NOTES ON COMPARATIVE MODELS in POLICING

(A Reviewer for Law Enforcement Administration)

Compiled By:

MAIDA MAE B. CALPO-MAYMAD

Registered Criminologist
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

 This study covers the different transnational crimes, it nature and effects as well as the organization
of the law enforcement set-up in the Philippines and its comparison of selected police models and
their relation with Interpol and UN bodies in the campaign against transnational crimes and in the
promotion of world peace.
 It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations. It covers the
study of police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various nations.
 Process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to another in order to
discover insights in the field of international policing.

Comparative
Denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a property or quality greater or
less in extent than that of another.

Police

Police typically are responsible for maintaining public order and safety, enforcing the law, and preventing,
detecting, and investigating criminal activities. These functions are known as policing. Police are often also
entrusted with various licensing and regulatory activities. Characteristics common to most police forces include a
quasi-military organization, a uniformed patrol and traffic-control force, plainclothes divisions for criminal
investigations, and a set of enforcement priorities that reflects the community’s way of life. Administration may be
centralized at the national level downward, or decentralized, with local police forces largely autonomous.

Recruits usually receive specialized training and take an exam. The modern metropolitan police force began
with Sir Robert Peel in Britain c. 1829. Secret police are often separate, covert organizations established by
national governments to maintain political and social orthodoxy, which typically operate with little or no control.

The study of comparative police system, criminal justice and law is a fairly new field and has corresponded
with rising interest in a more established field, comparative criminology. However, in this chapter, we will present
some issues which will bring you to discover ideas useful in the conceptualization of successful crime control
policies.

System
Combination of parts in a whole; orderly arrangement according to some common law; collection of rules
and principles in science or art; method of transacting business (Webster)

Comparative Criminal Justice

  It is the subfield of the study of criminal justice that compares justice systems worldwide. It studies the
similarities and differences in structure, goals, punishment and emphasis on rights as well as the history
and political stature of different systems.

What are the 3 basic functions of criminal justice system?

a. Policing b. Adjudication c. Corrections

What is International Criminal Justice?

 It involves the study and description of one country’s law, criminal procedure, or justice process.

Four Types of Criminal Justice Systems in the World

1. Common Law System – also known as Anglo-American justice and exist mostly in English speaking countries of
the world such as US, England, Australia and New Zealand. Adversarial system was used where lawyers interpret
and judges are bound by precedent.
2. Civil Law Systems – also known as continental justice or Romano-Germanic justice and practiced throughout
most of the European Union as well as Sweden, Germany, France and Japan. They are distinguished by a strong
inquisitorial system where fewer rights are granted to the accused and the written law is taken as gospel and
subject to little interpretation.
3. Socialist systems – also known as Marxist-Leninist justice and exist in many places such as Africa and Asia
where there has been a Communist revolution of the remnants of one. They are distinguished by procedures
designed to rehabilitate or retrain people into fulfilling their responsibilities to the state.
4. Islamic Systems – also known as Muslim or Arabic justice and derive all their procedures and practices from
interpretation of the Koran. Absence of positive law and are based more on the concept of natural justice.

Four types of Societies in the World

1. Folk –communal societies – also called primitive societies. It has little codification of law, no specialization among
police, and a system of punishment that just let things go for a while without attention until things became too
much and then harsh, barbaric punishment is resorted to. Ex. Witch trials
2. Urban-commercial societies – which rely on trade as the essence of their market system. It has civil law,
specialized police forces and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, sometimes lenient.
3. Urban-industrial societies – which produce most of the goods and services they need without government
interference. Not only has codified laws but laws that prescribe good behavior, police become specialized in how to
handle property crimes and the system of punishment is run on market principles of creating incentives and
disincentives.
4. Bureaucratic societies – are modern post-industrial societies where the emphasis is upon technique or the
“technologizing” of everything with the government. It has system of laws, police who tend to keep busy handling
 political crime and terrorism and a system of punishment characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding.
Juvenile delinquency is a phenomenon that only occurs in bureaucratic society.

What is Transnational crime?

- It is a term that has been used in comparative and international criminal justice study in recent years to reflect
complexity and enormity of global crime issues.
- Defined by UN offences whose inception, proportion and/or direct or indirect effects involve in more than one
country.

What is Transnational Organized Crime?

Transnational organized crime is a crime perpetuated by organized criminal groups with the aim of
committing one or more serious crimes or offenses in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other
material benefit. In order to be considered as transnational, a crime must involve the crossing of borders or
jurisdictions.

Criminal Organizations

Definitions of what constitutes organized crime vary widely from country to country. Organized groups are
typically involved in many different types of criminal activity spanning several countries. These activities may
include trafficking in humans, weapons and drugs, armed robbery, counterfeiting and money laundering.

Interpol acts as a central repository for professional and technical expertise on transnational organized
crime and as a clearinghouse for the collection, collation, analysis and dissemination of information relating to
organized crime and criminal organizations. It also monitors the organized crime situation on a global basis and
co-ordinates international investigations.

Interpol’s mission in this regard is to enhance co-operation among member countries and stimulate the
exchange of information between all national and international enforcement bodies concerned with countering
organized crime groups and related corruption.

What are the examples of Transnational Crimes?

 Pharmaceutical crime
 Trafficking in Persons
 Environmental Crime
 Economic Crime
  Cyber Crimes
 Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships
 Intellectual Property Theft
 Cultural Property Theft
 Illegal Trafficking of Small Arms
 Money Laundering
 Terrorism
 Drug trafficking

Pharmaceutical Crimes
Counterfeit medical products and illicit medicines represent a global public health crisis. They range from
inactive, useless preparations to harmful, toxic substances, and are often indistinguishable from the genuine
product. They pose a major risk to public health and are becoming increasingly prevalent in all parts of the world.

The dangers of counterfeit medical products

Counterfeit products are harmful and can even be fatal. Fake medicines range from useless to highly
dangerous. They often contain the wrong level of active ingredient – too little, too much or none at all – or an active
ingredient intended for a different purpose. In some cases, fake medicines have been found to contain highly toxic
substances such as rat poison. In all these scenarios, the person taking the counterfeit medicine is putting their
health, even their life, at risk.

One can easily be deceived by counterfeit medicines: they are often packaged to a high standard with fake
pills that look identical to the genuine ones. Sometimes a laboratory test is the only way to identify the difference.

Risks of buying medicines over the Internet

More and more people are buying medicines and medical devices over the Internet, through online
pharmacies and auction sites. Unfortunately, a large number of these Internet sites are unauthorized, unregulated
and trade in illicit or sub-standard products. If an online supplier conceals its physical address, this is a warning
sign that their products could be dangerous – the WHO estimates that 50% of medicines available from such
websites are counterfeit. In particular, buying prescription-only medicines from unauthorized or dubious sources
significantly increases the risk of getting substandard or fake products. It is important to consult a healthcare
professional for prescription-only medicines and to obtain the medicines from a regulated source. Buying
medicines online may seem cheaper, quicker and more convenient than going through your doctor and high street
pharmacy, but the dangers outweigh the benefits by far. Don't take the risk.
 The Response

At INTERPOL, the Medical Product Counterfeiting and Pharmaceutical Crime (MPCPC) Unit works to bring
together different players – from police, customs, health regulatory authorities, scientists, and the private sector –
to tackle these crimes. Our network of 188 member countries allows us to connect stakeholders across the world,
and carry out effective training and operations in specific regions.

What is International Crime?

- Defined as crimes against the peace and security of mankind. UN has identified the ff. as international crimes.
o Aggression
o Genocide
o Terrorism
o Drug trafficking

What are the Comparative Research Methods?

- Safari method – a researcher visits another country
- Collaborative method – the researcher communicates with a foreign researcher
- Published works tend to fall into three categories:
o Single-culture studies – the crime problem of a single foreign country is discussed
o Two-culture studies – it covers three or more countries
- Historical-comparative method – basically an alternative to both quantitative and qualitative research methods
that is sometimes called historiography or holism.

Seven Theories of Comparative Criminology

1. Alertness to crime theory – is that as a nation develops, people’s alertness to crime is heightened, so they report
more crime to police and also demand the police become effective at solving crime problems.
2. Economic or migration theory – is that crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and
overpopulation in urban areas such ghettos and slums.
3. Opportunity theory – is that along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their
belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.
4. Demographic theory – is based on the event of when a greater number of children are being born, because as these
baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis.
5. Deprivation theory – holds that progress comes along with rising expectations and people at the bottom develop
unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t see themselves rising fast enough.
6. Modernization theory – sees the problem as society becoming too complex.
7. Theory of anomie and synomie – suggests that progressive lifestyles and norms result in the disintegration of older
norms that once held people together.

Types of police in the world

 1. Uniformed police
2. Detectives
3. Auxiliary
4. Special police
5. Military police
6. Religious police
7. Border police
8. Transport police

Differentiate Centralized from Decentralized System of Law Enforcement

Centralized policing – simply means police force operating in a country. A country with one recognized police force which
operates entire that country.
Decentralized policing – refers to a system where police administrations and operations are independent from one state to
another. It is more applicable to countries with federal government.

Two types of Court Systems of the World

1. Adversarial system – the accused is innocent until proven guilty.US adversarial system is unique in the world.
2. Inquisitorial system- the accused is guilty until proven innocent. Lesser rights are granted to the accused and the
written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation.

What is Globalization?

Globalization

Is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the global economy.
Globalization refers to the integration of economics and societies all over the world. Globalization involves
technological, economic, political, and cultural exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication,
transportation, and infrastructure.

Effects of Globalization
If you visit several countries, you can easily feel the effect globalization has on our daily lives. The following
are some of the most significant effects of globalization.

Industry: The world has become a huge market where you can buy and sell things produced in any part of the
world. There are a lot of international brands operating worldwide. These include

Culture: Globalization means a decrease in the cultural diversity that used to exist in the world earlier. You can
find people in several countries dressing up like Westerners. Food is another good example. Young people especially
are eating more of American or Chinese foods then their own cultural dishes. The way people speak is also
changing. For example teenagers in the Middle East are much influenced by the way the black Americans speak.
They think its “cool”.

Legislation: There has been an increase in the establishment of International courts of justice where someone
accused could be dealt with in any part of the world. Interpol is another example of International law enforcement
agency.

Language: With increased globalization, people tend to forget their mother tongue and use English instead as there
is an idea that it makes them superior in some way. This might also help them in job searches etc.

Information: With the wide use of Internet and other kinds of information technology, it has become much easier
and faster to share information worldwide. Live TV channels are another good example of quick information
sharing.

Finance: Globalization has made it easier to raise finance through individuals and firms outside the country. The
International Monetary Fund is a good example of an International Institute which lends money to countries in
need for finance.

Politics: Powerful countries and individuals nowadays have political control over the whole world, not only their
country. The United States is an example of a country that influences the whole of the world politics.
It is believed that globalization is a positive development generating more trade and hence welfare of the whole
world. Nevertheless it also has some significant disadvantages which should not be forgotten.

These include:

 Increasing trends in migration of labor to developing countries as large firms shift their production to
developing countries.
 Some powerful people and countries control the whole world
 Loss of jobs in countries that cannot compete with larger firms
 Increased dependency on each other. The recent financial crisis is a good example of that.

The negative effects of globalization

Opponents of globalization point out to its negative effects. Some of them are listed below.

 Developed nations have outsourced manufacturing and white collar jobs. That means less-jobs for their people.
This has happened because manufacturing work is outsourced to developing nations like China where the cost
of manufacturing goods and wages are lower. Programmers, editors, scientists and accountants have lost their
jobs due to outsourcing to cheaper locations like India.
  Globalization has led to exploitation of labor. Prisoners and child workers are used to work in inhumane
conditions. Safety standards are ignored to produce cheap goods.
 Job insecurity. Earlier people had stable, permanent jobs. Now people live in constant dread of losing their jobs
to competition. Increased job competition has led to reduction in wages and consequently lower standards of
living.
 Terrorists have access to sophisticated weapons enhancing their ability to inflict damage. Terrorists use the
Internet for communicating among themselves.
 Companies have set up industries causing pollution in countries with poor regulation of pollution.
 Fast food chains like McDonalds and KFC are spreading in the developing world. People are consuming more
junk food from these joints which has an adverse impact on their health.
 The benefits of globalization are not universal. The rich are getting richer and the poor are becoming poorer.
 Bad aspects of foreign cultures are affecting the local cultures through TV and the Internet.
 Enemy nations can spread propaganda through the Internet.
 Deadly diseases like HIV/AIDS are being spread by travelers to the remotest corners of the globe.
 Local industries are being taken over by foreign multinationals.
The increase in prices has reduced the government’s ability to sustain social welfare schemes in developed
countries.
 There is increase in human trafficking.
 Multi-National Companies and corporations which were previously restricted to commercial activities are
increasingly influencing political decisions.

The positive aspect of globalization

Globalization has a positive side as well. Supporters of globalization argue that it is good and beneficial.
Some of their arguments are listed below.

1. Globalization has created the concept of outsourcing. Work such as software development, customer
support, marketing, accounting and insurance is outsourced to developing countries like India. The
company that outsourced the work enjoys the benefit of lower costs because the wages in developing
countries is far lower than that of developed countries. The workers in the developing countries get
employment. Developing countries get access to the latest technology.
2. Increased competition forces companies to lower prices. This benefits the end consumers.
3. Increased media coverage draws the attention of the world to human right violations. This leads to
improvement in human rights.

The Future

Globalization is a tool that should benefit all sections of mankind. One cannot ignore its negative effects. These
must be addressed for the world’s peace and prosperity.
Impact of globalization and new technologies on drug-related crime and Criminal organizations

Cyber Crime

The term “cyber crime” covers many types of activities but essentially can be used to describe violations of
law that are committed and/or facilitated through the use of electronic media.

In comparison with ordinary crime, cyber crime requires few resources relative to the damage that can be
caused, it can be committed in a jurisdiction without the offender being physically present in it and, in many
countries, offences are inadequately defined or not defined at all; hence, personal risk and the likelihood of
detection are low.

Impact on Drug-Related Organized Crime

Organized crime has its own operative code, which flouts the rule of law and depends upon violence for its
enforcement. It has, however, adopted some of the business practices that characterize the legitimate economy.
Organized criminality has become more transnational and has been restructured and decentralized; in other
words, it too has globalized.

The pyramid-shaped structure of the single organized criminal group has tended to make way for fluid
networks of cell-type structures in which national identity is subordinate to function or skill, although nationality
itself can be a function if it opens the door to a new market or permits the penetration or corruption of a particular
institution.

Transnational criminals do not respect borders in that, in carrying out their activities, they trail their
activities across several jurisdictions to minimize law enforcement risks and maximize profit; thus, no single State
can presume that a particular criminal activity falls entirely under its jurisdiction. The network is the
organizational form that characterizes globalization in both the licit and illicit sphere.

For a drug trafficking organization, the network structure has distinct advantages over the traditional
hierarchy: it has a well-protected, dense core of organizations or people connected to a looser border by a
multiplicity of links, which makes it more capable of evading law enforcement efforts.

Drug trafficking groups utilize new technologies in two distinct ways: to improve the efficiency of product
delivery and distribution through the medium of secure, instant communications; and to protect themselves and their
illicit operations from investigation by drug law enforcement agencies, sometimes using techniques of counter-attack.
 New technologies enable drug trafficking groups to commit traditional crimes with new methods—for
example, to conceal information about the shipment of illicit drug consignments by means of encrypted messages
or to launder drug-related funds by electronic transfer—and to commit new offences with new means, for example,
by using information warfare or digital attack against intelligence activities of drug law enforcement agencies.

Drug traffickers use computers and electronic pocket organizers for storing information (such as bank
account numbers, contact details of associates, databases of assets and financial activity, sales and other business
records, grid coordinates of clandestine landing strips and recipes for synthetic drug manufacture) and for
electronic mail (e-mail) and other correspondence.

Surrogates receive instructions by telephone, fax, pager or computer on where to deliver warehouse loads,
whom to contact for transportation services and where to send the profits. Greater protection derives from the use
of prepaid telephone cards, broadband radio frequencies, restricted-access Internet chat rooms, encryption,
satellite telephony and “cloned” cellular telephones (so called when the identity codes assigned to legitimate
customers are intercepted and programmed into cellular telephones used by criminals).

Members of drug trafficking organizations can program their computers to detect attempted intrusion and to
use “back-hacking” techniques in order to damage the investigating source. Such techniques are of particular
value to the organizers of drug trafficking activities, who rarely need to leave the protection of their home base in
order to organize or supervise their operations.

Narcotics police in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China report that detecting the
laundering of drug-related funds has become more difficult with the advance of electronic commerce and Internet
banking facilities.

Drug traffickers communicate with each other mainly by using mobile telephones with prepaid cards that
can be bought anonymously. China has also reported a case in which criminals tried to avoid detection by
penetrating the customs database to alter the details and status of a commercial freight consignment, a case that
undoubtedly has implications for drug trafficking.

In Australia, drug traffickers use a facility offered to all clients by worldwide courier services to track their
shipments on the company’s web site. A delay may indicate to the traffickers that a controlled delivery operation
has been set in motion. Drug law enforcement authorities involved in such operations must therefore act within an
extremely narrow time limit in order to avoid suspicion.

The Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD) of the Organization of American States
(OAS) noted in its Hemispheric Report 1999-2010 that the Internet had become the most widely used medium for
expanding the production of synthetic drugs in some countries and that globalization, instant communication and
electronic fund transfers had been utilized by organized criminal groups to improve the efficiency of drug trafficking
activities.
Drug law enforcement authorities in the Czech Republic report that nowadays illicit drug sales and
purchases are agreed online at Internet cafes or through the use of cellular telephones. Because illicit drug deals are
arranged instantaneously and over short distances, interception by drug law enforcement authorities is much more
difficult.

Since 1996, companies based in the Netherlands have been using the Internet to sell cannabis seeds and
derivatives. According to the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol), at the beginning of the year
2000 authorities in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland identified over 1,000 websites
worldwide offering to sell illicit drugs, mostly cannabis but also methylene dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA,
commonly known as Ecstasy), cocaine and heroin, in direct violation of the international drug control treaties.

The Netherlands and Switzerland had the highest number of such web sites. Law enforcement agencies in
the United States of America attribute the rapid increase in seizures of laboratories used for the illicit manufacture
of methamphetamine to the evolution of technology and the increased use of the Internet.

In the past, drug recipes were closely guarded secrets but, with modern computer technology and chemists’
increasing willingness to share their knowledge, this information is now available to anyone with computer access.
It does not require a college-educated chemist to produce amphetamine. Less than 10% of suspects arrested for
illicitly manufacturing methamphetamine are trained chemists, a fact that explains the many fires, explosions and
injuries in clandestine laboratories.

A drug investigation carried out jointly by Colombian and United States authorities led to the arrest of 31
drug traffickers in October 1999. It was found that the traffickers had kept in touch with each other by using
Internet chat rooms protected by firewalls to make them impenetrable.

The details of each day’s trafficking activities had been fed into a computer located on a ship off the coast of
Mexico, ensuring that even if other computers had been penetrated it would have been impossible to bring down
the whole network. The same group had used encryption that law enforcement authorities had been unable to
break in time to act on the information. Those methods, in addition to “cloned” cellular telephones, had enabled the
traffickers to move hundreds of tons of cocaine during a period of several years before being detected.

Colombian and Mexican drug association have used sophisticated equipment for the surveillance of
investigating officers and interception of their communications, collecting photographs of the officers and other
personal information.

This has also occurred in Europe. In 1995, a drug trafficking group in the Netherlands hired computer
specialists to carry out hacking operations and to encrypt their communications. Encryption software installed on
palmtop computers enabled the traffickers to create a secure database on unmarked police and intelligence
vehicles. A laptop computer and disks belonging to the investigating authorities were stolen and the resultant
information was used to intercept communications between police officers, who were subsequently observed and
threatened.

The Effects of Globalization on Human Rights

Human rights and globalization are profoundly, though not always positively, linked. When countries export
labor or increase international co-operation, human rights are sometimes trampled. Subsequently, many of the
effects of human rights on globalization are reactions to the exploitation of people.

Would globalization enhance the implementation of human rights as stated in the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights, particularly the covenant on civil and political rights and the covenant on economic, social and
cultural rights?

Attempting an answer to this question is not an easy task, mainly because of the different and contradictory
connotations of the term globalization.

If globalization is conceived as turning the whole world into one global village in which all peoples are
increasingly interconnected and all the fences or barriers are removed, so that the world witnesses a new state of
fast and free flow of people , capital , goods and ideas then the world would be witnessing unprecedented
enjoyment of human rights everywhere because globalization is bringing prosperity to all the corners of the globe
together with the spread of the highly cherished values of democracy , freedom and justice .

On the other hand if globalization is conceived as turning the world into a global market for goods and
services dominated and steered by the powerful gigantic transnational corporations and governed by the rule of
profit then all the human rights of the people in the world, particularly in the south would be seriously threatened.

What are the different Police Global Organizations?

- ASEAN Chiefs of Police – objectives: enhancing police professionalism, forging stronger regional cooperation in
police work and promoting lasting friendship amongst the police officers of ASEAN countries. Member countries:
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Myanmmar,
Cambodia.
- EUROPOL – it means European Police Office. It is the European Union’s criminal intelligence agency. It became
fully operational on July 1, 1999.Europol supports the law enforcement activities of the member states against:
o Illicit drug trafficking
o Illicit immigration networks
o Terrorism
 o Forgery of money
o Trafficking in human beings
o Illicit vehicle trafficking
o Money laundering
- International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)- is the world’s oldest and largest non-profit membership
organization of police executives, with over 20,000 members in over 89 different countries. The IACP shall
advance professional police services and promote administrative, technical and operational police practices;
foster cooperation and the exchange of information and experience among police leaders and police
organizations of recognized professional and technical standing throughout the world.
- International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) - it began in 1923 and at the time its name was
International Criminal Police Commission. In 1956, its name became International Criminal Police Organization.
This short form served as the address to receive telegrams. The second biggest international organization. A
crime fighting organization and help other member countries that need to cooperate by connecting all members
of Interpol by a network of files of criminals and cases if any of Interpol’s nations need them.
- United Nations Policing – assistance to host-state police and other law enforcement agencies.

THE INTERNATIONAL POLICE ORGANIZATION (INTERPOL) http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/default.asp

INTERPOL is the world’s largest international police organization, with 188 member countries. Created in 1923, it
facilitates cross-border police co-operation, and supports and assists all organizations, authorities and services
whose mission is to prevent or combat international crime.

INTERPOL aims to facilitate international police co-operation even where diplomatic relations do not exist between
particular countries. Action is taken within the limits of existing laws in different countries and in the spirit of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Interpol’s constitution prohibits ‘any intervention or activities of a political,
military, religious or racial character.’

Interpol’s Four Core Functions

http://www.interpol.int/Public/icpo/about.asp

Interpol’s activities are guided by the following four core functions:

Secure global police communication services

Interpol’s global police communications system, known as I-24/7, enables police in all member countries to
request, submit and access vital data instantly in a secure environment.

Operational data services and databases for police

 Member countries have direct and immediate access to a wide range of databases including information on
known criminals, fingerprints, DNA profiles and stolen or lost travel documents. INTERPOL also disseminates
critical crime-related data through a system of international notices.

Operational police support services

INTERPOL provides law enforcement officials in the field with emergency support and operational activities,
especially in its priority crime areas. A Command and Co-ordination Centre operates 24 hours a day, seven days a
week and can deploy an Incident Response Team to the scene of a serious crime or disaster

Police training and development

INTERPOL provides focused police training initiatives with the aim of enhancing the capacity of member
countries to effectively combat transnational crime and terrorism. This includes sharing knowledge, skills and
best practices in policing and establishing global standards.

Interpol’s Leadership and Governance

The President of INTERPOL and the Secretary General work closely together in providing strong leadership
and direction to the Organization.

Interpol’s Structure

As defined in Article 5 of its Constitution, INTERPOL (whose correct full name is 'The International Criminal Police
Organization – INTERPOL’) comprises the following:
  General Assembly
 Executive Committee
 General Secretariat
 National Central Bureaus
 Advisers
 The Commission for the Control of Interpol’s Files

The General Assembly and the Executive Committee form the organization’s Governance.

General Assembly

Compose of delegates appointed by the governments of Member Countries. As Interpol’s supreme governing
body, it meets once a year and takes all the major decisions affecting general policy, the resources needed for
international co-operation, working methods, finances and program of activities. It also elects the Organization's
Executive Committee. Generally speaking, the Assembly takes decisions by a simple majority in the form of
resolutions. Each Member State represented has one vote.

Executive Committee

The Executive Committee is Interpol’s select deliberative organ which meets three times a year, usually in
March, July and immediately before the General Assembly.

Its role, in accordance with Article 22 of the Constitution, is to:

 supervise the execution of the decisions of the General Assembly

 prepare the agenda for sessions of the General Assembly
 submit to the General Assembly any program of work or project which it considers useful
 Supervise the administration and work of the Secretary General.

In accordance with Article 15 of the Constitution, the Executive Committee has 13 members comprising the
president of the organization, 3 vice-presidents and 9 delegates. These members are elected by the General
Assembly and should belong to different countries; in addition, the president and the 3 vice-presidents must come
from different regions.
 The president is elected for 4 years, and vice-presidents for 3. They are not immediately eligible for re-
election either to the same posts, or as delegates to the Executive Committee.

Voting is by secret ballot. A two-thirds majority is required for the election of the president. If this majority is
not obtained after the second ballot, a simple majority is then sufficient. Vice-Presidents and delegates are elected
on a simple majority. Each member state has one vote; those member states attending the General Assembly are
eligible to take part in the election, providing they are not prevented from doing so under Article 52 of the General
Regulations.

Composition of the Executive Committee

 President
 Vice Presidents
 Delegates

The former Filipino President of INTERPOL in 1980 – 1984 - Jolly R. Bugarin (Philippines)

General Secretariat

Located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the
Secretary General. Officials from more than 80 countries work side-by-side in any of the Organization’s four official
languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish. The Secretariat has seven regional offices across the world; in
Argentina, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, El Salvador, Kenya, Thailand and Zimbabwe, along with Special
Representatives at the United Nations in New York and at the European Union in Brussels.

Secretary General

The Secretary General of the Organization is appointed by the General Assembly for a period of 5 years. He
may be re-elected.

The Secretary General is effectively the Organization’s chief full-time official. He is responsible for seeing that
the day-to-day work of international police co-operation is carried out, and the implementation of the decisions of
the General Assembly and Executive Committee.

INTERPOL 188 Member Countries

Afghanistan | Albania | Algeria | Andorra | Angola | Antigua & Barbuda | Argentina | Armenia | Aruba | Australia |
Austria | Azerbaijan Bahamas | Bahrain | Bangladesh | Barbados | Belarus | Belgium | Belize | Benin |
Bhutan | Bolivia | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Botswana | Brazil | Brunei | Bulgaria | Burkina - Faso |
BurundiCambodia | Cameroon | Canada | Cape Verde | Central African Republic | Chad | Chile | China | Colombia |
Comoros | Congo | Congo (Democratic Rep.) | Costa Rica | Côte d'Ivoire | Croatia | Cuba | Cyprus | Czech Republic
Denmark | Djibouti | Dominica | Dominican Republic Ecuador | Egypt | El Salvador | Equatorial Guinea | Eritrea |
Estonia | Ethiopia Fiji | Finland | Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Gabon | Gambia | Georgia | Germany |
Ghana | Greece | Grenada | Guatemala | Guinea | Guinea Bissau | Guyana | France Haiti | Honduras | Hungary
Iceland | India | Indonesia | Iran | Iraq | Ireland | Israel | Italy Jamaica | Japan | Jordan Kazakhstan | Kenya | Korea
(Rep. of) |Kuwait | Kyrgyzstan Laos | Latvia | Lebanon | Lesotho | Liberia | Libya | Liechtenstein |
Lithuania | Luxembourg Madagascar | Malawi | Malaysia | Maldives | Mali | Malta | Marshall Islands | Mauritania |
Mauritius | Mexico | Moldova | Monaco | Mongolia | Montenegro | Morocco | Mozambique | Myanmar Namibia | Nauru |
Nepal | Netherlands | Netherlands Antilles | New Zealand | Nicaragua | Niger | Nigeria | Norway Oman Pakistan |
Panama | Papua New Guinea |Paraguay | Peru | Philippines | Poland | Portugal Qatar Romania | Russia | Rwanda St
Kitts & Nevis | St Lucia | St Vincent & the Grenadines | Samoa | San Marino | Sao Tome & Principe | Saudi Arabia |
Senegal | Serbia | Seychelles | Sierra Leone | Singapore | Slovakia | Slovenia | Somalia | South Africa | Spain | Sri
Lanka | Sudan | Suriname | Swaziland | Sweden | Switzerland | Syria Tajikistan | Tanzania | Thailand | Timor -
Leste | Togo | Tonga | Trinidad & Tobago | Tunisia | Turkey | Turkmenistan Uganda | Ukraine | United Arab Emirates |
United Kingdom | United States | Uruguay | Uzbekistan Vatican City State | Venezuela | Vietnam Yemen Zambia |
Zimbabwe

Sub Bureaus

United Bermuda | Gibraltar | Cayman Islands | Anguilla | Montserrat |

Kingdom: British Virgin Islands | Turks and Caicos
United Puerto Rico | American Samoa
States:
China: Hong Kong, Macao
Interpol’s distinctive signs
(http://www.interpol.int/Public/icpo/LegalMaterials/emblem/default.asp#1)

The official abbreviations

O.I.P.C - Stands for Organization internationale de police criminelle'

ICPO - Stands for International Criminal Police Organization'.

The official name is 'ICPO-INTERPOL'

 The word 'INTERPOL' is a contraction of 'international police', and was chosen in 1946 as the telegraphic address.
In 1956, the International Criminal Police Commission changed its name to become the International Criminal
Police Organization - INTERPOL.

The Emblem

The emblem, in use since 1950, comprises the following elements:

 The GLOBE represents the worldwide activities of the INTERPOL

 The olive branches in either sides of the globe symbolize PEACE
 the name 'INTERPOL' below the globe in the center of the olive branches
 The Vertical Sword behind the globe, representing police action
 The Scales below the olive branches symbolize JUSTICE

The flag

The flag has been in use since 1950, it has a light-blue background the emblem is in the center the four lightning
flashes arranged symmetrically around the emblem represent telecommunications and speed in police action.
Background to the organization's distinctive signs

 At the 1947 General Assembly session in Paris, it was recommended that all member states adopt the name
'INTERPOL' as the telegraphic address (Resolution AGN/16/RES/12)
 At the 1949 General Assembly session in Berne, the organization (then known as the International Criminal
Police Commission) adopted the INTERPOL emblem and flag
 At the 1956 General Assembly session in Vienna, the name 'International Criminal Police Organization' was
adopted
 At the 1958 General Assembly session in London, member states were asked to take measures to protect the
word 'INTERPOL' (AGN/27/RES/1)
 At its 1961 session in Copenhagen, the General Assembly recommended that members take further measures
to protect the name 'ICPO-INTERPOL' from unauthorized use (AGN/30/RES/6)
 At the 1972 General Assembly session in Frankfurt, Indonesia proposed that Interpol’s emblem be modified
so that all regions would be represented.
 At the 1973 General Assembly session in Vienna, the emblem was modified, and now depicts all the regions
of the world.


Protection of the distinctive signs

As an international organization, Interpol’s distinctive signs are protected by the 1883 Paris Convention.

Under the terms of Article 6 of this Convention, which has been ratified by the majority of Interpol’s member
states, the signatory countries have agreed to refuse to register as trademarks and ban the use of coats of arms,
flags, emblems, initials and names of states and intergovernmental organizations.
 The organization's emblem and the name 'INTERPOL' have, in addition, been registered as European
Community and US trademarks.

Authorization to use Interpol’s distinctive signs

In exceptional cases, the organization may authorize a third party to use its distinctive signs. Authorization
can only be given by Interpol’s Secretary General.

In any event, authorization to use the organization's distinctive signs is limited:

 authorization is given for a specific, identified project

 the duration of the authorization is specified
 authorization does not confer any exclusive rights
 The authorization specifies that the organization's signs may not be modified or adapted.
 Where appropriate, the media (documents, films, etc.) must be submitted to the organization for approval
before publication.
 The organization may automatically revoke the entitlement to use its distinctive signs if it transpires that the
project for which the organization has given its agreement is likely to prejudice its reputation or image.

The Interpol National Central Bureau – Manila

Director General Philippine National Police ---------Chairman

Director, National Bureau of Investigation -----------Member
Commissioner, Bureau of Customs ------------------- --Member
Commissioner, Bureau of Internal Revenue ---------Member
Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration -----------------Member
Governor, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas -----------------Member
Executive Director, Dangerous Drug Board ----------Member
Commissioner, EIIB ---------------------------------------------Member

The first four were designated by the President, and the last four were unanimously chosen by members of
the NATIONAL Law Enforcement

Coordinating Committee (NALECC) as authorized by the President thru NALECC Resolution 93-10 dated 21 July
1993.
 SELECTED POLICE SYSTEMS

CANADIAN POLICE

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is the Canadian national police service and an agency of the Ministry of Public Safety
Canada. The RCMP is unique in the world since it is a national, federal, provincial and municipal policing body. We provide a
total federal policing service to all Canadians and policing services under contract to the three territories, eight provinces
(except Ontario and Quebec), more than 190 municipalities, 184 Aboriginal communities and three international airports.

JAPANESE POLICE
Law enforcement in Japan is provided by the Prefectural Police under the oversight of the National Police Agency or
NPA. The NPA is headed by the National Public Safety Commission thus ensuring that Japan's police are an apolitical
body and free of direct central government executive control.
National Public Safety Commission
To guarantee the neutrality of the police by insulating the force from political pressure and to ensure the
maintenance of democratic methods in police administration.
 The commission's primary function is to supervise the National Police Agency, and it has the authority to appoint or
dismiss senior police officers.

Composition of Commission
• a chairman, who holds the rank of minister of state
• five members appointed by the prime minister with the consent of both houses of the Diet
National Police Agency

The central coordinating body for the entire police system, determines general standards and policies.

In a national emergency or large-scale disaster, the agency is authorized to take command of prefectural police forces.

The agency is headed by a commissioner general who is appointed by the National Public Safety Commission with
the approval of the prime minister.

Five Bureaus:
• Police Administration Bureau
• Criminal Investigation Bureau
• Traffic Bureau
• Security Bureau
• Regional Public Safety Bureaus
7 Regional Police Bureaus:

• Tohoku - Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Akita, Yamagata, and Fukushima Prefectures

• Kinki - Shiga, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Nara, and Wakayama Prefectures

• Shikoku - Tokushima, Kagawa, Ehime, Kochi Prefectures

• Kanto - Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Kanagawa, Niigata, Yamanashi, Nagano, and Shizuoka
Prefectures

• Chubu - Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Gifu, Aichi, Mie, Prefectures

• Kyushu - Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, Miyazaki, Kagoshima, and Okinawa Prefectures

• Chugoku - Tottori, Shimane, Okayama, Hiroshima, and Yamaguchi Prefectures

Metropolitan Tokyo and the island of Hokkaidō are excluded from the regional jurisdictions and are run more
autonomously than other local forces, in the case of Tokyo, because of its special urban situation, and of Hokkaidō,
because of its distinctive geography. The National Police Agency maintains police communications divisions in these two
areas to handle any coordination needed between national and local forces.
Kōbans

are substations near major transportation hubs and shopping areas and in residential districts. They form the first line of
police response to the public. The Koban system is composed of about 6000 police boxes (Koban) and about 7000
residential police boxes (Chuzaisho). Koban is staffed by relatively small number of police officers (3-5 officers in usual),
and also Chuzaisho is usually staffed by a single officer.

Koban are tiny box-like neighborhood police stations. The are the foundation of the Japanese police system, giving police a
visible presence in an area and providing a place that residents can go to get help or assistance if they need it.

Koban are set up to monitor activities in their communities and, theoretically at least, respond quickly to crimes
and accidents. Japanese have traditionally gone to their local koban when there was a problem and the policeman there
helped them. Of times the primary tasks performed by koban police are giving out directions and filing reports for lost
dogs and stolen bicycles.

Ranks

• Commissioner General (Keisatsu-chō Chōkan) The Chief of NPA..

• Superintendent General (Keishi-sōkan): The Chief of MPD.

• Superintendent Supervisor (Keishi-kan) Deputy Commissioner General, Deputy Superintendent General, The Chief
of Regional Police Bureau, The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters.

• Chief Superintendent (Keishi-chō): The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters.

• Senior Superintendent (Keishi-sei): The Chief of Police Station.

• Superintendent (Keishi): The Chief of Police Station.

• Police Inspector or Captain ( Keibu)

• Assistant Police Inspector or Lieutenant (Keibu-ho)

• Police Sergeant ( Junsa-buchō)

• Senior Police Officer or Corporal (Junsa-chō): Honorary rank.

• Police officer, old Patrolman ( Junsa)

Note:
The NPA Commissioner General holds the highest position of the Japanese police. His title is not a rank but rather
denotes his position as head of the NPA.

On the other hand, the MPD Superintendent General represents not only the highest rank in the system but also
assignment as head of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department.

CHINESE POLICE

Rank Insignia
Police Rank 4 警佐四階 One Star on One Horizontal Bar

Police Rank 3 警佐三階 Two Stars on One Horizontal Bar

Police Rank 2 警佐二階 Three Stars on One Horizontal Bar

Police Rank 1 警佐一階 Four Stars on One Horizontal Bar

Police Officer Rank 4 警正四階 (Inspector)(Sub-Lieutenant) One Star on Two Horizontal Bars

Police Officer Rank 3 警正三階 (Senior inspector)(Captain) Two Stars on Two Horizontal Bars

Police Officer Rank 2 警正二階 (Superintendent) Three Stars on Two Horizontal Bars

Police Officer Rank 1 警正一階 (Senior Superintendent) Four Stars on Two Horizontal Bars

Police Supervisor Rank 4 警監四階 (Superintendent General) One Star on Three Horizontal Bars
Police Supervisor Rank 3 警監三階 Two Stars on Three Horizontal Bars

Police Supervisor Rank 2 警監二階 Three Stars on Three Horizontal Bars

Police Supervisor Rank 1 警監一階 Four Stars on Three Horizontal Bars

Police Supervisor Rank Supreme (Police General) 警監特階

MALAYSIAN POLICE
The Royal Malaysian Police (Abbreviation: RMP; Malay: Polis Diraja Malaysia, PDRM;) is a part of the security forces
structure in Malaysia. The force is a centralized organization with responsibilities ranging from traffic control to intelligence
gathering. Its headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur. The police force is led by an Inspector-General of Police
(IGP). The post is held by Tan Sri Ismail Omar.
In carrying out its responsibilities, the regular RMP is also assisted by a support group comprising of Extra Police Constables,
Police Volunteer Reserves, Auxiliary Police, Police Cadets and a civilian service element.
Rakan Cop is a community outreach programme launched in 9 August 2005.
The RMP constantly co-operates closely with police forces worldwide, which include those from the four neighbouring countries
Malaysia shares border with: Indonesian National Police, Royal Brunei Police Force, Royal Thai Police and Singapore Police
Force.

Police rank
Senior Officers

Gazetted Officers Commissioners Inspector-General of Police (IGP)

Deputy Inspector-General of Police (DIGP)
Commissioner of Police (CP)
Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police I (SAC I)
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police II (SAC II)
Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
Superintendents
Superintendent of Police (SP)
Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP)
Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP)
Non-gazetted Officers Inspectors Chief Inspector (C/Insp)
Inspector (Insp)
Probationary Inspector (P/Insp)

Rank In File Officers

Subordinate Officers Sub-Inspector (SI)
Sergeant Major (SM)
Sergeant (Sgt)
Corporal (Cpl)
Lance Corporal (L/Cpl)
Constable (PC)

Low rank of police officers apart from sub-inspectors wear their rank insignia on the right sleeve of their uniforms. Sub-
inspectors and higher ranks wear their rank insignia on epaulettes on both shoulders.

INDONESIAN POLICE
 The Indonesian National Police (Indonesian: Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia) is the official police force for
Indonesia. It had formerly been a part of the Tentara Nasional Indonesia since its independence from the Dutch. The police were
formally separated from the military in April 1999, a process which was formally completed in July 2000.[1] With 150,000
personnel, the police form a much smaller portion of the population than in most nations. The total number of national and
local police in 2006 was approximately 470,000.
The strength of the Indonesian National Police stood at approximately 285,000 in 2004. The national police force was formally
separated as a branch of the armed forces and placed under the Office of the President in 1999. It also includes 12,000 marine
police and an estimated 40,000 People’s Security (Kamra) trainees who serve as a police auxiliary and report for three weeks of
basic training each year.
The Headquarter, known as Markas Besar/Mabes in Indonesian, is located in Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta, Indonesia.

RANKS

In the early years, the Polri used European police style ranks like inspector and commissioner. When the police were
included into the military structure during the 1960s, the ranks changed to a military style such as Captain, Major and
Colonel. In the year 2000, when the Polri conducted the transition to a fully independent force out of the armed forces 2000,
they use British style police ranks like Inspector and Superintendent. The Polri have returned to Dutch style ranks just like in
the early years.

 High ranking officers

o Police General / Jenderal Polisi (Jend. Pol.) - equivalent General in the army
o Police Commissioner General / Komisaris Jenderal Polisi (Komjen Pol.) - equivalent Lieutenant General
o Police Inspector General / Inspektur Jenderal Polisi (Irjen Pol.) - equivalent Major General
o Police Brigadier General / Brigadir Jenderal Polisi (Brigjen Pol.) - equivalent Brigadier General
 Mid rank officers
o Police Grand Commissioner / Komisaris Besar Polisi (Kombespol) - equivalent Colonel
o Police Grand Commissioner Adjutant / Ajun Komisaris Besar Polisi (AKBP) - equivalent Lieutenant Colonel
o Police Commissioner / Komisaris Polisi (Kompol) - equivalent Major
 Low rank officers
o Police Commissioner Adjutant / Ajun Komisaris Polisi (AKP) - equivalent Captain
o First Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Satu (Iptu) - equivalent First Lieutenant
o Second Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Dua (Ipda) - equivalent Second Lieutenant
 Warrant officers
o First Police Inspector Adjutant / Ajun Inspektur Polisi Satu (Aiptu) - equivalent Chief Warrant Officer
o Second Police Inspector Adjutant / Ajun Inspektur Polisi Dua (Aipda) - equivalent Warrant Officer
 Non-commissioned officers
o Chief Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Kepala (Bripka) - equivalent Sergeant Major
o Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi (Brigadir) - equivalent Chief Sergeant
o First Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Satu (Briptu) - equivalent First Sergeant
 o Second Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Dua (Bripda) - equivalent Second Sergeant
 Enlisted
o Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi (Abrip) - equivalent Chief Corporal
o First Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi Satu (Abriptu) - equivalent First Corporal
o Second Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi Dua (Abripda) - equivalent Second Corporal
o Chief Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Kepala (Bharaka) - equivalent Chief Private
o First Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Satu (Bharatu) - equivalent Private First Class
o Second Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Dua (Bharada) - equivalent Private

POLICE IN BRUNEI

The Royal Brunei Police Force (Malay: Polis Diraja Brunei (PDRB)) was founded in 1921 with the passing of the
Brunei Police Force Enactment. The police force is in charge of prisons, fire services, the issuing of licenses, immigration,
and keeping law and order in the streets. The RBP has been a member of INTERPOL since 1984

SINGAPOREAN POLICE
The Singapore Police Force (Abbreviation: SPF; Chinese: 新加坡警察部队; Malay: Pasukan Polis Singapura; Tamil:
சிங் கப் பூர் காவல் துறை) is the main agency tasked with maintaining law and order in the city-state. Formerly known as
the Republic of Singapore Police (Abbreviation: RSP; Malay: Polis Republik Singapura), it has grown from an 11-man
organization to a 38,587 strong force. It enjoys a relatively positive public image, and is credited for helping to arrest
Singapore's civic unrests and lawlessness in its early years, and maintaining the low crime rate today despite having a
smaller police-citizen ratio compared to other major cities. Singapore has been ranked consistently in the top five positions
in the Global Competitiveness Report in terms of its reliability of police services.
 The organization structure of the SPF is split between the staff and line functions, roughly modeled after the military.
There are currently 15 staff departments and 13 line units. The headquarters is located in a block at New Phoenix Park
in Novena, adjacent to a twin block occupied by the Ministry of Home Affairs.

RANK

A standard rank structure is used throughout the police force, although some ranks may be unique to specific
organisations. These ranks are denoted where applicable in the following list, which lists them in ascending seniority:

Police officers

The rank of Corporal was abolished in 1972, but reinstated in 1976. In 1997, all ranks were shifted from the sleeves to
the epaulettes, except for the Gurkha Contingent. Also in the same year, the Station Inspector rank was changed from collar
pips to epaulettes with a new design similar to that of the SAF Warrant Officers, and the rank of Senior Station Inspector
was introduced. In 1998, the Senior Station Inspector (2) rank was introduced, and changes were made to the SI, SSI, and
 SSI(2) rank designs. The rank of Lance Corporal was abolished in 2002 [23]. The 2006, the Gurkha Contingent adopted
embroidered ranks as part of an overhaul of its combat dress, but are worn on the right front pocket.

Rank Abbreviation Trainee Regular NSF NSmen VSC Gurkha

Constable PC T/PC NA NA PC PC PC
Special Constable SC T/SC NA SC NA NA NA
Corporal CPL T/CPL CPL SC/CPL CPL (NS) CPL (V) CPL
Sergeant SGT T/SGT SGT SC/SGT SGT (NS) SGT (V) SGT
Staff Sergeant SSGT NA SSGT SC/SSGT SSGT (NS) SSGT (V) SSGT
Senior Staff Sergeant SSSGT NA SSSGT NA SSSGT (NS) SSSGT (V) SSSGT
Station Inspector SI NA SI NA SI (NS) SI (V) SI
Senior Station Inspector SSI NA SSI NA SSI (NS) SSI (V) NA
Senior Station Inspector (2) SSI (2) NA SSI (2) NA SSI(2) (NS) SSI(2)(V) NA

Senior police officers

Rank Abbreviation Trainee Regular NSF NSmen VSC Gurkha

Inspector INSP OCT(NSF) INSP NSPI INSP (NS) INSP (V)
P/INSP NSI
Chief Inspector NA NA NA NA NA NA C/INSP
Assistant Superintendent ASP P/ASP ASP ASP (NS) ASP (NS) ASP (V) ASP
Deputy Superintendent DSP NA DSP NA DSP (NS) DSP (V) DSP
Superintendent SUPT NA SUPT NA SUPT (NS) SUPT(V) SUPT
Deputy Assistant Commissioner DAC NA DAC NA NA DAC (V) DAC
Assistant Commissioner AC NA AC NA NA AC(V) AC
Senior Assistant Commissioner SAC NA SAC NA NA NA NA
Deputy Commissioner of Police DCP/DC NA DCP NA NA NA NA
Commissioner of Police CP NA CP NA NA NA NA

INDIAN POLICE

Ranks of Gazetted Officers

 Director Intelligence Bureau (post held by senior most Indian Police Service officer; not a rank)
 Commissioner of Police (State) or Director General of Police
 Special Commissioner of Police or Additional Director General of Police
  Joint Commissioner of Police or Inspector General of Police
 Additional Commissioner of Police or Deputy Inspector General of Police
 Deputy Commissioner of Police or Senior Superintendent of Police
 Deputy Commissioner of Police or Superintendent of Police
 Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police or Additional Superintendent of Police
 Assistant Commissioner of Police or Deputy Superintendent of Police
 Assistant Superintendent of Police (IPS Probationary Rank: 2 years of service)
 Assistant Superintendent of Police (IPS Probationary Rank: 1 year of service)

Ranks of Non-Gazetted Officers

 Inspector of Police
 Sub-Inspector of Police
 Assistant Sub-Inspector of Police
 Police Head Constable
 Senior Police Constable
 Police Constable

HONG KONG POLICE

The Hong Kong Police Force (香港警務處, HKPF，alias Hong Kong Police，HKP) is the largest disciplined service under the
Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It is the World's second and Asia's first police agency to operate with a modern policing system.
It was formed on 1 May 1844, with strength of 32 officers. Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong Police
Force in 1969 for their handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots, renaming the Hong Kong Police Force as the Royal Hong Kong
Police Force. Following the Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, the Police Force now uses the current name. The Hong Kong
Police Force has been recognized for its professionalism, organisation, attitude on law enforcement and prompt response and
efficiency, leading journalist Kevin Sinclair, Federal Bureau of Investigation and INTERPOL have acknowledged that the Hong
Kong Police Force as "Asia's Finest". And in having set up the foundation for the social stability of Hong Kong, and has won a
good reputation as one of the safest cities in the World.
In 2008, a rating investigation of Asian police departments voted by the Political and Economic Risk Consultancy Agency,
result in the Hong Kong Police Force have been rated the excellence of Asian police departments. The rating awarders
commented that the Hong Kong Police Force are respectable and outstanding in their performance of upholding the law and
maintaining public orders, keeping the Hong Kong people living and working in peace and contentment. Furthermore, a
quantitative research derived from the United States of America and United Kingdom with its statistical outcome, aims for the
World's police forces' overall quality, including local public security, case cracking rate, incorruptibility, professionalism and
language proficiency, etc. The result is the Hong Kong Police Force has been rated in the top of Asia, also as one of the best of
the World.
 The current Commissioner of Police is Tang King Shing, including the Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force and civil
servants, leading a force of about 40,000 personnel, which makes Hong Kong the second greatest citizen-officer ratio society in
the world. In addition, the Marine Region with about 3,000 officers, and a fleet of 143 is the largest of any civil police force.

RANKS

The HKPF continues to use similar ranks and insignia to those used in British police forces. Until 1997, the St Edward's
Crown was used in the insignia, when it was replaced with the Bauhinia flower crest of the Hong Kong government. The crest of
the force was modified in 1997:
 Commissioner of Police (CP)
 Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
 Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SACP)
 Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
 Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP)
 Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)
 Superintendent of Police (SP)
 Chief Inspector of Police (CIP) (insignia of a Captain)
 Senior Inspector of Police (SIP)
 Inspector of Police (IP)
 Probationary Inspector of Police (PI)
 Station Sergeant (SSGT)
 Sergeant (SGT)
 Senior Constable (SPC)
 Police Constable (PC)

ENGLISH POLICE (UNITED KINGDOM)

The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) is the territorial police force responsible for policing Greater London, excluding the
"square mile" of the City of London which is the responsibility of the City of London Police.[10] The MPS also has significant
national responsibilities such as co-ordinating and leading on counter-terrorism matters and protection of the Royal Family
of the United Kingdom and senior figures of HM Government.
At the end of February 2010, the MPS employed 52,111 personnel. This includes sworn 33,258 police officers and
4,226 Special Constables, 14,332 civilian police staff, and 4,520 non-sworn Police Community Support Officers.[6] This
makes it the largest police force within the United Kingdom by a significant margin.[12] The Commissioner of Police of the
Metropolis, known commonly as Commissioner, is the overall operational leader of the force, responsible and accountable
to the Metropolitan Police Authority. The post of Commissioner was first held jointly by Sir Charles Rowan and Sir
Richard Mayne. The Commissioner since 27 January 2009 is Sir Paul Stephenson, QPM who had previously been the
Acting Commissioner since 1 December 2008.
 A number of informal names and abbreviations exists for the Metropolitan Police Service, such as "the Met", "Met
Pol", "MP" and "the MPS". In statutes it is referred to in the lower case as the "metropolitan police force" or the
"metropolitan police", without the appendage "service". The MPS is also referred to as Scotland Yard after the location of
its original headquarters buildings in and around Great Scotland Yard, Whitehall. The current headquarters of the MPS
is New Scotland Yard

RANKS

The Metropolitan Police uses the standard UK police ranks, indicated by shoulder boards, up to Chief
Superintendent, but it has five ranks above that level instead of the standard three.

The Metropolian Police approved the use of name badges in October 2003, with new recruits wearing the Velcro badges
from September 2004. The badge consists of the wearer's rank, followed by their surname.

Following controversy over alleged assaults by uniformed officers with concealed shoulder identification numbers during
the G20 summit, Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Paul Stephenson stated that "The public has a right to be able to
identify any uniformed officer whilst performing their duty" by their shoulder identification numbers.

 Police Constable (PC) (Divisional call sign and shoulder number)

 Sergeant (Sgt or PS) (three point down chevrons above divisional call sign and Shoulder Number) – an "acting" Sergeant,
i.e. a substantive constable being paid an allowance to undertake the duties of a sergeant for a short period of time,
displays two point down chevrons above divisional call sign, and Shoulder Number. The use of the three chevrons by an
acting Sergeant is technically incorrect, and should only be used during a period of temporary promotion.
 Inspector (Insp) (two Order of the Bath stars, informally known as "pips")
 Chief Inspector (C/Insp) (three Order of the Bath stars)
 Superintendent (Supt) (single crown)
 Chief Superintendent (Ch Supt) (crown over one pip)
 Commander (Cmdr) (crossed tipstaves in a bayleaf wreath); the first ACPO rank.
 Deputy Assistant Commissioner (DAC) (one pip over Commander's badge)
 Assistant Commissioner (AC) (crown over Commander's badge);
 Deputy Commissioner (crown above two side-by-side small pips, above Commander's badge)
 Commissioner (crown above one pip above Commander's badge)

“Do not just try to be on top of the line, be the best of whoever you are; with God at your right and your virtues at your left, you can pass the test to
success”