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Tutorial7 2016 Solution

1. This document contains solutions to tutorial problems on partial differential equations. 2. Topics covered include orthogonal surfaces, classification of 2nd order PDEs, canonical forms, and the wave equation. 3. Problems involve finding integral surfaces, classifying and solving PDEs in canonical form, and using D'Alembert's solution for the wave equation.

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technical Pranoy
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261 views

Tutorial7 2016 Solution

1. This document contains solutions to tutorial problems on partial differential equations. 2. Topics covered include orthogonal surfaces, classification of 2nd order PDEs, canonical forms, and the wave equation. 3. Problems involve finding integral surfaces, classifying and solving PDEs in canonical form, and using D'Alembert's solution for the wave equation.

Uploaded by

technical Pranoy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MA 201 (Part II)

Partial Differential Equations


Session July-Nov, 2014
Solutions to Tutorial Problems - 7

Topics: Orthogonal surface, 1st order non-linear PDE


Classification of 2nd order PDEs, Canonical/Normal forms, The wave equation: Infinite string problem

1. Find the surface which is orthogonal to the one-parameter system

u = cxy(x2 + y 2 )

and which passes through the hyperbola x2 − y 2 = a2 , u = 0.


u
Solution: Write f (x, y, u) ≡ = c so that
xy(x2 + y 2 )
∂f u 3x2 + y 2 ∂f u 3y 2 + x2 ∂f 1
=− 2 2 2 2
, = − 2 2 2 2
, = .
∂x y x (x + y ) ∂y x y (x + y ) ∂u xy(x + y 2 )
2

The auxiliary equations can be written and adjusted as

x(x2 + y 2 )dx y(x2 + y 2 )dy


= = −udu.
3x2 + y 2 3y 2 + x2
Adding first and second and equating to third,

(x2 + y 2 )(xdx + ydy)


= −udu.
4(x2 + y 2 )

giving x2 + y 2 + 4u2 = c1 . Similarly, on subtraction and using x2 + y 2 = c1 − 4u2 :

(x2 + y 2 )(xdx − ydy) 2 2


p
= −udu, ⇒ x − y = c2 c1 − 4u2 .
2(x2 − y 2 )

Using the given conditions: a4 = c22 c1 which ultimately gives


(x2 + y 2 )a4 = (x2 + y 2 + 4u2 )(x2 − y 2 )2 .

2. Show that the equations xp − yq = x and x2 p + q = xu are compatible, and find a one–
parameter family of common solutions.
Solution: Check the compatibility condition for first part. Then from the given equations
find
xu − x2
 
y(u − x)
p= 1+ , q= .
1 + xy 1 + xy
(u − x)(ydx + xdy)
From the integrability condition du = pdx + qdy, get du = dx + which
1 + xy
on integration gives u = x + c(1 + xy).

3. Determine the general solution of the following non-linear partial differential equations:

(i) p2 + qy − u = 0; (ii) (p2 + q 2 )y − qu = 0


1
Solution: (i) u = ay + (x − b)2 , (ii) u2 = a2 y 2 + (ax + b)2 .
4

1
4. Solve the following partial differential equations:
p
(i) pq + p + q = 0; (ii) u = px + qy + 1 + p2 + q 2 ;

(iii) upq − p − q = 0; (iv) p2 + q 2 = x + y; (v) p2 y(1 + x2 ) = qx2 .


a
Solution: (i) u = ax − y + b, (Eqn independent of x, y, z)
p a + 1
(ii) u = ax + by + 1 + a2 + b2 , (Eqn Clairaut’s type)
2(1 + a)
(iii) u2 = [ax + y] + b, (Eqn not containing x, y)
a
2 2
(iv) u = (x + a)3/2 + (y − a)3/2 + b, (Separable equations)
3 3
p
2
1 2
(v) u = a(1 + x ) + ay + b, (Separable equations)
2
5. Find an integral surface of
y(u2x − u2y ) + uuy = 0
containing the initial curve
u = 3t, on x = 2t, y = t.
Solution: Here, f = y(p2 − q 2 ) + uq, so that

fx = 0, fy = p2 − q 2 , fu = q, fp = 2yp, fq = −2yq + u.

Thus, Charpit’s equations are given by


dx dy du dp dq
= = = = .
2yp −2yq + u 2yp2 + q(u − 2yq) −pq −p2

Last pair of terms gives


p2 − q 2 = a. (1)
This together with given equation, we obtain

ay + uq = 0. (2)

Solving for p and q, we obtain


r
ay a2 y 2
q=− & p=± a+ .
u u2
This leads to
udu + aydy √
p = ± adx.
u2 + ay 2
Integrating, we obtain
p √ √
u2 + ay 2 = ± ax ± b or u2 = (b + ax)2 − ay 2 .

Then apply initial data to have b = 0 and a = 3. An integral surface is

u2 = 3(x2 − y 2 ).

6. Classify the following second-order partial differential equations:


(i) uxx + 4uxy + 4uyy − 12uy + 7u = x2 + y 2 ; (ii) uxx + 4uxy + (x2 + 4y 2 )uyy = sin(x + y)
(iii) (x + 1)uxx − 2(x + 2)uxy + (x + 3)uyy = 0; (iv) yuxx + (x + y)uxy + xuyy = 0.

x2
Solution: (i) Parabolic, (ii) Parabolic on the ellipse + y 2 = 1, hyperbolic inside the ellipse
4
and elliptic outside the ellipse, (iii) Hyperbolic, (iv) hyperbolic if x 6= y, parabolic for x = y.

2
7. Reduce the following equations to canonical form and hence solve them:
(i) uxx + 4uxy + 3uyy = 0; (ii) 4uxx − 12uxy + 9uyy = e3x+2y ,
(iii) uxx + 2uxy + uyy = x2 + 3 sin(x − 4y).

Solution: (i) Equation is hyperbolic. Characteristics are given by ξ = 3x − y and η = x − y.


Canonical form is uξη = 0. The solution is u = f (3x − y) + g(x − y).
(ii) Equation is parabolic. Characteristics are given by ξ = x and η = 2y + 3x. Canonical
1 x2 3x+2y
form is uξξ = eη . The solution is u = e + xf (3x + 2y) + g(3x + 2y).
4 8
(iii) Equation is parabolic. Characteristics are given by ξ = y and η = y − x. Canonical form
x4 1
is uξξ = (ξ − η)2 − 3 sin(3ξ + η). Solution is u = + sin(x − 4y) + yf (y − x) + g(y − x).
12 3

8. Find D’Alembert solution of one-dimensional wave equation with the following initial condi-
tions:
(a) u(x, 0) = sin x, ut (x, 0) = 0, (b) u(x, 0) = sin x, ut (x, 0) = cos x.
Solution:
1
(a) u(x, t) = sin x cos ct, (b) u(x, t) = sin x cos ct + sin ct cos x.
c
9. A string stretching to infinity in both directions is given the initial displacement
1
φ(x) =
1 + 4x2
and released from rest. Find its subsequent motion as a function of x and t.
Solution: Recall D’Alembert solution for one-dimensional wave equation. Here initial dis-
1
placement u(x, 0) = φ(x) = and initial velocity ut (x, 0) = ψ(x) = 0. The required
1 + 4x2
expression for u(x, t) is

1 + 4(x2 + c2 t2 )
u(x, t) =
[1 + 4(x + ct)2 ][1 + 4(x − ct)2 ]
.

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