQL query. Otherwise there are some syntactical errors in the taken
SQL query.
 Query Optimization: This phase will take query tree as an input and
performs number of query optimization mechanisms to reduce execution
time and memory utilization.
 Query Execution: This phase will take optimized query as an input and
executes that SQL query by using interpreters internally as a result we will
get some output on the SQL prompt.

3: What is Driver? How many Drivers are available in JDBC? What are the
types?

 It is a process of interacting with the database from a java application.

 In JDBC applications we must specify the complete database logic in java
application as for the java API representations, later on we need to send java
represented database logic to the database engine(DBE).
 DBE must execute the database logic but it was configured as per the java
representations but DBE able to understand only Query Language
representations.
 At the above situation if we want to execute our database logic, we need to
use one interface in between java application and the database, that interface
must convert java representations to query language representations and
query language representations to java representations. Now this interface is
called as a “Driver”.

Driver:

 It is software or an interface existed in between a java application and

database, which will map java api calls with query language api calls and
vice versa.
 Initially sun Microsystems has provided “driver interface” to the market
with this sun Microsystems has given an intimation to all the database
vendors to have their own implementation as per their requirements for the
Driver interface.
 As a response all the database vendors are providing their own
implementation for the Driver interface inorder to interact with the
respective databases from a java application.
 The users of the respective databases they must get the respective database
provided Driver implementation from the database software and make use as
 part of the JDBC applications to interact with the respective databases form
a java application.

Types of Drivers:
There are 180+ number of Drivers in the market. But all these Drivers
could be classified into the following 4 types.

 Type 1 Driver
 Type 2 Driver
 Type 3 Driver
 Type 4 Driver

Type 1 Driver:

o Type 1 Driver is also called as Jdbc-Odbc Driver or Bridge Driver.

o Jdbc-Odbc Driver is an implementation to Driver interface provided
by the sun Microsystems along with the java software.
o Jdbc-Odbc Driver internally depends on the Microsoft product Odbc
Driver.
o Odbc is nothing but open database connectivity. It is a open
specification which can be used to interact with any type of databases.

Advantages:

 This Driver is already available with java software that’s why no need to
bother about how to get the Driver implementation explicitily.
 Allmost all the databases could support this Driver.

Dis advantages:

 This Driver internally depends on Odbc Driver that’s why it is not suitable
for internet or web applications or network applications.
 This Driver is a slower Driver, why because Jdbc-Odbc Driver will convert
java calls to Odbc calls. Then Odbc Driver has to convert Odbc calls to
query language calls.
 This driver is not portable Driver why because it was not complete the java
implementations in Jdbc-Odbc Driver.
 It we want to use Jdbc-Odbc Driver in our jdbc applications then we must
require to install Odbc-Native Library.

Type 2 Driver:
 Type 2 Driver is also called as “part java part native Driver”. i.e., this
Driver was designed by using some part of the java implementations and some
other part of the database vendor provided native implementations. This Driver is
also called as “native driver”.

Advantages:
When compared to Type 1 driver it is efficient driver why because Type 2
driver directly will convert java api calls to database vendor api calls.

Dis advantages:

 If we want to use Type 2 Driver in our Jdbc applications then we must

require to install database vendor native api.
 It is a costful Driver.
 It is not suitable for web applicadtions, distributed applications and web
applications.
 Type 2 Driver performance is low when compared to Type 3 and Type 4
drivers.
 This driver is not portable driver. Why because this driver was not designed
completely in java technology.

Type 3 Driver:

o It is also called as middleware database access server driver.

o This driver could be used to interact with multiple databases from the
multiple clients.
o This driver could be used in collaboration with application server.
o This driver is suggestable for network applications.

Advantages:

 It is a fastest driver among all the drivers available in the market.

 To use Type 3 driver in our jdbc applications it is not required to install odbc
native library and database native library.
 It is very much suitable for network applications.

Dis advantages:

 This driver is not suitable for simple jdbc applications.

 This driver requires minimum 3-Tier Architecture.
  When compared to Type1 and Type2 drivers.. Type3 driver is efficient and
portable. But when compared to Type4 driver, Type3 driver is not portable.

Type 4 Driver:

o This driver is also called as pure java driver i.e, this driver was
completely implemented by using java technology.
o When compared to Type1, Type2 and Type3 drivers.. Type4 driver is
portable driver.
o Type4 driver can be used for any kind of applications.
o Type4 driver is a cheapest driver when compared to all the drivers
that’s why it is frequently used driver.

4: What is JDBC and What are the steps to write a JDBC application?

The process of interacting with the database from a java application is called as
JDBC(Java Database Connectivity)
To interact with the database from a java application we will use the following
five steps.

1. load and register the driver.

2. Establish a connection between java application and the database.
3. prepare either statement object or PreparedStatement object or
CallebleStatement object as per the application requirements.
4. write and executer the sql queries.
5. terminate the connection which we have established.

5: How to load a JDBC driver?

o In general sun Microsystems has provided Driver interface for this all
the database vendors has provided their own implementation.
o If we want to use the database vendor provided Driver implementation
to our jdbc application, first we need to make the availability of the
respective Driver’s .class file to JVM, for this we need to set class
path environment variable to the location where we have the driver
implementation.
o Sun Microsystems is also provided an implementation to the Driver
interface in the form of JdbcOdbcDriver class as part of the java
software.
 o If we want to use JdbcOdbcDriver in our jdbc applications no need to
set class path environment variable. Why because it was already
available in the java software’s pre-defined library.
o JdbcOdbcDriver internally depends on the mocrosoft product Odbc
driver. If we want to use the JdbcOdbcDriver in our jdbc applications
first we must configure Odbc driver, for this we will use the following
path.

Start/ conrlol panel / performance and maintenance / administrative tools / data

source(Odbc)/ user dsn / click on Add / select microsofr Odbc for oracle / finish /
provide data source name only / click on ok / ok.

 To load the driver’s class byte code to the memory we will use the following
method.

Public void forName(String class name)

Eg: Class.forName(“sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver”);

Where forName() is a static method, which can be used to load the respective
driver class byte code to the memory.

 Each and every driver class has already a static block at the time of loading
the respective driver class byte code to the memory automatically the
available static block could be executed, by
this DriverManager.registerDriver(….) method will be executed as part of
the static block.
 By the execution of the registerDriver(….) method automatically the
specified driver will be register to the jdbc application.
 If you want to design any jdbc application, we need to use some pre-defined
library, which was provided by the Jdbc API in the form of java.sql package,
that’s why we need to import java.sql package in our jdbc application.

Note:- The best alternative for Class.forName(..) is

DriverManagre.registerDriver(new sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver());
To register the driver.

6: How to establish a Database connection between java application and

Database?
If we want to establish a connection between java application and the database we
will the following piece of code.

Connection con=
DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:odbc:nag”,”nag”,”system”,”manager”);

Where getConnectin() is a static method from DriverManager class, which can be

used to return connection object.

7: Basically Connection is an interface, how getConnection() will create an

object for
Connection interface?
Ans: Connection is an interface from java.sql package, for which
getConnection(_) was return an anonymous inner class object of the Connection
interface.

Note:- Anonymous inner class is a nameless inner class, which can be sued to
provide an implementation either for the interfaces or for abstract classes.

Eg: interface I
{
void m1();
}
Class Outer
{
I i = new I(){
public void m1()
{

}
public void m2()
{

}
}
}
Outer o = new Outer();
o.i.m1(); à correct
o.i.m2(); à wrong
 getConnection(_) is a static method from DriverManager class,
which will call internally connect() method, this connect() will establish a virtual
socket connection in between the java application and the database.
8: What is the requirement to use Statement object?

 After establishing a connection between java application and the database

we need to write the sql queries and we need to execute them.
 To execute the sql queries we will use some pre-defined library, which was
defined in the form of Statement object, PreparedStattement object and
CallableStatement object.
 As per the application requirements we need to create either Statement
object or CallableStatement object and PreparedStatement object.
 To create Statement object dwe will use the following method from
connection object.

public Statement createStatement()

Eg: Statement st = con.createStatement();
9: How to execute SQL Queries from a java application?

To execute the sql queries we will use the following methods from Statement
object.

 st.executeQuery(…)
 st.executeUpdate(…)
 st.execute(…)

10: What are the differences between executeQuery(…), executeUpdate(…) and

execute(…)
methods?
Ans: where executeQuery() can be used to execute selection group sql queries to
fetch the data from database.
When we use selection group sql query with executeQuery() then JVM will send
that sql query to the database engine, database engine will execute it, by this
database engine(DBE) will fetch the data from database and send back to the java
application.
Java is a purely object oriented technology. That’s why the jdbc application will
maintain the fetched data from database, in the form of an object at heap memory,
called as ResultSet object.

public ResultSet executeQuery(String sqlquery)

 where executeUpdate() can be used to execute updation group sql query to
update the database. When we provide updation group sql query as a parameter to
executeUpdate(), then JVM will send that sql query to DBE, here DBE will
execute it and perform updations on the database, by this DBE will identify the
number of records got updated value called as “records updated count” and return
back to the java application.

public int executeUpdate(String sqlquery)

where execute() can be used to execute either selection group sql queries or
updation group queries.
When we use selection group sql query with the execute() then we will get
ResultSet object at heap memory with the fetched data. But execute() will return
“true” as a Boolean value.
When we use updation group sql query with execute() then we will get “
records updated count value” at jdbc application. But execute() will return “false”
as a Boolean value.

public boolean execute(String sqlquery)

11: How to create a table dynamically from a jdbc application?.

//import section
import java.sql.*;
import java.io.*;

public class CreateTableEx

{
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{
//create buffered reader object
BufferedReader br = new
BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

//load and register the driver

Class.forName(“sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver”);
 //establish connection
Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:odbc:nag”,”system”,”durga”);

//create statement object

Statement st = con.createStatement();

//take table name as dynamic input

System.out.println(“Enter table name”);
String tname = br.readLine();

//execute sql query

St.executeUpdate(“create table”+tname+”(eno number,ename
varchar2(10),esal number,eaddr varchar2(10))”);

System.out.println(“table created successfully”);

//closing the connection

con.close();
}
}

12: How to insert records into a table from a JDBC application?

import java.sql.*;
import java.io.*;
public class InsertTableEx
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
Class.forName(“oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver”);
Connection
con = DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:x
e”,”system”,”durga”);
Statement st = con.createStatement();
while(true)
{
System.out.println(“Enter emp number”);
Int eno = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
 System.out.println(“Enter emp name”);
String ename = br.readLine();
System.out.println(“Enter emp sal”);
Float esal = Float.parseFloat(br.readLine());
System.out.println(“Enter emp address”);
String eaddr = br.readLine();
st.executeUpdate(“insert into emp1
values(“+eno+”,’”+ename+”’,”+esal+”,’”+eaddr+”’)”);
System.out.println(“read successfully inserted”);
System.out.println(“one more record[y/n]);
String option = br.readLine();
If(option.equals(“n”))
break;
}
}
}

13: How to update a table from a jdbc application?.

import java.sql.*;
public class UpdateTableEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{
//load n register the driver in alternative way to Class.forName
DriverManager.registerDriver(new oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver());

Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xee”,”system”,”
durga”);

Statement st = con.createStatement();
int updateCount = st.executeUpdate(“update emp1 set esal = esal+500 where
esal<9000”);
System.out.println(“records updated……..”+updateCount);

con.close();
}
}

14: How to delete records from a table from jdbc application?.

import java.sql.*;
public class DeleteTableEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{
Class.forName(“oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver”);

Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe”,”system”,”d
urga”);

Statement st = con.createStatement();
int updateCount = sst.executeUpdate(“delete from emp3 where
esal>=7000”);
System.out.println(“records deleted………”+updateCount);

con.close();
}
}

15:What is ment by ResultSet object and How to Fetch the Data from Database?.

ResultSet:-

ResultSet is an Object which can be used to maintain the fetched data from
database in the JDBC applications

When we execute a selection group sql query, either with executeQuety() or with
execute() automatically a ResultSet object will be created at heap memory with the
fetched data from database.

 To get the ResultSet object reference directly we will use executeQuery(..).

 When we create a ResultSet object automatically a cursor will be create
called as “ResultSet cursor” to read the data from ResultSet object.
 When we create the ResultSet object by default ResultSet cursor will be
created before the first record.
 If we want to read the data from ResultSet object every time we need to
check whether the next record is available or not. If the next record is
 available automatically we need to move that ResultSet cursor to next record
position.
 To perform this work we will use the following method from ResultSet
interface.

public boolean next()

 After getting ResultSet cursor to a record position then we need to get the
data from respective fields of the particular record, for this we will use
following method.

public xxx getXxx(int fno)

(or)
public xxx getXxx(String fname)

where xxx is byte, shor, int, long, float, double, char.

Eg: while(rs.next())
{
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+” ”+rs.getString(2)+” ”+rs.getFloat(3)+” ”+rs.g
etString(4));
}

The following example demonstrates how to fetch the data from database
through ResultSet object.

import java.sql.*;
public class FetchEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{
Class.forName(“sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver”);

Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:odbc:nag”,”system”,”durga”);
 Statement st = con.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery(“select * from emp1”);
System.out.println(“ENO ENAME ESAL EADDR”);
System.out.println(“********************************”);
while(rs.next())
{
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+””+rs.getString(2)+” ”+rs.getFloat(
3)+” ”+rs.getString(4));
}
}
}

16:Ingeneral execute() method can be used to execute selection group SQl

queries for getting the data from Database , but execute() return a boolean value
true so here how it possible to fetch the data from database?

 Execute() can be used to execute both selection group sql query and
updation group sql query.
 If we use execute() to execute a selection group sql query then
DBE(Database engine) will execute that sql query and send back the
fetched data from database to java application. Now java application will
prepare a ResultSet object with the fetched data but execute() will return
“true” as a Boolean value.
 At this situation to get the reference of the ResultSet object explicitily, we
will use the following method from Statement object.

public ResultSet getResultSet()

Eg: boolean b = st.execute(“select * from emp1”);

System.out.println(b);
ResultSet rs = st.getResultSet();

17:Ingeneral execute() method can be used to execute updatation group SQl

queries for updating the data on Database , but execute() return a boolean value
false so here how it possible to get the records updated count value(int value)?

 Execute() can be used to execute both selection group sql queries and
updation group sql queries.
  If we use execute() to execute an updation group sql query then DBE will
execute it and send back the records updated count value to the java
application. But execute() will return “false” as a Boolean value. At this
instance, to get the records updated count value explicitly we will use the
following method from Statement object.

public int getUpdateCount()

Eg: import java.sql.*;

public class FetchEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{
Class.forName(“sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver”);

Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:odbc:nag”,”system”,”durga”);

Statement st = con.createStatement();
boolean b = st.execute(“update emp1 set esal=esal+500 where esal<9000”);
System.out.println(b);
int updateCount = st.getUpdateCount();j
System.out.println(updateCount);
}
}

18: If we use selection group SQL query to executeUpdate() ,what happened?

 If we use selection group sql query as a parameter to executeUpdate(…)

then JVM will send that sql query to the DBE, DBE will fetch the data and
send back to the java application here java application will store the fetched
data in the form of ResultSet object. But executeUpdate() is expecting
records updated count value.

Due to this contradiction JVM will rise an exception like

java.lang.SQLException.

If we handle the above exception properly then we will get ResultSet abject and we
will get the data from Database
import java.sql.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Statement st=null;
try
{
Class.forName(“sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver”);

Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:odbc:nag”,”system”,”durga”);

st = con.createStatement();
boolean b = st.executeUpdate(“select * from emp1”);
}
catch(Exception e)
{
ResultSet rs=st.getResultSet();
System.out.println(“ENO ENAME ESAL EADDR”);
System.out.println(“********************************”);
while(rs.next())
{
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+””+rs.getString(2)+” ”+rs.getFloat(
3)+” ”+rs.getString(4));
}

e.printStackTrace();
}

19: If we use updatation group SQL query to executeQuery() ,what happened?

 If we use updation group sql query as a parameter to executeQuery() then

JVM will send that sql query to the DBE, DBE will perform updations on
the database and send back records updated count value to the java
application. But here executeQuery() is expecting ResultSet object
reference.
 Due to this contradiction JVM will rise an exception like
java.lang.SQLException.

import java.sql.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Statement st=null;
try
{
Class.forName(“sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver”);

DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:odbc:nag”,”system”,”durga”);

st = con.createStatement();
boolean b = st.executeQuery(“update emp1 set esal=esal+1000 where esal
<10000”);
}
catch(Exception e)
{
int count=st.getUpdateCount();
System.out.println(count);

e.printStackTrace();
}

20: What is ment by ResultSet and What are the types of ResultSets are available
in JDBC application?

In jdbc applications ResultSets could be classified in the following two

ways.

 On the basis of ResultSet privilizations (Concurancy):-

There are 2 types of ResultSets.

o Read only ResultSet

o Updatable ResultSet

Read only ResultSet:- It is a ResultSet, which will allow the users to read
the data only. To refer this ResultSet, we will use the following constant from
ResultSet interface.

public static final int CONCUR_READ_ONLY;

Updatable ResultSet:- If is a ResultSet object, which will allow users to perform

some updations on its content. To refer this ResultSet we will use the following
constant from ResultSet interface.

public static final int CONCUR_UPDATABLE;

2)On the basis of the ResultSet cursor movement:-

There are 2 types of ResultSets.

o Forward only ResultSet

o Scrollable ResultSet

Forward only ResultSet:- It is a ResultSet object, which will allow the users to
iterate the data in any forward direction. To refer this ResultSet object we will use
the following constant from ResultSet interface.

public static final int TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY;

Scrollable ResultSet:- These are the ResultSet objects, which will allow the users
to iterate the data in both forward and backward directions.
There are 2 types of Scrollable ResultSets.

 Scroll sensitive ResultSets

 Scroll in sensitive ResultSets.

21: What is the difference between ScrollSensitive ResultSet and

ScrollInsensitive ResultSets?
Ans: Scroll sensitive ResultSet is a ResultSet object, which will allow the later
updations from database automatically after creating it. To refer this ResultSet we
will use the following constant.
public static final int TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE;

Scroll insensitive ResultSet is a ResultSet object, which will not allow later
updations from database after creating it. To refer this ResultSet we will use the
following constant from ResultSet interface.

 public static final int TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE;

22:What is the default ResultSet type in JDBC application and How it is possible
to create a specific type of ResultSet object?

 The default ResultSet type in the jdbc applications is Read only and forward
only.
 In jdbc applications we are able to specify the following types of the
ResultSet combination to any particular ResultSet.

o read-only, forward only

o read-only, scroll sensitive
o read-only, scroll insensitive
o updatable, forward only
o updatable, scroll sensitive
o updatable, scroll insensitive

 if we want to specity a particular type to the ResultSet object then we should

use either of the above constants combination as a parameter to
createStatement() method, for this we will use the following method.

public Statement createStatement(int forward / ScrollSensitive / ScrollInsensitive,

int readonly / updatable)

Eg: Statement st = con. createSensitive(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE,

ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);
ResultSet rs = con.executeQuery(….);
23:How to iterate the data from Scrollable ResultSet objuect in both forward and
backword direction?

 to iterate the data in forward direction from a ResultSet object we will use
the following 2 methods.

public Boolean next()

public xxx getXxx(int fieldno.)
Where xxx may be byte, short, char, int, long, float, double.

 To iterate the data in backward direction from Scrollable ResultSet object

we will use the following 2 methods.

public Boolean previous()

public xxx getXxx(int fieldno)
Where previous() is a Boolean method, which can be used to check whether
the previous record is available or not, if it is available then cursor will be moved
to previous record position.

The following example demonstrates how to iterate the data in both forward
and backward direction from the ResultSet object

import java.sql.*;
public class ScrollResEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{
Class.forName(“sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver”);
Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:odbc:nag”,”system”,”durga”);
Statement st =
con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSEITIVE,ResultSet.CONCU
R_UPDATABLE);
ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery(“select * from emp1”);
System.out.println(“data in forward direction”);
System.out.println(“ENO ENAME ESAL EADDR”);
System.out.println(“**********************************”);
While(rs.next())
{
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+” ”+rs.getString(2)+” ”+rs.getFloat(3)+” ”+rs
.getString(4));

}
System.in.read();
System.out.println(“data in backward direction”);
System.out.println(“ENO ENAME ESAL EADDR”);
System.out.println(“***********************************”);
While(rs.previous())
{
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+” ”+rs.getString(2)+” ”+rs.getFloat(3)+” ”+rs
.getString(4));

}
}
}

24: how to generate ScrollSensitive Result Set and how to reflect the later
updations from database automatically to the ResultSet object?

import java.sql.*;
public class Test
{
Public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{
Class.forName(“sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver”);
Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:odbc:nag”,”system”,”durga”);
Statement st =
con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSEITIVE,ResultSet.CONCU
R_UPDATABLE);
ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery(“select * from emp1”);
rs.next();
System.out.println(“old salary emp111…….”+rs.getFloat(3));
System.in.read();//application is in pause, perform database updations
Rs.refreshRow();
System.out.println(“new salary of emp111……..”+rs.getFloat(3));
}
}

Where refreshRow() is a method from Scrollable ResultSet object, which

can be used to refresh the current row in the ResultSet object to allow the later
updations from database. Prototype of this method is
public void refreshRow()
25: How to insert records into Database throws Updatable ResultSet?

If we want to insert a new record on to the database through Updatable ResultSet

object, we will use the following steps.
Step1: Get the Updatable ResultSet object with fetched data.
Step2: Move ResultSet cursor to the end of the ResultSet object, where we need
to take a buffer to hold new records data temporarily, for this we use the following
method from updatable ResultSet object.

public void moveToInsertRow()

Step3: Insert new records data on to the buffer temporarily at Updatable

ResultSet object for this we will use the following method format.

public void updateXxx(int fieldno,xxx value)

Where xxx may be byte, short, int, char, double, float, long.
Step4: Make the temporary insertion as the permanent insertion in Updatable
ResultSet object as will as in database, for this we will use the following method.
public void insertRow()
The following example demonstrates how to insert no. of records onto the
database through Updatable ResultSet objects.

import java.sql.*;
import java.io.*;
public class UpdateResEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{
Class.forName(“sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver”);
Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:odbc:nag”,”system”,”durga”);
Statement st =
con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSEITIVE,ResultSet.CONCU
R_UPDATABLE);
ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery(“select * from emp1”);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
rs.moveToInsertRow();
while(true)
{
System.out.println(“enter employee number”);
int eno = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
System.out.println(“enter employee name”);
String ename = br.readLine();
System.out.println(“enter employee salary”);
float esal = Float.parseFloat(br.readLine());
System.out.println(“enter employee address”);
String eaddr = br.readLine();
rs.updateInt(1,eno);
rs.updateString(2,ename);
rs.updateFloat(3,esal);
rs.updateString(4,eaddr);
rs.insertRow();
System.out.println(“record successfully inserted”);
System.out.println(“one more record[y/n]);
String option = br.readLine();
if(option.equals(“n”))
break;
}
}

26: How to perform updations on Database throws Updatable ResultSet?

By using Updatable ResulSet object we are able to perform some updations on to

the database. To perform updations on to the database through Updatable ResultSet
object we will use the following steps.
Step1: Get the Updatable ResultSet objectd with the fetched data.
Step2: Move ResultSet cursor to a record where we want to perform updations,
for this we will use the following method.
public void absolute(int recordno.)
Step3: Perform Temporary updations on to the particular record, for this we will
use following method.
 public void updateXxx(int fieldno,xxx value)
Step4: Make the temporary updation as a parmenent updation on to the Updatable
ResultSet object as well as to the database. For this we will use the following
method.
public void updateRow()

The following example demonstrates how to perform updations on to the

database through Updatable ResultSet object.

import java.sql.*;
public class UpdateResEx1
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{
Class.forName(“sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver”);
Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:odbc:nag”,”system”,”durga”);
Statement st =
con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSEITIVE,ResultSet.CONCU
R_UPDATABLE);
ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery(“select * from emp1”);
rs.absolute(3);
float newsal = rs.getFloat(3)+500;
rs.updateFloat(3,newsal);
rs.updateRow();
}
}

27:what is meant by ResultSetMetaData ?How to get The ResultSet metadata of

a ResultSet object?

Data about the data is called as Metadata. Similarily data about the data available
in ResultSet object called as “ResultSet Metadata”.

 ResultSet Metadata includes the number of columns of a table in ResultSet

object, all the column names, column datatypes and the column display
sizes.
 To get the ResultSet Metadata object we will use the following method from
ResultSet object.
public ResultSetMetaData getMetaData()

 To get the number of columns available in ResultSet object we will use the
following method from ResultSetMetaData object.

public int getColumnCount()

 To get the name of a particular column, we will use the following method.

public String getColumnName(int fieldno)

 To get the column datatype of a particular column, we will use the following
method

public String getColumnTypeName(int fieldno)

 To get the column display size of a particular column we will use the
following method.

public int getColumnDisplaySize(int fieldno)

The following example demonstrates how to get ResultSetMetaData from a

ResultSet object

import java.sql.*;
public class ResultSetMD
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{
Class.forName(“sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver”);
Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:odbc:nag”,”system”,”durga”);
Statement st = con.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery(“select * from emp1”);
ResultSetMetaData rsmd = rs.getMetaData();
int count = rsmd.getColumnCount();
System.out.println(“number of columns......”+count);
for(int i=1;i<=count;i++)
{
System.out.println(rsmd.getColumnName(i)+” “+rsmd.getColumnTypeName(i)+”
“+rsmd.getColumnDisplaySize(i));
System.out.println()
}
}
}

28: how to display the data with the respective field names

import java.sql.*;
public class RSMD1
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{
Class.forName(“sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver”);
Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:odbc:nag”,”system”,”durga”);
Statement st =
con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSEITIVE,ResultSet.CONCU
R_UPDATABLE);
ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery(“select * from emp1”);
ResultSetMetaData rsmd = rs.getMetaData();
System.out.println(rsmd.getColumnName(1)+” “+rsmd.getColumnName(2)+”
“+rsmd.getColumnName(3)+” “+rsmd.getColumnName(4));
System.out.println(“********************************”);
while(rs.next())
{
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+” “+rs.getString(2)+” “rs.getFloat(3)+” “+rs.g
etString(4));
}
}
}

29: What are the differences between Statement and PreparedStatement?

(or)
Tell me the situations where we should go for PreparedStatement over
Statement object.
Ans:

 When we have a requirement to execute same kind of sql query in the next
sequence then we should go for PreparedStatement over Statement object.
 For the above requirement if we use Statement object, every time execution
of the same sql query DBE must perform query tokenization, query parsing,
query optimization and query execution.
 This approach will increase burden to the DBE. To reduce burden to the
DBE we should go for an alternative. That is PreparedStatement over
Statement object.
 For the same requirement if we use PreparedStatement object then for our
complete requirement DBE will go for only one time query parsing
(tokenization, parsing, optimization and execution);

If we want to use PreparedStatement object for the above requirement then

we will use following steps.
Step1: Prepare PrepareStatement object by providing generalized sql query
format with the required number of parameters, for this we will use the following
method from Statement object.

public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sqlqueryformat)

Eg: PreparedStatement pst = con.prepareStatement(“insert into

emp1 values(?,?,?,?)”);

When JVM encounters above instruction jvm will pickup specified

generalized sql query format and send to the DBE, here DBE will process query
format only one time and prepare a Buffer with the specified parameters, called as
“query plan”. As a result PreparedStatement object will be created with the
parameters at java side.

Step2: Set the values to parameters in PreparedStatement object. After getting

PreparedStatement object with parameters, we need to set some values to perform
an operation, for this we will use the following method.

public void setXxx(int parano,xxx value)

where xxx may be byte, short, char, int, long, float, double.
Eg: pst.setInt(1,111);
pst.setString(2,”abc”);
 When JVM encounters the above method then jvm will set the specified
values to the specified parameters at the PreparedStatement object, intern that
parameter values could be reflected to query plan.

Step3: Given an intimation to DBE to perform the respective operation. After

setting the values to the parameters we should give an intimation to the DBE
explicitly pickup the values from query plan and perform the operation specified in
generalized sql query format, for this we will use the following methods.

 If the generalized sql query belongs to selection group then we will use
following method from PreparedStatement object

public ResultSet executeQuery(…)

 If the generalized sql query belongs to updation group then we will use the
following method.

public int executeUpdate(…)

30: Hhow to insert number of records into a table through Prepared

Statement object.

import java.sql.*;
import java.io.*;
public class PreparedInsertEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{
Class.forName(“sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver”);
Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:odbc:nag”,”system”,”durga”);
PreparedStatement pst= con.prepareStatement(“insert into emp1 values(?,?,?,?)”);
BufferedReader br= new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
while(true)
{
; }
}
31: how to update the database through PreparedStatement object.

import java.sql.*;
public class PreparedUpdateEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{
Class.forName(“sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver”);
Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:odbc:nag”,”system”,”durga”);
PreparedStatement pst = con.prepareStatement(“update emp1 set esal = esal+?
Where esal<?”);
Pst.setInt(1,500);
Pst.setFloat(2,10000.0f);
Int count = pst.executeUpdate();
System.out.println(“no. of records updated:”+count);
}
}

32:how to fetch the data from database through PreparedStatement object.

import java.sql.*;
public class UpdateResEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{
Class.forName(“sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver”);
Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:odbc:nag”,”system”,”durga”);
PreparedStatement pst = con.prepareStatement(“select * from emp1 where
esal<=?”);
Pst.setFloat(1,10000.0f);
ResultSet rs = pst.executeQuery();
System.out.println(“ENO ENAME ESAL EADDR”);
System.out.println(“******************************”);
While(rs.next())
{
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+” “+rs.getString(2)+” “+rs.getFloat(3)+” “+r
s.getString(4));
}
}
}

33:What is meant by Transaction? How it is possible to maintain Transactions in

JDBC applications?

 Transaction is nothing but an unit of work performed by the applications.

 Every transaction should have the following properties.
 Atomicity
 Consistency
 Isolation
 Durability

 Where atomicity is nothing but perform all the operations or not to perform
all the operations in a transaction. That is every transaction must be in either
success state or failure state.
 As part of the jdbc applications when we establish a connection
automatically the connection should have a default nature called as “auto
commit”.
 Auto commit in the sense when we send an sql query to the connection then
connection will carry that to the DBE and make the DBE to execute
provided sql query and store the results on the database permanently.
 The connections default auto commit nature violates the transactions
atomicity property.
 To preserve transactions atomicity property we should change the
connections auto commit nature to non-auto commit nature, for this we will
use the following method.

Public void setAutoCommit(Boolean b)

Where b=true connection is in auto commit
And b=false connection not in auto commit.

 If we use connections non auto commit nature in our jdbc applications then
we must use either commit or rollback operations explicitily as part of the
transactions.
Public void commit()
Public void rollback()

The following example demonstrates how to maintain the transactions with

atomicity property in the jdbc applications.

import java.sql.*;
public class TransactionEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{
Connection con = null;
try
{
Class.forName(“sun.jdbc.odbd.JdbcOdbcDriver”);
Con = DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:odbc:nag”,”system”,”durga”);
con.setAutoCommit(“false”);
Statement st = con.createStatement();
st.executeUpdate(“insert into emp1 values(888,’fff’,8000,’hhh’)”);
st.executeUpdate(“update emp1 set esal = esal-500 where esal>= ‘abc’ “);
st.executeUpdate(“delete emp1 where esal<7000”);
con.commit();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
con.rollback();
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}

34:What is meant by SavePoint?How to use Savepoints in JDBC applications?

 Save point is a concept introduced by jdbc 3.0 which can be used to block a
set of instructions execution in the transactions committing operation.
 To set a save point we will use the following method.

public SavePoint setSavePoint()

 To block a set of sql queries execution prior to the save point we will use the
following method.
public void rollback(savepoint s)

 To release a savepoint we will use the following method

public void releaseSavePoint();

 SavePoint concept could not be supported be type1 driver, it could be

supported by type4 driver.
 Even type 4 driver is supporting up to setSavePoint() and rollback() , not
releaseSavepoint();

Eg:
import java.sql.*;
public class SavePointEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{
Connection con = null;
try
{
Class.forName(“oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver”);
con =
DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:oracle:thin:@locajhost:1521:xe”,”system”,”d
urga”);
con.setAutoCommit(“false”);
Statement st = con.createStatement();
st.executeUpdate(“insert into emp1 values(111,’fff’,8000,’hhh’)”);
savepoint sp= con.Savepoint();
st.executeUpdate(“insert into emp1 values(222,’ggg’,7000,’iii’) “);
con.rollback(sp);
st.executeUpdate(“insert into emp1 values(333,’hhh’,9000,’jjj’)”);
con.commit();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
con.rollback();
System.out.println(e);
}
 }
}

===========================================================
================================================JSP========
=========================

1. What is JSP ? Describe its concept.

Java Server Pages (JSP) is a server side component for the generation of dynamic
information as the response. Best suitable to implement view components
(presentation layer components). It is part of SUN’s J2EE platform.

2 . Explain the benefits of JSP?

These are some of the benefits due to the usage of JSP they are:
Portability, reusability and logic components of the language can be used across
various platforms.
Memory and exception management.
Has wide range of API which increases the output functionality.
Low maintenance and easy deployment.
Robust performance on multiple requests.

3. Is JSP technology extensible?

Yes, it is. JSP technology is extensible through the development of custom actions,
or tags, which are encapsulated in tag libraries.

4 .Can we implement an interface in a JSP?

No
5 What are the advantages of JSP over Servlet?

1. Best suitable for view components

 2. we can separate presentation and business logic
3. The JSP author not required to have strong java knowledge
4. If we are performing any changes to the JSP, then not required to recompile
and reload explicitly
5. We can reduce development time.

6. Differences between Servlets and JSP?

Servlets JSP
1. Best suitable for 1. Best suitable for
processing logic presentation logic
2. we cannot separate 2. Separation of presentation
business and presentation and business logic is possible
logic
3. Servlet developer should 3.JSP author is not required
have strong knowledge in to have strong knowledge in
Java Java
4. For source code changes 4. For source code changes ,it
,we have to perform is not required to perform
explicitly compilation explicit compilation
5. Relatively development 5. Relatively development
time is more time is less

7 . Explain the differences between ASP and JSP?

The big difference between both of these technologies lies with the design of the
software. JSP technology is server and platform independent whereas ASP relies
primarily on Microsoft technologies.

8 . Can I stop JSP execution while in the midst of processing a request?

Yes. Preemptive termination of request processing on an error condition is a good
way to maximize the throughput of a high-volume JSP engine. The trick (assuming
Java is your scripting language) is to use the return statement when we want to
terminate further processing.

9. How to Protect JSPs from direct access ?

If the JSP is secured resource then we can place inside WEB-INF folder so that end
user is not allowed to access directly by the name. We can provide the url pattern
by configuring in web.xml
<web-app>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>Demo JSP</servlet-name>
<jsp-file>/WEB-INF/test.jsp</jsp-file>
<sevlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>Demo JSP</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/test</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

..
</web-app>

10. Explain JSP API ?

The JSP API contains only one package : javax.servlet.jsp

It contains the following 2 interfaces:

1. JspPage:

This interface defines the two life cycle methods jspInit() and jspDestroy().

1. HttpJspPage:

This interface defines only one life cyle method _jspService() method.

Every generated servlet for the jsps should implement either JspPage or
HttpJspPage interface either directly or indirectly.

11. What are the lifecycle phases of a JSP?

Life cycle of JSP contains the following phases:

1. Page translation: -converting from .jsp file to .java file

2. Page compilation: converting .java to .class file
3. Page loading : This class file is loaded.
4. Create an instance :- Instance of servlet is created
5. jspInit() method is called
6. _jspService() is called to handle service calls
7. jspDestroy() is called to destroy it when the servlet is not required.

12. Explain the life-cycle mehtods in JSP?

The jspInit()- The container calls the jspInit() to initialize te servlet instance.It is
called before any other method, and is called only once for a servlet instance.
The _jspservice()- The container calls the _jspservice() for each request, passing it
the request and the response objects.
The jspDestroy()- The container calls this when it decides take the instance out of
service. It is the last method called n the servlet instance.

13. Difference between _jspService() and other life cycle methods.

JSP contains three life cycle methods namely jspInit( ), _jspService() and
jspDestroy(). In these, jspInit() and jspDestroy() can be overridden and we cannot
override _jspService().

Webcontainer always generate _jspService() method with JSP content. If we are

writing _jspService() method , then generated servlet contains 2 _jspService()
methods which will cause compile time error.

To show this difference _jspService() method is prefixed with ‘_’ by the JSP
container and the other two methods jspInit() and jspDestroy() has no special
prefixes.

14 What is the jspInit() method?

The jspInit() method of the javax.servlet.jsp.JspPage interface is similar to the
init() method of servlets. This method is invoked by the container only once when
a JSP page is initialized. It can be overridden by a page author to initialize
resources such as database and network connections, and to allow a JSP page to
read persistent configuration data.

15. What is the _jspService() method?

SThe _jspService() method of the javax.servlet.jsp.HttpJspPage interface is
invoked every time a new request comes to a JSP page. This method takes the
HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse objects as its arguments. A page
author cannot override this method, as its implementation is provided by the
container.

16. What is the jspDestroy() method?

The jspDestroy() method of the javax.servlet.jsp.JspPage interface is invoked by
the container when a JSP page is about to be destroyed. This method is similar to
the destroy() method of servlets. It can be overridden by a page author to perform
any cleanup operation such as closing a database connection.

17. What JSP lifecycle methods can I override?

We can override jspInit() and jspDestroy() methods but we cannot override
_jspService() method.

18. How can I override the jspInit() and jspDestroy() methods within a JSP
page?
By using JSP declation tag

<%!
public void jspInit() {
...
}
%>
<%!
public void jspDestroy() {
...
}
%>

19 . Explain about translation and execution of Java Server pages?

A java server page is executed within a Java container. A Java container converts a
Java file into a servlet. Conversion happens only once when the application is
deployed onto the web server. During the process of compilation Java compiler
checks for modifications if any modifications are present it would modify and then
execute it.

20 . Why is _jspService() method starting with an '_' while other life cycle
methods do not?

_jspService() method will be written by the container hence any methods which
are not to be overridden by the end user are typically written starting with an '_'.
This is the reason why we don't override _jspService() method in any JSP page.

21. How to pre-compile JSP?

Add jsp_precompile as a request parameter and send a request to the JSP file. This
will make the jsp pre-compile.

http://localhost:8080/jsp1/test.jsp?jsp_precompile=true

It causes excution of JSP life cycle until jspInit() method without executing
_jspService() method.

22. The benefits of pre-compiling a JSP page?

It removes the start-up lag that occurs when a container must translate a JSP page
upon receipt of the first request.

23.How many JSP scripting elements and explain them?

Inside JSP four types of scripting elements are allowed.

1. Scriptlet <% any java code %>

Can be used to place java code.

2. declarative <%! Java declaration %>

Can be used to declare class level variables and methods

3. expression: <%= java expression %>

To print java expressions in the JSP

4. comment <%-- jsp comment --%>

24. What is a Scriptlet?

JSP scriptlet can be used to place java code.

Syntax:

<%

Any java code

%>

The java code present in the scriptlet will be placed directly inside
_jspService() method .
25. What is a JSP declarative?
JSP declarations are used to declare class variables and methods (both instance and
static) in a JSP page. These declations will be placed directly at class level in the
generated servlet and these are available to the entire JSP.

Syntax:

<%! This is my declarative %>

Eg: <%! int j = 10; %>

26. How can I declare methods within my JSP page?

We can declare methods by using JSP declarative tag.

<%!
public int add(inti,intj){
return i+j;
}
%>

27. What is the difference b/w variable declared inside a declaration and
variable declared in scriplet ?

Variable declared inside declaration part is treated as a instance variable and will
be placed directly at class level in the generated servlet.

<%! int k = 10; %>

Variable declared in a scriptlet will be placed inside _jspService() method of

generated servlet.It acts as local variable.

<%
int k = 10;

%>

What is a Expression?

JSP Expression can be used to print expression to the JSP.

Syntax:

<%= java expression %>

Eg: <%= new java.util.Date() %>

The expression in expression tag should not ends with semi-colon

The expression value will become argument to the out.pritln() method in the
generated servlet

28.What are the three kinds of comments in JSP and what's the difference
between them?

Three types of comments are allowed in JSP

1. JSP Comment:

<%-- this is jsp comment --%>

This is also known as hidden comment and it is visible only in the JSP and in rest
of phases of JSP life cycle it is not visible.

1. HTML Comment:

<!-- this is HTMl comment -- >

This is also known as template text comment or output comment. It is visible in all
phases of JSP including source code of generated response.

1. Java Comments.

With in the script lets we can use even java comments .

<%
// single line java comment
/* this is multiline comment */

%>
This type of comments also known as scripting comments and these are visible in
the generated servlet also.

29. What is output comment?

The comment which is visible in the source of the response is called output
comment.

<!-- this is HTMl comment -- >

30. What is a Hidden Comment?

<%-- this is jsp comment --%>

This is also known as JSP comment and it is visible only in the JSP and in rest of
phases of JSP life cycle it is not visible.

31. How is scripting disabled?

Scripting is disabled by setting the scripting-invalid element of the deployment

descriptor to true. It is a subelement of jsp-property-group. Its valid values are true
and false. The syntax for disabling scripting is as follows:

<jsp-property-group>
<url-pattern>*.jsp</url-pattern>
<scripting-invalid>true</scripting-invalid>
</jsp-property-group>

32. What are the JSP implicit objects?

Implicit objects are by default available to the JSP. Being JSP author we can use
these and not required to create it explicitly.

1. request
2. response
3. pageContext
4. session
5. application
6. out
7. config
 8. page
9. exception

33. How does JSP handle run-time exceptions?

You can use the errorPage attribute of the page directive to have uncaught
run-time exceptions automatically forwarded to an error processing page.

For example:
<%@ page errorPage="error.jsp" %> redirects the browser to the JSP page
error.jsp if an uncaught exception is encountered during request processing.

Within error.jsp, if you indicate that it is an error-processing page, via the

directive:

<%@ page isErrorPage="true" %>

In the error pages we can access exception implicit object.

34. How can I implement a thread-safe JSP page? What are the advantages
and Disadvantages of using it?

You can make your JSPs thread-safe by having them implement the
SingleThreadModel interface. This is done by adding the directive in the JSP.

<%@ page isThreadSafe="false" %>

The generated servlet can handle only one client request at time so that we can
make JSP as thread safe. We can overcome data inconsistency problems by this
approach.

The main limitation is it may affect the performance of the system.

35. What is the difference between ServletContext and PageContext?

ServletContext: Gives the information about the container and it represents an

application. PageContext: Gives the information about the Request and it can
provide all other implicit JSP objects .

36 . Is there a way to reference the "this" variable within a JSP page?

Yes, there is. The page implicit object is equivalent to "this", and returns a
reference to the generated servlet.

37 . Can you make use of a ServletOutputStream object from within a JSP

page?

Yes . By using getOutputStream() method on response implicit object we can get

it.

38 .What is the page directive is used to prevent a JSP page from

automatically creating a session?

session object is by default available to the JSP. We can make it unavailable by

using page directive as follows.
<%@ page session="false">
39. What's a better approach for enabling thread-safe servlets and JSPs?
SingleThreadModel Interface or Synchronization?

Synchronized keyword is recommended to use to get thread-safety.

40. What are various attributes Of Page Directive ?

Page directive contains the following 13 attributes.

1. language
2. extends
3. import
4. session
5. isThreadSafe
6. info
7. errorPage
8. isError page
9. contentType
10.isELIgnored
11.buffer
12.autoFlush
13.pageEncoding
41 . Explain about autoflush?

This command is used to autoflush the contents. If a value of true is used it

indicates to flush the buffer whenever it is full. In case of false it indicates that an
exception should be thrown whenever the buffer is full. If you are trying to access
the page at the time of conversion of a JSP into servlet will result in error.

42. How do you restrict page errors display in the JSP page?

You first set "errorPage" attribute of PAGE directive to the name of the error page
(ie errorPage="error.jsp")in your jsp page .
Then in the error.jsp page set "isErrorpage=TRUE".
When an error occur in your jsp page, then the control will be automatically
forward to error page.

43. What are the different scopes available fos JSPs ?

There are four types of scopes are allowed in the JSP.

1. page - with in the same page

2. request - after forward or include also you will get the request scope data.
3. session - after senRedirect also you will get the session scope data. All data
stored in session is available to end user till session closed or browser
closed.
4. application - Data will be available throughout the application. One user
can store data in application scope and other can get the data from
application scope.

44. when do use application scope?

If we want to make our data available to the entire application then we have to use
application scope.

45. What are the different scope valiues for the <jsp:useBean>?

The different scope values for <jsp:useBean> are

1. page
2. request
3.session
4.application

46. How do I use a scriptlet to initialize a newly instantiated bean?

jsp:useBean action may optionally have a body. If the body is specified, its
contents will be automatically invoked when the specified bean is instantiated.
Typically, the body will contain scriptlets or jsp:setProperty tags to initialize the
newly instantiated bean, although you are not restricted to using those alone.

The following example shows the “today” property of the Foo bean initialized to
the current date when it is instantiated. Note that here, we make use of a JSP
expression within the jsp:setProperty action.

<jsp:useBean id="foo" class="com.Bar.Foo" >

<jsp:setProperty name="foo" property="x"

value="<%=java.text.DateFormat.getDateInstance().format(new java.util.Date())
%>" / >

<%-- scriptlets calling bean setter methods go here --%>

</jsp:useBean >

47 . Can a JSP page instantiate a serialized bean?

No problem! The use Bean action specifies the beanName attribute, which can be
used for indicating a serialized bean.

For example:
A couple of important points to note. Although you would have to name your
serialized file "filename.ser", you only indicate "filename" as the value for the
beanName attribute. Also, you will have to place your serialized file within the
WEB-INF/jspbeans directory for it to be located by the JSP engine.

48.How do we include static files within a jsp page ?

We can include static files in JSP by using include directive (static include)

<%@ include file=”header.jsp” %>

 The content of the header.jsp will be included in the current jsp at translation
time. Hence this inclusion is also known as static include.

49.In JSPs how many ways are possible to perform inclusion?

In JSP, we can perform inclusion in the following ways.

1. By include directive:

<%@ include file=”header.jsp” %>

The content of the header.jsp will be included in the current jsp at translation
time. Hence this inclusion is also known as static include.

1. By include action:

<jsp:include page=”header.jsp” />

The response of the jsp will be included in the current page response at request
processing time(run time) hence it is also known as dynamic include.

1. by using pageContext implicit object

<%

pageContext.include(“/header.jsp”);

%>

This inclusion also happened at request processing time(run time).

1. by using RequestDispatcher object

<%
RequestDispatcher rd = request.getRequestDispatcher(“/header.jsp”);
Rd.incliude(request,response);

%>

50.In which situation we can use static include and dynamic include in JSPs ?
If the target resource ( included resource) won’t change frequently, then it is
recommended to use static include.
<%@ include file=”header.jsp” %>

If the target resource(Included page) will change frequently , then it is

recommended to use dynamic include.

< jsp:include page=”header.jsp” />

===========================================================
=================================================SERVLET==
=======================================

 Q1.In How many ways we can develop a servlet?

 Q2.What is the difference between CGI & Servlet?

 Q3.What is the difference between traditional & Fast CGI?

 Q4.What is the difference between ServletConfig & ServletContext?

 Q5.How to define a Servlet?

 Q6.Specify parallel technologies to the servlet?

 Q7.What is the difference between web server & web container?

 Q8.What is the difference between web server & application server?

 Q9.What are the various types of web containers?

 Q10.By using which 2 Packages we can implement Servlet?

 Q11.What is the purpose of RequestDispatcher?

 Q12.What methods we can call on RequesrDispatcher Object?

 Q13.Explain about SingleThreadModeal?

 Q14.Explain about SingleThreadModeal?

 Q15.What are the various methods present in SingleThreadModeal?

 Q16.What is the marker interface? Example?

 Q17.By using which interfaces we can implements Filter concept?

 Q18.What are the various listeners are available in Servlet specification?

 Q19.What are the various Event classes present in Servlet Specification?

 Q20.By using which object we can send text data as response from the

Servlet?
 Q21.By using which object we can read binary data send by the client?

 Q22.By using which object we can send binary data send as response from

the Servlet?

 Q23.What are the (various ) lifecycle methods of the Servlet?

 Q24.Explain the purpose of the init() method & How many times it will be

excuted? When it will be executed?

 Q25.If init() method throws any Exception i.e; if init() method fails to

execute then what will be happen?

 Q26.Is it possible to write constructor with in the Servlet?

 Q27.Why init() is required to perform initialization activities instead of

constructor?

 Q28.Is it possible to perform Initialization activities with in the

constructor?
 Q29.What is the purpose of service() & How Many times it will be

Executed?

 Q30.Explain about destroy?

 Q31.Is it Possible to call destroy() method explicitly from service?

 Q32. With in the <servlet-mapping> how many url pattrerns taken at a

time?

 Q33.Explain LifeCycle of the Servlet?

 Q34.What is the purpose of <load-on-startup>?

 Q35.What is the significance of the number for <load-on-startup>?

 Q36.If two servlets having same <load-on-startup>value then which wii be

loaded first?

 Q37.Explain about GenericServlet?

 Q38.Which interfaces are implemented by GenericServlet?

 Q39.What is the necessity of having 2 init() methods with in the Servlet?

 Q40.Explain best way of overriding init()?

 Q41.What are various possible status code of response?

 Q42.Explain the difference between GET&POST?

 Q43.What are various HttpRequest methods?

 Q44.What is the difference between HEAD&GET?

 Q45.What is the difference between PUT&GPOST?

 Q46.Which Http methods are non-idempotent?

 Q47.Which Http methods are idempotent?

 Q48.In how many ways we can trigger a GET request?

 Q49.What is the default method for the form?

 Q50.What are different ways to trigger POST request?

 Q51.How many service() methods available in HttpServlet?

 Q52.Explain life cycle of getRequest?

 Q53.Is it recommended to override service() in Http based Servlet?

 Q54.If you are sending Get request but our Servlet contains doGet() &

service() Methods then which method will be executed?

 Q55.If you are sending Get request but our Servlet doesn't contain doGet()

what happen?

 Q56.Even though HttpServlet doesn't contain any abstract method why it

is declared as abstract class?

 Q57.What are the various methods to retrieve from parameters?

 Q58.What is the purpose of request Headers?

 Q59.How we can retrieve headers associated with the ServletRequest?

 Q60. To what value is a variable of the String type automatically

initialized?How we can retrieve cookies from the request?

 Q61.By using which method we can get client &server information from

the request?

 Q62.How we can add response headers to the ServletResponse?

 Q63.How we can set ContentType to the response?

 Q64.What is the MIME type?

 Q65.Is it possible to send multiple content type as response from the same

servlet?

 Q66.Write Servlet code to send movie file as response?

 Q67.Is it possible to get PrintWriter & ServletOutputStream objects

simultaneously?

 Q68.How we can implement Redirection mechanism?

 Q69.Explain, difference between sendRedirect&forword?

 Q70.How many times we can call sendRedirect() method with in the same

Servlet?

 Q71.How we can add cookies to the response?

 Q72.Explain the directory structure of a web application?

 Q73.In which location we have to place static content?

 Q74.Is it possible to access resources present in the context root directly?

 Q75.Is WEB-INF folder mandatory for web application?

 Q76.Explain about web.xml?

 Q77.Where we have to place 3rd party jar files?

 Q78.If the required class file available in classes folder and lib folder jar

file, then which one will get preference?

 Q79.Is there any alternate location to place servlet .class file Other than

classes folder?

 Q80.Is it possible to access web.xml directory?

 Q81.Where we have to place tag libraries inside web application?

 Q82.Is it important the order of tags in the web.xml?

 Q83.Can you specify any 10 tags of web.xml?

 Q84.With in the <web-app> which tags are mandatory?

 Q85.What is the purpose of <servlet-name>

 Q86.How many names are possible for a servlet in web-app?

 Q87.Is it possible to configure jsp's in web.xml?

 Q88.When we have to configure jsp's in web.xml?

 Q89.What is the purpose of Servlet initialization parameters and explain

how to configure in web.xml?

 Q90.With in the servlet how we can access logical name of the servlet?

 Q91.With in the servlet how we can access Servlet initialization

parameter?

 Q92.What is the ServletConfig object and explain the methods available in

ServletConfig interface?

 Q93.What is the purpose of <load-on-startup>explain its advantages &

disadvantages?

 Q94.If two Servlets having same<load-on-startup> values what will be

happen?
 Q95.How many types of url patterns are possible according to Servlet

specification?

 Q96.With in the <servlet-mapping>how many url pattrern tags we can

take?

 Q97.How to configure defult Servlet in web.xml and when it will get

chance for execution?

 Q98.What is the difference between url, uri & urn?

 Q99.How we can get Contextpath and quereyString directly with in the

Servlet?

 Q100.What is the necessity of welcome-file and explain How to configure

welcome files in web.xml?

 Q101.What is the default welcome-file?

 Q102. Is it possible to configure welcome file in folder wise?

 Q103.What is the necessity of error page and explain the process of

Configuration in web.xml?

 Q104.How to send ErrorCode programmatically?

 Q105.What is the purpose of <mime-mapping>?

 Q106.Explain about of war file & the process of creation?

 Q107.What is the purpose of META-INF folder?

 Q108.Explain about MANIFEST.MF?

 Q109.Explain about <context-param>tag & <init-param>?

 Q110.What are the differences between Servlet initialization parameters&

Context initialization parameters?

 Q111.How we can access context parameters and servlet parameters with

in the Servlet?

 Q112.How we can declare context & Servlet <init-parameters>in web.xml?

 Q113.What is the scope of <context-param>&<init-param>?

 Q114.What are the difference between parameters &

attributes?classhierarchy?

 Q115.What is the purpose of an attribute?

 Q116.What are various scopes available for Servlets?

 Q117.Explain the cases where we should go for each scope?

 Q118.explain the methods to perform following activities?

1. a) Adding an attribute?

2. b) Get the name of an attribute?

3. c) Remove an attribute?

4. d) Modify the value of an attribute?

5. e) To display all attribute names present in a specified scope?

 Q119.If we store information in application scope by default it is available

everywhere with in the web application, then what is the need of session

and Request scopes?

 Q120.What is the purpose of RequestDispatcher?

 Q121.How many possible ways we can get the RequestDispatcher?

 Q122.What is the difference between obtaining RequestDispatcher from

ServletRequest and ServletContext object?

 Q123.What is the difference between forward() &include()?

 Q124.What is the difference between forward() &sendRedirect()?

 Q125.What is the foreign RequestDispatcher & explain the process how we

can get it?

 Q126.What are various attributes added by web container while

forwarding & including? What is the purpose of these attributes?

 Q127.What is the purpose of filter? Explain the cases where exactly

required?

 Q128.By using which interfaces we can implement filter concepts?

 Q129. What is the purpose of FilterChain?

 Q130.How we can configure filter in web.xml?

 Q131.In how many ways we can map a filter?

 Q132.What is the purpose of <dispatcher> tag?

 Q133.What are the default values of <dispatcher> tag?

 Q134.What are allowed values of <dispatcher> tag?

 Q135.In filter chain in which order the filters will be executed?

 Q136.What is the difference between Filter interface doFilter() &

FilterChain doFilter()?

 Q137.What is the intercepting filter design pattern?

 Q138.What is the purpose of wrapper?

 Q139.Explain the types of wrappers?

 Q140.Explain Decorator design pattern?

 Q141.Explain the cases where you used filters & wrappers in your

previous project?
 Q142.What is the need of Session Management? Explain cases

where Session Management is required with example?

 Q143.What are the various Session Management techniques are available?

 Q144.Explain the process of creating Session object?

 Q145.What is the difference between getSession() & getSession(boolean b)?

 Q146.Explain with an example where getSession(false) is required?

 Q147.How we can invalidate a Session?

 Q148.Define Session management?

 Q149.How we can configure SessionTimeout in web.xml?

 Q150.What is the difference between <Session-timeout>and

<SetMaxInactiveInterval>?

 Q151.How to know SessionCreation time & lastaccesed time?

 Q152.Explain the Session Management Mechanism by SessionAPI?

 Q153.What is the default session timeout?

 Q154.Explain Session Management by using Cookies?

 Q155.How the SessionId is exchanging between Client & Server?

 Q156.What is the difference between Session API & Cookie which

approach is recommended?

 Q157.What is the difference between persistent and non persistent

cookies?

 Q158.What is URL Rewriting?

 Q159.By using which Methods we can implement URLRewriting?

 Q160.BY using which methods we can identify under laying Session

Management technique?

 Q161.Explain advantages & disadvantages of

1. cookies

2. URL Writing

3. Session API
 Q162.Explain the purpose of Listener?

 Q163.What are the various listeners are available according to Servlet

specification?

 Q164.What is the difference between ServletRequestListener and

ServletRequestAttributeListener?

 Q165.How to configure listener in web.xml?

 Q166.To print hit count of the web application which listener is required to

use?

 Q167.To print the no of active session objects at server side which listener

is responsible?

 Q168.What is the difference between HSAL & HSBL?

 Q169.What are various methods present in binding listeners?

 Q170.Explain about HttpSessionActivationListener?

 Q171.At the time of application deployment to perform certain activities

which listener is responsible?

 Q172.What are various listeners which are not required to configure in

web.xml?

 Q173.What are various event classes available in ServletSpecification?

 Q174.Is it possible to configure more than one listener of same type?

 Q175.If you are configures more than one listener of the same type then in

which order listener will be executed?

 Q176.Who is responsible to perform instantiation of listener?

 Q177.At what time listener classes will be instantiated?

 Q178.What is the difference between declarative Security & programmatic

security?

 Q179.By using which methods we can implement programmatic Security?

 Q180.What is the purpose of <security-role-ref>?

 Q181.How we can configure users in Tomcat?

 Q182.In your previous project how you implement security?

 Q183.In your previous project what type of authentication used?