Continuity and Differentiability

CONTINUITY
&
DIFFERENTIABILITY
THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET
CONTENTS
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
♦ THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES .............................................................. 3 – 28
♦ EXERCISE - I .................................................................................................. 29 – 38
♦ EXERCISE - II .................................................................................................. 39 – 42
♦ EXERCISE - III ................................................................................................. 43 – 47
♦ EXERCISE - IV ................................................................................................ 48 – 51
♦ EXERCISE - V ................................................................................................. 52 – 54
♦ ANSWER KEY ................................................................................................ 55 – 56
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052, 0744-2439053 www.motioniitjee.com, email-hr.motioniitjee@gmail.com
Page # 2 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
JEE Syllabus :
continuity of a function, continuity of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions,
continuity of composite functions, intermediate value property of continuous functions
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052, 0744-2439053
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, www.motioniitjee.com,
0744-2439052, email-hr.motioniitjee@gmail.com
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 3
A. DEFINITION OF CONTINUITY
Continuity at a Point : – A function f is continuous at c if the following three conditions are met.
(i) f(x) is defined. (ii) lim f(x) exists. (iii) lim f(x) = f(c).
x →c x →c
In other words function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c , if Limit f(x) = f(c).

x →c
Symbolically f is continuous at x = c if Limit f(c - h) = Limit f(c+h) = f(c).

h→0 h→0
x=a x=a
(continuous) (Discontinuous)
One-sided Continuity :
A function f defined in some neighbourhood of a point c for c ≤ c is said to be continuous at c from the
left if xlim
→c −
f(x) = f(c).
A function f defined in some neigbourhood of a point c for x ≥ c is said to be continuous at c from the
right if xlim
→c +
f(x) = f(c).
One-sided continuity is a collective term for functions continuous from the left or from the right.
If the function f is continuous at c, then it is continuous at c from the left and from the right .
Conversely, if the function f is continuous at c from the left and from the right, then xlim
→c
f(x) exists &
lim f(x) = f(c).

x →c
The last equality means that f is continuous at c.
If one of the one-sided limits does not exist, then xlim

→c
f(x) does not exist either. In this case, the point
c is a discontinuity in the function, since the continuity condition is not met.
Continuity In An Interval :
(a) A function f is said to be continuous in an open interval (a , b) if f is continuous at each & every
point ∈ (a , b).
(b) A function f is said to be continuous in a closed interval a , b if : [ ]

(i) f is continuous in the open interval (a , b) &
(ii) f is right continuous at ‘a’ i.e. Limit

x →a +
f(x) = f(a) = a finite quantity..
(iii) f is left continuous at ‘b’ i.e. Limit

x →b −
f(x) = f(b) = a finite quantity..
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A function f can be discontinuous due to any of the following three reasons :
(i) Limit f(x) does not exist i.e. Limit− f(x) ≠ Limit f (x)
x →c x →c x →c +
(ii) f(x) is not defined at x= c (iii) Limit f(x) ≠ f (c)

x →c
Geometrically, the graph of the function will exhibit a break at x= c.
Ex.1 Test the following functions for continuity
2x 5 − 8 x 2 + 11 3 sin3 x + cos 2 x + 1
(a) (b) f(x) =
x 4 + 4x3 + 8x 2 + 8x + 4 4 cos x − 2
Sol. (a) A function representing a ratio of two continous functions will be (polynomials in this case)
discontinuous only at points for which the denominator zero. But in this case
(x4 + 4x3 + 8x2 + 8x + 4) = (x2 + 2x + 2)2 = [(x + 1)2 + 1]2 > 0 (always greater than zero)
Hence f(x) is continuous throughout the entire real line.
(b) The function f(x) suffers discontinuities only at points for which the denominator is equal to zero
i.e. 4 cos x – 2 = 0 or cos x = 1/2 ⇒ x = xn = ± π/3 + 2nπ (n = 0, ±1, ±2...)
Thus the function f(x) is continuous everywhere, except at the point xn.
2 − (256 − 7 x )1/ 8
Ex.2 The function f(x) = , x ≠ 0 is continuous everywhere then find the value of f(0).
(5x + 32)1/ 5 − 2
Sol. Since f(x) is continuous
∴ f(0) = R.H.L. = xlim

→0 +
f(x) = hlim
→0
f(0 + h)
(256 − 7h)1/ 8 − (256 )1/ 8 (256 − 7h)1/ 8 − ( 256 )1/ 8

( 256 − 7h) − (256 )
1/ 8 1/ 8 .( −7h)
( 256 − 7h) − 256 7 ( 256 − 7h) − 256
= – hlim = – lim = lim
→0 (5h + 32)1/ 5 − (32)1/ 5 h →0 (5h + 32) − (32)
1/ 5 1/ 5
5 h → 0 (5h + 32)1/ 5 − (32)1/ 5
.(5h)
(5h + 32) − 32 (5h + 32) − 32
1
.( 256 )1/ 8−1 7 ( 2)−7 7 1 7 7
7 8 = . 3 =  x n − an 
= . = . −4 ⇒ f(0) = . ∵ xlim − nan−1 
5 1 8 ( 2) 8 2 64 64 →a x − a
.(32)1/ 5 −1  
5
 − 2 sin x if x ≤ −π / 2
 π
A sin x + B if − < x < π/2
Ex.3 Let f(x) =  2 Find A and B so as to make the function continuous.

 cos x if x ≥ π/2
Sol. At x = – π/2
L.H.L. = Lim ( −2 sin x ) R.H.L. = Lim A sin x + B

π− π+
x→ − x→ −
2 2
π π
Replace x by – – h where h → 0 Replace x by – + h where h → 0.
2 2
 π   π 
Lim – 2 sin  − − h  = 2 = Lim A sin  − + h + B = B – A
h →0  2  h →0  2 
So B – A = 2 ...(i)
At x = π/2
L.H.L. = Lim− A sin x + B R.H.L. = Lim+ cos x

π π
x→ x→
2 2
π π
Replace x by –h Replace x by +h
2 2
where h → 0 where h → 0
π  π 
= Lim A sin  − h + B = A + B = Lim cos  + h = 0
h→ 0 2  h→0 2 
So A + B = 0 ...(ii)
Solving (i) & (ii), B = 1, A = –1
  1 1
2 − + 
( x + 1)  |x| x  , x ≠ 0
Ex.4 Test the continuity of f(x) at x = 0 if f(x) = 
 0 , x=0

Sol. For x < 0,
 1 1 
2 − + 
 |0 −h| ( 0 −h ) 
L.H.L. = xlim f(x) = hlim f(0 – h) = hlim (0 − h + 1) = hlim (1 – h)2 = (1 – 0)2 = 1
→0 − →0 →0 →0
 1 1 2
2 −  +  2−
f(0) = 0. & R.H.L = xlim
→0 +
f(x) = hlim
→0
f(0 + h) = lim (h + 1)  |h| h 
= lim (h + 1) h
= 1– ∞ = 1
h→0 h →0
∴ L.H.L. = R.H.L. ≠ f(0) Hence f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
Ex.5 If f(x) be continuous function for all real values of x and satisfies;
x2 + {f(x) – 2} x + 2 3 –3– 3 . f(x) = 0, ∀ x ∈ R. Then find the value of f( 3 ).

Sol. As f(x) is continuous for all x ∈ R.
lim f(x) = f ( 3 ) x 2 − 2x + 2 3 − 3
Thus, x→ 3
where f(x) = ,x≠ 3
3−x
( 2 − 3 − x )( 3 − x )
lim f(x) = lim x − 2x + 2 3 − 3
2
= xlim = 2( Ι − 3 )
x→ 3 x→ 3 3−x → 3 ( 3 − x)
f ( 3 ) = 2 (1 − 3 ) .
 π
(1+ | sin x | , − <x<0
a /(|sin x|)
 6
Ex.6 Let f(x) =  b , x = 0 Determine a and b such that f is continuous at x = 0.
 e tan 2 x / tan 3 x , x>0


Sol. For x < 0,
L.H.L. = xlim
→0 −
f(x) = hlim
→0
f(0 – h) = hlim
→0
(1 + |sin (0 – h)|)a/(|sin(0 – h)|)
lim (1+ sinh−1).a /(sinh)

= hlim
→0
(1 + sin h)a/(sin h) = e h →0 =ea
For x = 0, f(0) = b
tan 2h tan 2h / 2h 2
For x > 0,R.H.L. = xlim f(x) = hlim f(0 + h) = lim lim .
eh →0 tan 3h = eh→ 0 tan 3h / 3h 3 = e
(1/1) . (2/3)
→0 + →0
= e2/3
∵ f(x) is continuous at x = 0 ∴ L.H.L. = R.H.L. = f(0)

⇒ a
e =e 2/3
=b Hence a = 2/3 and b = e2/3.
Acosx +Bxsinx −5
Ex.7 If f (x) = (x ≠ 0) is continuous at x = 0, then find the value of A and B . Also find f
x4
(0).
Sol. For continuity Limit f (x) = f (0)

x→0
A cosx +Bxsinx −5
Now Limit
x→0 4
as x → 0 ; Numerator → A − 5 and Denominator → 0.
x
Hence A − 5 = 0 ⇒ A=5
5 sinx sin2 x
Bx sinx −5(1−cosx ) B. x − 1+cosx
Limit Limit x2
Hence x →0 = x →0
x4 x2
5 5
as x → 0 ; Numerator → B − and Denominator → 0 ⇒ B =
2 2
x cos x − 4sin 2 x
Limit xsinx −2(1−cosx )
5 5 2xsin 2
Hence l = = Limit 2 2
x →0 x →0
2 x4 2 x4
x
2sin 2 x −2cos x
xcos 2
5 Limit Limit 2
= x →0 x →0
Let x = 2 θ
2 x x3
5 Limit 2θcosθ−2sinθ 5 Limit ( θ−tanθ) 5 Limit θ−tanθ 5  1  5

= = 2 cos θ = = −  = −
16 θ →0
θ 3
16 θ→0
θ 3
8 θ →0
θ 3
8  3 24
 a 2[ x ] + { x } − 1
 , x≠0
Ex.8 Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) =  2[ x ] + { x } (a ≠ 1)
 log a , x=0
 e
at x = 0, where [x] and {x} are the greatest integer function and fractional part of x respectively.
Sol. Value of function = f(0) = loge a
a 2[ 0 − h ] + { 0 − h } − 1 a 2[ 0 −h]+ { −1+(1−h )} − 1 a −1 − 1 1
L.H.L. = xlim f(x) = hlim f(0 – h) = hlim = hlim = = 1−
→0 − →0 →0 2[0 − h] + {0 − h} → 0 2[0 − h] + {−1 + (1 − h)} −1 a
2[ 0 +h]+ {0 +h} −1
lim f(0 + h) = lim a a 0 +h − 1 ah − 1
and R.H.L. = xlim f(x) = = lim = lim = loge a
→0 + h→ 0 h→0 2[0 + h] + {0 + h} h→0 0 + h h →0 h
∴ L.H.L. ≠ R.H.L. = f(0) Hence f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
1 + a cos 2x + b cos 4 x
 if x ≠ 0
 x 2 sin2 x
Ex.9 Let f (x) =  If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, then find the value of (b + c)3

c if x = 0
– 3a.
1 + a cos 2x + b cos 4 x
Sol. Lim as x → 0, Nr → 1 + a + b Dr → 0
x →0 x4
a cos 2x + b cos 4 x − (a + b)
for existence of limit a + b + 1 = 0 ∴ c = Lim .....(2)
x →0 x4
a(1 − cos 2x ) b(1 − cos 4 x )

+
= – Lim x2 x2
x →0 2
x
limit of Nr ⇒ 2a + 8b = 0 ⇒ a = – 4b
1 4
hence – 4b + b = – 1 ⇒ b= and a=–
3 3
4(1 − cos 2x ) − (1 − cos 4 x ) 8 sin2 x − 2 sin2 2 x 8 sin2 x − 8 sin2 x cos2 x

hence c = Lim = =
x →0 3x 2 3x 4 3x 4
8 sin2 x sin2 x 8
= · 2 · 2 =
3 x x 3

 a(1− xsinx )+bcosx +5
 x <0
 x2
Ex.10 Let f(x) =  3 x =0 . If f is continuous at x = 0, then find the values of a,
  1
 1+ cx +dx  
3 x
x >0
   x2 
   
b, c & d .
a (1 − x sin x ) + b cos x + 5
Sol. f (0 −) = Limit
x →0
for existence of limit a + b + 5 = 0
x2
a (1 − x sin x ) − (a + 5) cos x + 5
a (1 − cos x ) + 5 (1 − cos x ) − a x sin x
= Limit x2 = Limit
x →0 x→0
x2
a 5
= + −a = 3 ⇒ a=−1 ⇒ b=−4
2 2
1/ x
 x (c + d x 2 ) 
f (0 ) = Limit
+
1+  for existence of limit c = 0
x →0
 x2 
Limit 1
x dx
Limit (1 + dx)1/x = e x → 0 = ed = 3 ⇒ d = ln 3
x →0
e 2x −1−x(e 2x +1)
Ex.11 The function , f (x) = is not defined at x = 0 . What should be the value of f (x) so
x3
that f (x) is continuous at x = 0 .
e 2x −1− x(e 2x +1)

Sol. l = Limit
x →0 Put x = 3t
x3
e 6t −1−3t( e 6t +1) ( e 2t −1)3 +3e 2t ( e 2t −1)−3t( e 6t +1)

= Limit
t →0
= Limit
t →0 3
27t 3 27t
= Limit
[ ] [
( e 2t −1)3 +3e 2t e 2t −1−t( e 2t +1) + 3t e 2t (e 2t +1)−e 6t −1 ]
t →0
27t 3
( e 2t −1)3 1 1
= Limit
t →0 3
+ Limit e2t × l − Limit
t →0 t →0
(e2t − 1) (e4t − 1)
27t 9 9t 2
8 8 8 Limit  e 2t −1   e 4t −1  1 2
⇒ = −   ×   ⇒ l = −1 = –
9 27 9 t →0     3 3
 2t   4t 
max{ f ( t ) : x + 1 ≤ t ≤ x + 2,−3 ≤ x < 0}

Ex.12 Let f(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 6 ∀ x ∈ R and g(x) = 
1 − x, for x≥0
Test continuity of g (x) for x ∈ [–3, 1].

Sol. Since f(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 6 ⇒ f’(x) = 3x2 – 6x = 3x (x – 2)
for maxima and minima f′(x) = 0
∴ x = 0, 2
f″ (x) = 6x – 6
f″ (0) = –6 < 0 (local maxima at x = 0)
f″ (2) = 6 > 0 (local minima at x = 2)
x3 – 3x2 + 6 = 0 has maximum 2 positive and 1 negative real roots. Y
f(0) = 6. 6
Now graph of f(x) is :
Clearly f(x) is increasing in (– ∞, 0) ∪ (2, ∞) and decreasing in (0, 2)
y = f(x)
⇒ x+2<0⇒x<–2 ⇒ –3 ≤ x < – 2
⇒ –2 ≤ x + 1 < –1 and –1 ≤ x + 2 < 0
f(x) = 2
in both cases f(x) increases (maximum) of g(x) = f(x + 2) 2
∴ g(x) = f(x + 2); –3 ≤ x < – 2 ...(1)
and if x + 1 < 0 and 0 ≤ x + 2 < 2 X
–1 O 1 2 3
⇒ – 2 ≤ x < –1 then g(x) = f(0)
Now for x + 1 ≥ 0 and x + 2 < 2 ⇒ –1 ≤ x < 0, g(x) = f(x + 1)
 f ( x + 2) ; − 3 ≤ x < −2
 f (0) ; − 2 ≤ x < −1

Hence g(x) =  Hence g(x) is continuous in the interval [–3, 1].
 f ( x + 1) ; − 1 ≤ x < +0
 1 − x ; x≥0
Ex.13 Let y = f(x) be defined parametrically as y = t2 + t | t |, x = 2t – | t |, t ∈ R Then at x = 0, find f(x)

and discuss continuity.
Sol. As, y = t2 + t | t | and x = 2t – | t | Y
y = 2x2
Thus when t ≥ 0
⇒ x = 2t – t = t, y = t2 + t2 = 2t2 ∴ x = t and y = 2t2
⇒ y = 2x2 ∀ x ≥ 0
again when, t<0
X
y=0 0
⇒ x = 2t + t = 3t and y = t2 – t2 = 0 ⇒ y = 0 for all x < 0.
2x 2 , x ≥ 0
Hence, f(x) =  which is clearly continuous for all x as show graphically..
 0, x < 0
 1 1 1 
Ex.14 Given the function, f (x) = x  + + +......upto∞  .
 x(1+x ) (1+x )(1+2x ) (1+2x )(1+3x ) 
Find f (0) if f (x) is continuous at x = 0 .
1 (1+2x )−(1+ x ) (1+3x )−(1+2x ) (1+nx )−(1+n−1x )

Sol. f (x) = + + + ...... +
1+ x (1+ x )(1+2x ) (1+ 2x )(1+3x ) (1+n−1x )(1+nx )
 2 if x ≠ 0 and n → ∞
upto n terms when x ≠ 0. Hence f (x) =  1+ x
2 1
f (x) = −
1+ x 1 + nx  2 if x = 0 for continuity.
Ex.15 Let f : R → R be a function which satisfies f(x + y3) = f(x) + (f(y))3 ∀ x, y ∈ R. If f is continuous at x
= 0, prove that f is continuous every where.
Sol. To prove hlim

→0
f(x + h) = f(x).
Put x = y = 0 in the given relation f(0) = f(0) + (f(0))3 ⇒ f(0) = 0
Since f is continuous at x = 0, hlim

→0
f(h) = f(0) = 0.
Now, hlim
→0
f(x + h) = hlim
→0
f(x) + (f(h))3 = f(x) + hlim
→0
(f(h))3 = f(x) + 0 = f(x).
Hence f is continuous for all x ∈ R.
B. CLASSIFICATION OF DISCONTINUITY
Definition :– Let a function f be defined in the neighbourhood of a point c, except perhaps at c itself.
Also let both one–sided limits xlim

→c −
f(x) and xlim
→c +
f(x) exist, where xlim
→c +
f(x) ≠ xlim
→c −
f(x).
Then the point c is called a discontinuity of the first kind in the function f(x).
In more complicated case xlim

→c
f(x) may not exist because
one or both one-sided limits do not exist. Such condition

is called a discontinuity of the second kind.
 x 2 + 1 for x < 0,

x = 0,
y= 
5 for
The function
 −x for x > 0,

has a discontinuity of the first kind at x = 0

The function y = |x| /x is defined for all x ∈ R, x ≠ 0;
but at x = 0 it has a discontinuity of the first kind.
The left-hand limit is xlim

→0 −
y = –1, while the
right-hand limit is xlim

→0 +
y=1
1
The function y = has no limits (neither one-sided nor
( x − 2)( x − 3)
1
two-sided) at x = 2 and x = 3 since xlim = ∞. Therefore
→0 ( x − 2)( x − 3)
x = 2 and x = 3 are discontinuities of the second kind
The function y = ln |x| at the point x = 0 has the limits lim

x→0
ln |x| = –∞. Consequently, xlim
→0
f(x) (and
also the one-sided limits) do not exist; x = 0 is a discontinuity of the second kind.
It is not true that discontinuities of the second kind only
arise when xlim

→c
f(x) = ∞. The situation is more complicated.
Thus, the function y = sin (1/x), has no one-sided limits

– +
for x → 0 and x → 0 , and does not tend to infinity as x → 0
There is no limit as x → 0 since the values of the function
sin (1/x) do not approach a certain number, but repeat an
infinite number of times within the interval from –1 to 1 as x → 0.
Removable & Irremovable Discontinuity
(a) In case Limit f(x) exists but is not equal to f(c) then the function is said to have a removable
x →c
discontinuity. In this case we can redefine the function such that Limit f(x) = f(c) & make it
x →c
continuous at x = c.
Removable Type Of Discontinuity Can Be Further Classified As :
(i) Missing Point Discontinuity : where Limit f(x) exists finitely but f(a) is not defined . e.g. f(x)
x →a
(1 − x )(9 − x 2 )
= has a missing point discontinuity at x = 1 .
(1 − x )
(ii) Isolated Point Discontinuity : where

Limit f(x) exists & f(a) also exists but ; Limit ≠ f(a) .
x→ a x →a
e.g. f(x) =
x 2 − 16 , x ≠ 4 & f (4) = 9 has a break at x = 4.
x−4
(b) In case Limit f(x) does not exist then it is not possible to make the function continuous by
x →c
redefining it . Such discontinuities are known as non - removable discontinuity.
Irremovable Type Of Discontinuity Can Be Further Classified As :

(i) Finite discontinuity : e.g. f(x) = x − [x] at all integral x.
1 1
(ii) Infinite discontinuity : e.g. f(x) = or g(x) = at x = 4.
x−4 ( x − 4 )2
(iii) Oscillatory discontinuity : e.g. f(x) = sin

1 at x = 0 .
x
In all these cases the value of f(a) of the function at x= a (point of discontinuity) may or may not exist
but Limit does not exist.

x →a
Remark :
(i) In case of finite discontinuity the non-negative difference between the value of the RHL at x = c &
LHL at x = c is called THE JUMP OF DISCONTINUITY . A function having a finite number of jumps in a
given interval I is called a PIECE-WISE CONTINUOUS OR SECTIONALLY CONTINUOUS function in this interval.
(ii) All Polynomials, Trigonometrical functions, Exponential & Logarithmic functions are continuous in
their domains.
(iii) Point functions are to be treated as discontinuous . eg . f(x) = 1 − x + x − 1 is not continuous at

x = 1.
(iv)If f is continuous at x = c & g is continuous at x = f(c) then the composite g[f(x)] is

x sin x
continuous at x = c. eg . f(x) = & g(x) =  x  are continuous at x = 0 , hence the
x2 + 2
x sin x
composite gof (x) = will also be continuous at x = 0.
x2 + 2
C. THEOREMS OF CONTINUITY
THEOREM–1 If f & g are two functions that are continuous at x= c then the functions defined by
F1(x) = f(x) ± g(x) ; F2(x) = K f(x) , K any real number ; F3(x) = f(x).g(x) are also continuous
f ( x)
at x= c. Further, if g (c) is not zero, then F4(x) = is also continuous at x= c.
g( x )
THEOREM–2 If f(x) is continuous & g(x) is discontinuous at x = a then the product function
sin πx x ≠ 0
φ (x) = f(x) . g(x) is not necessarily discontinuous at x = a . e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = 
 0 x=0
THEOREM–3 If f(x) and g(x) both are discontinuous at x = a then the product function
 1 x≥0
φ (x) = f(x) . g(x) is not necessarily discontinuous at x = a . e.g. f(x) = − g(x) = 
− 1 x < 0
THEOREMS–4 : INTERMEDIATE VALUE THEOREM

If f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and k is any number between f(a) and f(b), then there is
at least one number c in [a, b] such that f(c) = k.
Note that the Intermediate Value Theorem tells that at least one c exists, but it does not give a
method for finding c. Such theorems are called existence theorems.
As a simple example of this theorem, consider a person’s height. Suppose that a girl is 5 feet tall on her
thirteenth birthday and 5 feet 7 inches tall on her fourteenth birthday. Then, for any height h between
5 feet and 7 inches, there must have been a time t when her height was exactly h. This seems
reasonable because human growth is continuous and a person’s height does not abruptly change from
one value to another.
The Intermediate Value Theorem guarantees the existence of at least one number c in the closed
interval [a, b]. There may, of course, be more than one number c such that f(c) = k, as shown in Figure
1. A function that is not continuous does not necessarily possess the intermediate value property. For
example, the graph of the function shown in Figure 2 jumps over the horizontal line given by y = k and
for this function there is no value of c in [a, b] such that f(c) = k.
The Intermediate Value Theorem often can be used to locate the zeroes of a function that is continuous
on a closed interval. Specifically, if f is continuous on [a, b] and f(a) and f(b) differ in sign, then the
intermediate Value Theorem guarantees the existence of at least one zero of f in the closed interval
[a, b].
f( x) = x 3 + 2 x − 1
y
y y
f(a) 2 (1, 2)
f(a)
k 1 (c, 0)
k
f(b) f(b) [ ] x
–1 1
[ ] x [ ] x –1 (0, –1)
c1 c2 c3 a
a b b
(Fig. 1) (Fig. 2) (Fig. 3)
f is continuous on [a, b]. (For k, f is not continuous on [a, b]. f is continuous on [0, 1] with
there exist 3 c’s.) (For k, there are no c’s.) f(0) < 0 and f(1) > 0.
3
Ex.16 Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that the polynomial function f(x) = x + 2x – 1 has a zero
in the interval [0, 1]
Sol. Note that f is continuous on the closed interval [0, 1]. Because
3 3
f(0) = 0 + 2(0) – 1 = –1 and f(1) = 1 + 2(1) – 1 = 2
it follows that f(0) < 0 and f(1) > 0. You can therefore apply the Intermediate Value Theorem to
conclude that there must be some c in [0, 1] such that f(c) = 0, as shown in Figure 3.
1
Ex.17 State intermediate value theorem and use it to prove that the equation x−5 = has at least
x+3
one real root.
1
Sol. Let f (x) = x −5 – first, f (x) is continuous on [5, 6]
x+3
1 1 1 8
Also f (5) = 0 – =– < 0, f (6) = 1 – = >0
5+3 8 9 9
Hence by intermediate value theorem ∃ at least one value of c ∈ (5, 6)
for which f (c) = 0
1 1
∴ c−5 – =0 ∴ c is root of the equation x −5 = and c ∈ (5, 6)
c+3 x +3
Ex.18 Let f : R → R satisfy f(x) – f(y) =ex – y – 1 ∀ x, y ∈ R. Prove that f is a continuous function. Also prove
that the function f(x) has atleast one zero if f(0) < 1.
Sol. lim f(x + h) – f(x) = lim (ex + h – x – 1) = 0. Hence f is continuous everywhere.

h→ 0 h→ 0
Now f(x) = f(0) + ex – 1. ⇒ xlim

→∞
f(x) = ∞ lim f(x) = f(0) – 1 < 0
x → −∞
Since f(x) is positive for large positive x and negative of large negative x, by Intermediate Value
Theorem f(x) = 0 has atleast one root.
Ex.19 If f(x) be a continuous function in [0, 2π] and f(0) = f(2π) then prove that there exists point
c ∈ (0, π) such that f(c) = f(c + π).
Sol. Let g(x) = f(x) – f(x + π) ....(i)
at x = π; g(π) = f(π) – f(2π) ....(ii)
at x = 0, g(0) = f(0) – f(π) ...(iii)
adding (ii) and (iii), g(0) + g(π) = f(0) – f(2π)
⇒ g(0) + g(π) = 0 [Given f(0) = f(2π) ⇒ g(0) = –g(π)
⇒ g(0) and g(π) are opposite in sign.
⇒ There exists a point c between 0 and π such g(c) = 0 as shown in graph;
From (i) putting x = c g(c) = f(c) – f(c + π) = 0 Hence, f(c) = f(c + π)
D. DIFFERENTIABILITY
Definition of Tangent : If f is defined on an open interval containing c, and if the limit
∆y f ( c + ∆x ) − f ( c )
lim = lim =m
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x →0 ∆x
exists, then the line passing through (c, f(c)) with slope m is the tangent line to the graph of f at the
point (c, f(c)).
The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at the point (c, f(c)) is also called the slope of the graph
of f at x = c.
The above definition of a tangent line to a curve does not cover the possibility of a vertical tangent
line. For vertical tangent lines, you can use the following definition. If f is continuous at c and
f (c + ∆x ) − f (c )
lim =∞
∆x →0 ∆x
then the vertical line, x = c, passing through (c, f(c)) is a vertical tangent line to the graph of f. For
example, the function shown in Figure has a vertical tangent line at (c, f(c)). If the domain of f is the
closed interval [a, b], then you can extend the definition of a vertical tangent line to include the
endpoints by considering continuity and limits from the right (for x = a) and from the left (for x = b).
f (a + ∆x ) − f (a) Vertical
lim + =∞ y
∆x →0 ∆x tangent
line.
f (b + ∆x ) − f (b)
lim − =∞
∆x → 0 ∆x (c, f(c))
In the preceding section we considered the x

derivative of a function f at a fixed number a : Figure
The graph of f has a vertical
f ( a + h ) − f (a ) tanent line at (c, f(c)).
f′(a) = lim ...(1)
h →0 h
Note that alternatively, we can define
f ¢(a) =
Limit f ( x )−f (a) , provided the limit exists.
x→ a x−a
Here we change our point of view and let the number a vary. If we replace a in Equation 1 by a variable
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
x, we obtain f′(x) = lim ...(2)
h →0 h
Given any number x for which this limit exists, we assign to x the number f′(x). So we can regard f′ as
a new function, called the derivative of f and defined by Equation 2. We know that the value of f′(x),
can be interpreted geometrically as the slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at the point (x, f(x)).
The function f′ is called the derivative of f because it has been “derived” from f by the limiting
operation in Equation 2. The domain of f′ is the set {x|f′(x) exists} and may be smaller than the
domain of f.
Average And Instantaneous Rate Of Change

Suppose y is a function of x, say y = f(x). Corresponding to a change from x to x + ∆x, the variable y
changes from f(x) to f(x + ∆x). The change in y is ∆y = f(x + ∆x) – f(x), and the average rate of
change of y with respect to x is
change in y ∆y f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
Average rate of change = = =
change in x ∆x ∆x
As the interval over which we are averaging becomes shorter (that is, as ∆x → 0), the average rate of
change approaches what we would intuitively call the instantaneous rate of change of y with
dy
respect to x, and the difference quotient approaches the derivative . Thus, we have
dx
∆y f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
Instantaneous Rate of Change = lim = lim = f′(x)
∆ x →0 ∆x ∆x →0 ∆x
To summarize :
Instantaneous Rate of Change
Suppopse f(x) is differentiable at x = x0. Then the instantaneous rate of cange of y = f(x) with
respect to x at x0 is the value of the derivative of f at x0. That is
dy
Instantaneous Rate of Change = f′(x0) = dx
x = x0
Ex.20 Find the rate at which the function y = x2 sin x is changing with respect to x when x = π.
For any x, the instantaneous rate of change in the derivative,
dy
Sol. = 2x sin x + x2 cos x
dx
dy
Thus, the rate when x = π is = 2π sin π + π2 cos π = 2π(0) + π2 (–1) = – π2
dx x=π
The negative sign indicates that when x = π, the function is decreasing at the rate of π2 ≈ 9.9 units of
y for each one-unit increase in x.
Let us consider an example comparing the average rate of change and the instantaneous rate of
change.
Ex.21 Let f(x) = x2 – 4x + 7.

(a) Find the instantaneous rate of change of f at x = 3.
(b) Find the average rate of change of f with respect to
x between x = 3 and 5.
Sol. (a) The derivative of the function is f′(x) = 2x – 4

y
Thus, the instantaneous rate of change of f 
 Secant line
at x = 3 is f′(3) = 2(3) – 4 = 2 10  Change of 8

 units from y = 4
The tangent line at x = 3 has slope 2, as shown in the figure.  to y = 12

 f ( x 2 ) − f( x 1 )
(b) The (average) rate of change from x = 3 to x = 5 is found by m=
5  x 2 − x1

 8
dividing the change in f by the change in x. The change in f(x1) = =4
2
f from x = 3 to x = 5 is
f(5) – f(3) = [52 – 4(5) + 7] – [32 – 4(3) + 7] = 8 Tangent line
x
5 10
x1 x2
f (5 ) − f ( 3 ) 8

Thus, the average rate of change is = =4 Change of 2 units
5.3 2 (from x1 = 3 to x2 = 5)
Figure
The slope of the secant line is 4, as shown in the figure.
E. RELATION BETWEEN CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
If a function f is derivable at x then f is continuous at x.
For : f ′(x) = Limit f( x + h)−f( x ) exists.

h→0 h
f( x + h)−f( x )
Also f( x + h)− f ( x )= .h[h ≠ 0]
h
Therefore Limit [f ( x + h)−f ( x )] = Limit f( x + h)−f( x ).h=f '( x ).0=0

h→0 h→0 h
Therefore Limit [ f ( x + h ) − f ( x) ] = 0 ⇒ Limit f (x+h) = f(x) ⇒ f is continuous at x.

h→0 h→0
If f(x) is derivable for every point of its domain, then it is continuous in that domain .
The converse of the above result is not true :

“If f is continuous at x, then f may or maynot be derivable at x”
1
The functions f(x) = x & g(x) = x sin ; x ≠ 0 & g(0) = 0 are continuous at x = 0 but not
x
derivable at x = 0.
Remark :
(a) Let f ′+(a) = p & f ′_(a) = q where p & q are finite then :
(i) p = q ⇒ f is derivable at x = a ⇒ f is continuous at x = a.
(ii) p ≠ q ⇒ f is not derivable at x = a but f is continuous at x = a
/ Discontinuous
Differentiable ⇒ Continuous ; Non-differentiable ⇒
But Discontinuous ⇒ Non-differentiable .
(b) If a function f is not differentiable but is continuous at x = a it geometrically implies a sharp

corner at x = a.
Ex.22 Given f (x) = x2 . sgn (x) examine the continuity and derivability at the origin.
 x 2 if x >0
 h 2 −0
Sol. f (x) =  0 if x =0 f ′ (0+) = Limit
h→0
= 0
h
 −x 2 if x<0

h2 − 0
f ′ (0 −) = Limit − = 0⇒ f is derivable at x = 0 ⇒ continuous at x = 0
h→0 −h
− 1 − x ; x ≤ −1
| x 2 − 1 | ; − 1< x ≤ 0


Ex.23 If f(x) = k( − x + 1) ; 0 < x ≤ 1 , then find the value of k so that f(x) becomes continuous at x = 0.
| x − 1 | ; x >1
Hence, find all the points where the functions is non-differentiable.

Sol. From the graph of f(x) it is clear that for the function
to be continuous only possible value of k is 1.
Points of non-differentiability are x = 0, ±1.
a1/ x −a −1/ x
Ex.24 Examine the function , f (x) = x . , x≠ 0 (a > 0) and f (0) = 0 for continuity and
a1/ x +a −1/ 2
existence of the derivative at the origin.
Sol. If a ∈ (0, 1) f ′ (0+) = − 1 ; f ′ (0−) = 1 ⇒ continuous but not derivable

a=1 ; f (x) = 0 which is constant ⇒ continuous and derivable
If a>1 f ′ (0−) = − 1 ; f ′ (0+) = 1 ⇒ continuous but not derivable
Ex.25 If f(x) = |x + 1| {|x| + |x – 1|}, then draw the graph of f(x) in the interval [–2, 2] and discuss the
continuity and differentiablity in [–2, 2]
Y (2, 9)
Sol. Here, f(x) = |x + 1| { |x| + |x – 1| }
)
,2
 ( x + 1)(2x − 1); − 2 ≤ x < −1 (1
 +1
− ( x + 1)(2x − 1); − 1 ≤ x < 0 x
 1
f(x) =  ( x + 1); 0 ≤ x <1
 ( x + 1)(2x − 1); X
1≤ x ≤ 2 –2 –1 0 1 2
Thus the graph of f(x) is;

which is clearly, continuous for x ∈ R and, differentiablity for x ∈ R – {–1, 0, 1}
| 1 − 4x 2 | , 0 ≤ x < 1
Ex.26 If f(x) =  2 where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
| x − 2x | , 1 ≤ x < 2
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) in [0, 2).
Sol. Since 1 ≤ x < 2 ⇒ 0 ≤ x – 1 < 1 then [x2 – 2x] = [(x – 1)2 – 1] = [(x – 1)2] – 1 = 0 – 1 = –1
Y
 1 3
1 − 4 x , 0 ≤ x < 2
2
 1
f(x) = 4 x − 1 , ≤ x <1
2
∴ ∴ Graph of f(x) : 1
 2
 −1 , 1≤ x < 2
O
X
 1/2 1 2
–1
1
It is clear from the graph that f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1 and not differentiable at x = and x = 1.
2
1 − 4 x 2 , 0 ≤ x < 1/ 2 − 8x, 0 ≤ x < 1/ 2

 2 
Further details are as follows : f(x) = 4 x − 1, 1/ 2 ≤ x < 1 ⇒ f′(x) =  8 x, 1 / 2 ≤ x < 1
 − 1, 1≤ x < 2  0, 1≤ x < 2
 
− 4 x < 1 / 2 8, x < 1

⇒ f′(x) =  and f′(x) = 
4 x > 1/ 2 0, x > 1
Hence, which shows f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1/2 (as RHD = 4 and LHD = –4)
and x = 1 (as RHD = 0 and LHD = 8). Therefore, f(x) is differentiable, ∀ x ∈ [0, 2) – {1/2, 1}
2 x 2 sin π x x≤1
Ex.27 Let f (x) = [ 3 be a differential function . Examine whether it is twice differentiable in R.
x + ax + b x > 1
2
f ′(1+ )=3+2a 2π + 3 2π + 3
Sol. differentiability of f gives : a + b + 1 = 0and −
]⇒a = − and b =
f ′(1 )=−2π 2 2
4xsinπx + 2πx 2 cosπx , x≤1 ( 4−2π 2 x 2 )sinπx +8πxcosπx , x<1

Thus f ′ (x) = [ & f ′′ (x) = [
3x 2 −(3+2π)x , x >1 6x −3−2π , x >1
f ′′ (1 −) = − 8 π & f ′′ (1 +) = 3 − 2 π ⇒ f ′′ (x) is discontinuous at x = 1

Hence f (x) is twice differentiable for x except at x = 1 ]
x3 if x < 1

Ex.28 Suppose f (x) =  . If f '' (1) exist then find the value of a2 + b2 + c2.
 ax 2 + bx + c if x ≥ 1
Sol. For continuity at x = 1 we leave f (1–) = 1 and f (1+) = a + b + c
∴ a+b+c=1 ....(1)
3x 2 if x < 1

f ' (x) =  for continuity of f ' (x) at x = 1 f ' (1–) = 3; f ' (1+) = 2a + b
 2ax + b if x ≥ 1
hence 2a + b = 3 ....(2)
 6 x if x < 1
f '' (x) =  f '' (1–) = 6; f '' (1+) = 2a for continuity of f '' (x) 2a = 6 ⇒ a = 3
 2a if x ≥ 1
from (2), b = – 3 ; c = 1. Hence a = 3, b = – 3 ; c = 1 ∴ ∑a2 = 19
Ex.29 Check the differentiability of the function f(x) = max {sin–1 |sin x|, cos–1 |sin x|}.
 π
 x , nπ ≤ x ≤ nπ +
Sol. sin–1 |sin x| is periodic with period π ⇒ sin–1 |sin x| =  2
π
 π − x , nπ + ≤ x ≤ nπ + π
 2
π
Also cos–1 |sin x| = – sin–1 |sin x|
2
π π
 2 − x, nπ ≤ x ≤ nπ +
4
 π π  π π
x, 2 − x , nπ ≤ x ≤ nπ +
2
x,

nπ + < nπ +
4 2
⇒ f(x) = max  π π ⇒ f(x) = 
π − x, x − π 3π
, nπ + ≤ x ≤ nπ + π π − x, nπ + < x ≤ nπ +
 2 2  2 4
π π 3π  π 3π
⇒ f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0, , , , π......... x − 2 , nπ +
4
< x ≤ nπ + π
4 2 4
nπ
⇒ f(x) is not differentiable at x = .
4
 2x 
Ex.30 Let f(x) = cos–1  2 . Define f′(x) for every x ∈ R stating clearly the point where f(x) is not

 1+ x 
differentiable.
 2x  1 2(1 + x 2 ) − 4 x 2 2(1 − x 2 )
Sol. f(x) = cos–1   , x ∈ R ⇒ f′(x) = – · ; f′(x) = –
 1+ x 
2
 2x 
2 (1 + x 2 )2 | 1 − x 2 | (1 + x 2 )
1−  2 
 1+ x 
Since xlim
→1−
f′(x) and xlim
→1+
f′(x) have finite values which are unequal, f′(1) does not exist.
2
 − 1+ x2 if − 1 < x < 1

 non existent if x = ± 1
Similarly f′(–1) does not exist. hence f′(x) = 
2
 if x > 1 or x < −1
 1+ x
2
Ex.31 Find the interval of values of k for which the function f(x) = |x2 + (k – 1) |x| – k| is non differentiable
at five points.
Sol. f(x) = |x2 + (k – 1) |x| – k| = |(|x| – 1) (|x| + k)|
Also f(x) is an even function and f(x) is not differentiable at five points.
So |(x – 1) (x + k)| is non differentiable for two positive values of x.
⇒ Both the roots of (x – 1) (x + k) = 0 are positive.
⇒ k<0⇒ k ∈ (–∞, 0).
 1
 (1 + { x }) 1  { x }
 {x} 
 , x ≠ Integer
Ex.32 Let f(x) =  e  . Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at any
 

2
 , x = Integer
e
integeral point. (where { * } denotes the fractional part)
 1
 (1 + { x }) 1  { x }
 { x} 
 , x ≠I
Sol. f(x) =  e 
 

2
 , x =I
e
2
Let x = I0 be any arbitrary integers f(I0) =
e
 1

 (1 + {I − h}) {I0 −h}   (1 + 1)1 1 2
f (I0− ) = hlim f(I0 – h) = lim  0 =  =
→0 h → 0 e   e  e
 
 
1/ h
1/ h  (1+h )1 / h  1  (1+h )1 / h  1  (1+h )1/ h 
 (1 + h)1/ h  lim 
h→ 0 


lim 
h→ 0 h 
−1

lim 
h→0 h 
−1
 lim
(1+h )1/ h − e
f(I0 + h) = hlim (I + h) = lim  
 = e  e 
=e  e 
=e  e 
=e h →0 eh
→0 0 h →0 e
 
1  h2 h3   1 h h2 
1
ln(1+h ) h − + −....  −h − + −..... 
h  2 3  2 3 4 
Now (1 + h)1/h = e h =e 
= e.e  
  1 h h2  
 − h  2 − 3 + 4 −....    2 
e   −1  1 − h + h −....  ( −1)
  2 3 4 
   
 1 h h2   
−h  − + −....  lim
2 3 4  h→ 0  1 h h2 
  −1
e −h − + −....  −
1
lim 2 3 4 
⇒ f (I0+ ) = e h →0 h =e  
=e 2
Since f(I0 + 0) ≠ f(I0 – 0) ⇒ f(x) is discontinuous at any integeral point and hence non-differentiable.
Definition : A function f is differentiable at a if f′(a) exists. It is differentiable on an open interval

(a,b) [or (a, ∞) or (–∞, a) or (– ∞, ∞)] if it is differentiable at every number in the interval.
Derivability Over An Interval : f(x) is said to be derivable over an interval if it is derivable at

each & every point of the interval. f(x) is said to be derivable over the closed interval [a, b] if :
(i) for the points a and b, f ′(a+) & f ′(b −) exist &
(ii) for any point c such that a < c < b, f ′(c+) & f′(c −) exist & are equal .
How Can a Function Fail to Be Differentiable ?
We see that the function y = |x| is not differentiable at 0 and Figure
y
shows that its graph changes direction abruptly when x = 0. In general,
if the graph of a function f has a “corner” or “kink” in it, then the graph of
f has no tangent at this point and f is not differentiable there. [In trying
to compute f ′(a), we find that the left and right limits are different.]
x
There is another way for a function not to have a derivative. If f is 0
discontinuous at a, then f is not differentiable at a. So at any discontinuity y = f(x) = |x|

(for instance, a jump discontinuity), f fails to be differentiable. Figure
A third possibility is that the curve has a vertical tangent line when at x = a, lim |f′(x)| = ∞
x →a
This means that the tangent lines become steeper and steeper as x → a. Figure (a, b, c) illustrates the
three posibilities that we have discussed.
y y y
0 x x x
a 0 a 0 a
(a) A corner (b) A discontinuity (c) A Vertical tangent
Right hand & Left hand Derivatives By definition : f ′(a) = Limit f(a + h)−f(a)
h→0 h
(i) The right hand derivative of f ′ at x = a denoted by f ′+(a) is defined by :
f(a + h)−f(a)
f ′+(a) = Limit
h→0 +
, provided the limit exists & is finite.
h
(ii) The left hand derivative of f at x = a denoted by f ′_(a) is defined by :
f(a − h)−f(a )
f ′ _(a) = Limit
h→0 +
, Provided the limit exists & is finite.
−h
We also write f ′+(a) = f ′(a+) & f ′_(a) = f ′(a-) .
f′(a) exists if and only if these one-sided derivatives exist and are equal.
 xe1/x
 ,x≠0
Ex.33 If a function f is defined by f(x) =  1 + e1/x show that f is continuous but not derivable at x = 0
 0 ,x=0
xe1/ x e1/ x x
Sol. We have f(0 + 0) = lim = lim = lim 1/ x =0
x →0 + 0 1 + e1 / x x →0 + 0 1 + e 1 / x x →0 + 0 e +1
xe1/ x
f(0 – 0) = lim =0
x →0 −0 1 + e1 / x
Alsof(0) = 0 ∴ f(0 + 0) = f(0 – 0) = f(0) ⇒ f is continuous at x = 0
xe1/ x
−0
f ( x ) − f (0 ) 1 + e1/ x e1/ x 1
Again f′(0 + 0) = lim = lim = lim = lim −1 / x =1
x →0 + 0 x−0 x →0 + 0 x x →0 + 0 1 + e1/ x x →0 + 0 e +1
xe1/ x
f ( x ) − f (0 ) −0 e1/ x
= lim 1 + e
1/ x
f′(0 – 0) = lim = lim =0
x →0 −0 x−0 x →0 −0 x x →0 −0 1 + e1/ x
Since f′(0 + 0) ≠ f′(0 – 0), the derivative of f(x) at x = 0 does not exist.
 π π π
Ex.34 A function f(x) is such that f  x + = – |x| ∀ x. Find f′   , if it exists.
 2 2 2
π   π
 π π + f + h − f  π − | h | − π
π 
Given that f  x +  = f′   2  2 = 2 2 = −1
 2  = hlim
Sol. – |x| ⇒
 2 2 →0 h h
 
π  π
f  − h  − f   π − | −h | − π π
 π− 
⇒ and f′   = lim  2  2 = 2 2 =1 ⇒ f′   doesn’t exist.
 2  h→0 − h − h 2
 
n
 f ( a + 1 n) 
Ex.35 Let f be differentiable at x = a and let f (a) ≠ 0. Evaluate Lim   .
n→ ∞
 f (a ) 
n
 f ( a + 1 n) 
Sol. l = Lim   (1∞ form)
n →∞
 f ( a) 
  f (a +1 n)− f (a )    f ( a + h )− f ( a ) 1 
 Lim n     Lim ·  f '( a )
 n→∞
  f (a )   h→0 h f (a )  f (a )
l= e = e = e (put n = 1/h)
 1 if |x|≥ 1
 |x| 2
Ex.36 A function f is defined as , f (x) =  . If f (x) is derivable at x =1/2 find the values
a+bx 2 if |x|< 1
 2
of 'a' and 'b'.
1 1
if x ≥
1 1 1 x 2
 |x| if x ≥ or x ≤ − 
2 2
 
  1 1
Sol. f (x) =  = − if x ≤ −
x 2
 1 1 
a + bx 2 if − < x < 
2 2 1 1
 a + bx 2 if − < x <
2 2
1
−2 1 
1   1  1  1 − 2 + h 
 1+  f + h − f    + h 
f '  =   2  = Lim  2   2  Lim − 2h
 2  Lim  2 = Lim
h →0 1 
= h →0
1 
=–4
  h →0 h h→0 h h + h  h + h 
2  2 
2
1   1 1   b 
 1−  f − h − f  a + b − h  − 2  a + − 2  − bh + h
2
f '   = Lim  2  2 =  2  = Lim  4 

2  Lim
  h →0 −h h→0 −h h→0 −h
b  1− 
for existence of limit a + = 2 ....(1) ⇒  2  = b
f '
4  
 1−   1+ 
∴ f'   = b = f'   = – 4 ∴ a – 1 = 2⇒ a = 3
2  2  Hence a = 3 and b = – 4
   
Ex.37 Let f : R → R satisfying |f(x)| ≤ x2, ∀ x ∈ R then show f(x) is differentiable at x = 0.

Sol. Since, |f(x)| ≤ x2 , ∀ x ∈ R ∴ at x = 0, |f(0)| ≤ 0 ⇒ f(0) = 0 ...(i)
f (h) − f (0) f (h)

∴ f′(0) = lim lim ....(ii) {f(0) = 0 from (i)}
h→0 h h→0 h
(h) (h) (h)

Now, f ≤|h|⇒ –|h|≤f ≤ | h | ⇒ lim f → 0 ...(iii) {using Cauchy–Squeeze theo-
h h h→ 0 h
rem}
∴ from (ii) and (iii) , we get f′(0) = 0. i.e. f(x) is differentiable at x = 0.
F. OPERATION ON DIFFERENTIABLE FUNCTIONS
1. If f(x) & g(x) are derivable at x = a then the functions f(x) + g(x), f(x) − g(x), f(x). g(x) will also
be derivable at x = a & if g (a) ≠ 0 then the function f(x)/g(x) will also be derivable at x = a.
If f and g are differentiable functions, then prove that their product fg is differentiable.
Let a be a number in the domain of fg. By the definition of the product of two functions we have
(fg) (a) = f(a) g(a) (fg) (a + t) = f(a + t) g(a + t).
f ( g)(a + t ) − ( fg)(a) f (a + t )g(a + t ) − f (a)g(a)

Hence (fg)′ (a) = lim = lim
t →0 t t → 0 t
The following algebraic manipulation will enable us to put the above fraction into a form in which
we can see what the limit is:
f(a + t) g(a + t) – f(a) g(a) = f(a + t) g(a + t) – f(a) g (a + t) + f(a)g(a + t) – f(a) g(a)
= [f(a + t) – f(a)] g(a + t) + [g(a + t) – g(a)] f(a).
 f (a + t ) − f (a ) g(a + t ) − g(a) 
Thus (fg)′ (a) = lim g(a + t ) + f (a) .
t →0   t t 
The limit of a sum of products is the sum of the products of the limits. Moreover, f′(a) and g′(a)
exist by hypothesis. Finally, since g is differentiable at a, it is continuous there ; and so
lim g(a + t) = f(a). We conclude that

t →0
 f (a + t ) − f ( a )   g(a + t ) − g(a) 
(fg)′(a) = lim  lim g(a + t ) + lim  f (a )
 t →0 t  t →0  t →0 t 
= f′(a)g(a) + g′(a)f(a) = (f′g + g′f) (a).
2. If f(x) is differentiable at x = a & g(x) is not differentiable at x = a , then the product function
F(x) = f(x) . g(x) can still be differentiable at x = a e.g. f(x) = x and g(x) = x .
3. If f(x) & g(x) both are not differentiable at x = a then the product function ;
F(x) = f(x) . g(x) can still be differentiable at x = a e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = x.
4. If f(x) & g(x) both are non-deri. at x = a then the sum function F(x) = f(x) + g(x) may be a
differentiable function . e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = −x .
5. If f(x) is derivable at x = a ⇒ f ′(x) is continuous at x = a.
 x 2 sin 1
x if x ≠0
e.g. f(x) = 
 0 if x =0
G. FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS
Ex.38 Let f(xy) = xf(y) + yf(x) for all x, y ∈ R+ and f(x) be differentiable in (0, ∞) then determine f(x).
Given f(xy)= xf(y) + yf(x)
Sol. Replacing x by 1 and y by x then we get x f(1) = 0 ∴ f(1) = 0, x ≠ 0 (∵ x, y, ∈ R+)
  h   h  h
f  x1 +   − f ( x ) xf 1 +  + 1 + f ( x ) − f ( x )
f ( x + h) − f ( x )  x 
= lim  = lim 
x  x
Now, f′(x) = lim
h →0 h h→0 h h →0 h
 h h  h
xf 1 +  + f ( x ) f 1 + 
 x x  x
+ lim
f (x) f ( x)
= lim = hlim
→ 0  h  h → 0 x = f′(x) +
h →0 h x
 
x
f (x) xf ′( x ) − f ( x ) f ′(1) d  f ( x )  = f ′(1)

⇒ f′(x) – = f′(1) ⇒ = ⇒  
x x2 x dx  x  x
f ( x ) f (1)
On integrating w.r.t.x and taking limit 1 to x then − = f′(1) (ln x – ln 1)
x 1
f(x)
⇒ – 0 = f′(1) ln x ∵ f(1) = 0) ∴ f(x) = f′(1) (x ln x)
x
Alternative Method :
Given f(xy) = xf(y) + yf(x)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x treating y as constant, f′(xy) . y = f(y) + yf′(x)
Putting y = x and x = 1, then
xf ′( x ) − f ( x ) f ′(1) d  f ( x )  = f ′(1)
f′(xy). x = f(x) + xf′(x) ⇒ = ⇒  
x2 x dx  x  x
Integrating both sides w.r.t.x taking limit 1 to x,
f(x) f (1) f (x)

– = f′ (1){ln x – ln 1} ⇒ – 0 = f′(1) ln x (∵ f(1) = 0)
x 1 x
Hence, f(x) =- f′(1)(x ln x).
Ex.39 If e–xyf(xy) = e–xf(x) + e–yf(y) ∀ x, y ∈ R+, and f′(1) = e, determine f(x).

Sol. Given e–xy f(xy) = e–xf(x) + e–yf(y) ...(1)
Putting x = y = 1 in (1), we get f(1) = 0 ...(2)
  h 
f  x1 +   − f ( x.1)
f ( x + h) − f ( x )   x 
Now, f′(x) = lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h
 h
−1  h  h
x +h−1 
e x +h .e − x f ( x ) + e x f 1 +  − 2 x (e − x f ( x ) + e −1f (1)) h
+ x f 1 + h  − f ( x ) − e x −1f (1)
  x  e f ( x ) e  
= lim = lim  x
h→0 h h →0 h
h
x f 1 + h
h−
e  
 e − 1
h
 x
= f(x) hlim   + e(x – 1) lim
→ 0  h→0 h (∵ f(1) = 0)
 h  x.
x
f′(1) e x−1.e
= f(x) . 1 + ex –1
. = f(x) + (∵ f′(1) = e)
x x
ex 1 d 1
f′(x) = f(x) + ⇒ e–xf′(x) – e–x f(x) = ⇒ (e–x f(x)) =
x x dx x
On integrating we have e–xf(x) = ln x + c at x = 1, c = 0 ∴ f(x) = ex ln x
Ex.40 Find a function continuous and derivable for all x and satisfying the functional relation,
f (x + y) . f (x − y) = f2 (x) , where x & y are independent variables & f (0) ≠ 0 .
Sol. Put y = x and x = 0 to get f (x) . f (− x) = f2 (0) ..... (1)
f 2(0 )
f( x+h)−f( x ) f( x+h)−
Limit f( x+h).f ( −x )−f (0)
2
f ( −x ) 1
Now f ′ (x) = Limit = Limit = .
h→0
h h→0
h f( −x ) h →0
h
 h  h   h  h  h
1 f  + + x  .f  − + x  −f 2 (0) 1 f 2   − f 2 (0 )
= Limit  2  2    2  2   = Limit 2
f (− x) h→0 f( −x ) h→0
h h
 h   h 
f  2  + f (0) f  2  − f (0)
1      f( x ) f ′(0)
= Limit = . 2 f (0) . f ′ (0) = f(x)
2f( −x ) h →0 h 2 f(0)
2f ( x )
2
f ′( x ) f ′(0)
⇒ = =k ⇒ Result
f( x ) f (0 )
Ex.41 Let f be a function such that f(x + f(y)) = f(f(x)) + f(y) ∀ x, y ∈ R and f(h) = h for 0 < h < ε
where ε > 0, then determine f”(x) and f(x).
Sol. Given f(x + f(y)) = f(f(x) + f(y)) .....(1)
Put x = y = 0 in (1), then f(0 + f(0)) = f(f(0)) + f(0) ⇒ f(f(0)) = f(f(0)) + f(0)
∴ f(0) = 0 ....(2)
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
Now f’(x) = lim (for 0 < h < ε)
h→0 h
f ( f (h)) f (h) h
= lim {from (1)} = lim (∵ f(h) = h) = lim = 1.
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
Integrating both sides with limites 0 to x then f(x) = x ∴ f′(x) = 1.
Ex.42 Let f : R+ → R satisfies the functional equation f(xy) = exy – x – y {ey f(x) + ex f(y)} ∀ x, y ∈ R+.
If f′(1) = e, determine f(x).
Sol. Given that; f(xy) = exy – x – y {ey f(x) + ex f(y)} ∀ x, y ∈ R+ ...(i)
Putting x = y = 1, we get f(1) = e–1 {e1 f(1) + e1 f(1)} ⇒ f(1) = 0 ...(ii)
  h 
f  x1 +   − f ( x )
f ( x + h) − f ( x )   x 
Now, f′(x) = lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h
 h  h
x  1+  − x − 1+   1+ h
 x  h  h
h −1− + x  h
e  x
e x
f ( x ) + e x f 1 +  − f ( x ) e f(x) +
h
e x f 1+   − f ( x)
  x   x
= lim = lim
h→0 h h →0 h
h
h −1− + x   h 
h −1
h
h −1− + x   h  e x f 1+
  − f (1)
f ( x )(e )+ e x f 1+   − f (1) f ( x )(eh − 1)  x  
=  x  = hlim + lim {∵ f(1) = 0}
lim →0 h h→0 h
h→0 h .x
x
  h 
f 1 +  − f (1)
e .f ′(1) 
x −1
 x e − 1 
h
ex
= f(x) + ∵ hlim = f ′(1) and lim = 1 = f(x) + . f′(1) {∵ f′(1) = e}
x  →0 h h →0 h  ex
 x 
x
e ex
∴ f′(x) = f(x) + ⇒ = f′(x) – f(x)
x x
1 e x f ′( x ) − f ( x ).e x  e x f ′( x ) − f ( x ).e x d  f ( x ) 
⇒ =  As by quotient rule we can write x 2
=  
x e2x  (e ) dx  e x 
1 d  f (x) 
∴ =  
x dx  e x 
f ( x)
Integrating both sides w.r.t. ‘x’, we get, log |x| + c = or f(x) = ex{log | x | + c}
ex
Since f(1) = 0 ⇒ c = 0 Thus f(x) = ex log | x |.
EXERCISE – I SINGLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

1. A function f(x) is defined as below Sol.
cos(sin x ) − cos x
f(x) = , x ≠ 0 and f(0) = a, f(x) is
x2
continuous at x = 0 if a equals
(A) 0 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
Sol.
1 1
5. If y = where t = , then the number
t +t−2
2
x −1
of points of discontinuities of y = f(x), x ∈ R is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) infinite
Sol.
 (1 + px ) − (1 − px )
 ,−1 ≤ x < 0
 x
2. f(x ) = 2x + 1 is
 ,0 ≤ x ≤ 1
 x−2
continuous in the interval [–1, 1], then ‘p’ is equal to:
(A) –1 (B) – 1/2 (C) 1/2 (D) 1
Sol.
6. The equation 2 tan x + 5x – 2 = 0 has
(A) no solution
(B) at least one real solution in [0, π/4]
(C) two real solution in [0, π/4]
(D) None of these
Sol.
 1
3. Let f(x) =  x + [ x] when – 2 ≤ x ≤ 2. Then
 2
(where [ * ] represents greatest integer function) 7. If f(x) = x ( x − x + 1) , then indicate the correct
(A) f(x) is continuous at x = 2 alternative(s)
(B) f(x) is continuous at x = 1 (A) f(x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(C) f(x) is continuous at x = –1 (B) f(x) is differentiable at x = 0
(D) f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0 (C) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0
Sol.
(D) None of these
Sol.
2
4. Let f(x) = sgn (x) and g(x) = x (x – 5x + 6).
The function f(g(x)) is discontinuous at
(A) infinitely many points (B) exactly one point
(C) exactly three points (D) no point
Sol.
 x(3e1/ x + 4)
 , x≠0
8. If f(x) =  2 − e1/ x then f(x) is
 0 , x=0

(A) continuous as well differentiable at x = 0
(B) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(C) neither differentiable at x = 0 not continuous at x = 0
(D) none of these
Sol.
12. Let f(x) be defined in [–2, 2] by
max ( 4 − x 2 , 1 + x 2 ) ,−2 ≤ x ≤ 0
f(x) =  then f(x)
 min ( 4 − x 2 , 1 + x 2 ) , 0 < x ≤ 2
(A) is continuous at all points

(B) is not continuous at more than one point
x (C) is not differentiable only at one point
9. If f(x) = be a real valued function then
x +1− x (D) is not differentiable at more than one point.
(A) f(x) is continuous, but f′(0) does not exist Sol.
(B) f(x) is differentiable at x = 0
(C) f(x) is not continuous at x = 0
(D) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0
Sol.
–1
13. The number of points at which the function
10. The function f(x) = sin (cos x) is f(x) = max. {a – x, a + x, b} – ∞ < x < ∞, 0 < a < b
(A) discontinuous at x = 0 (B) continuous at x = 0 cannot be differentiable is
(C) differentiable at x = 0 (D) none of these (A) 1 (B) 2
Sol. (C) 3 (D) none of these
Sol.
 x2 − 1
 , 0<x≤2
 x2 + 1
 1 3
11. If f(x) =  (x − x2 ) , 2 < x ≤ 3 , then
 4
 9 (| x − 4 | + | 2 − x |) , 3 < x < 4
4 14. If f(x) is differentiable everywhere, then

(A) f(x) is differentiable at x = 2 & x = 3 (A) | f | is differentiable everywhere
2
(B) f (x) is non–differentiable at x = 2 & x = 3 (B) | f | is differentiable everywhere
(C) f(x) is differentiable at x = 3 but not at x = 2 (C) f | f | is not differentiable at some point
(D) f(x) is differentiable at x = 2 but not at x = 3. (D) f + | f | is differentiable everywhere
Sol. Sol.
15. Let f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) all x and y. Suppose that

f(3) = 3 and f′(0) = 11 then f′(3) is given by
(A) 22 (B) 44 (C) 28 (D) 33 19. The function f(x) is defined by
Sol.
 3
log( 4 x −3 ) ( x 2 − 2x + 5) if < x < 1 & x > 1
f(x) =  4
 4 if x = 1
(A) is continuous at x = 1
+
(B) is discontinuous at x = 1 since f(1 ) does not exist
–
though f(1 ) exists
–
(C) is discontinuous at x = 1 since f(1 ) does not
+
exist though f(1 ) exists
16. If f : R → R be a differentiable function, such that – +
(D) is discontinuous since neither f(1 ) nor f(1 ) exists.
f(x + 2y) = f(x) + f(2y) + 4xy ∀ x, y ∈ R, then Sol.
(A) f′ (1) = f′(0) + 1 (B) f′(1) = f′(0) – 1
(C) f′(0) = f′(1) + 2 (D) f′(0) = f′(1) – 2
Sol.
x 2 if x is irrational
20. Let f(x) =  then
2 max f ( t ),0 ≤ t ≤ x,0 ≤ x ≤ 1 1 if x is rational
17. Let f(x) = x – x and g(x) =  . (A) f(x) is discontinuous for all x
sin πx, x > 1
Then in the interval [0, ∞) (B) discontinuous for all x except at x = 0
(A) g(x) is everywhere continuous except at two points (C) discontinuous for all x except at x = 1 or – 1
(B) g(x) is everywhere differentiable except at two points (D) none of these
(C) g(x) is everywhere differentiable except at x = 1 Sol.
(D) none of these
Sol.
21. A point where function f(x) is not continuous where

f(x) = [sin [x]] in (0, 2π) ; is
([ * ] denotes greatest integer ≤ x)
(A) (3, 0) (B) (2, 0) (C) (1, 0) (D) (4, – 1)
Sol.
18. Let [x] denote the integral part of x ∈ R and
g(x) = x – [x]. Let f(x) be any continuous function
with f(0) = f(1) then the function h(x) = f(g(x))
(A) has finitely many discontinuities
(B) is continuous on R
(C) is discontinuous at some x = c
(D) is a constant function.
 (1 + sin πx )t − 1 25. Let f(x) = [n + p sin x], x ∈ (0, π), n ∈ Ι and p is

22. The function f defined by f(x)= tlim 
→ ∞ (1 + sin πx ) t + 1
 is a prime number. Then number of points where f(x) is
 
(A) everywhere continuous not differentiable is
(B) discontinuous at all integer values of x (where [ * ] denotes greatest integer function)
(C) continuous at x = 0 (D) none of these (A) p – 1 (B) p + 1 (C) 2p + 1 (D) 2p – 1
Sol. Sol.
3 2
26. Let f(x) = x – x + x + 1 and
max{f(t)} for 0 ≤ t ≤ x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
  1 g(x) =  then
 3 − x + x2 for 1 < x ≤ 2
 x 1 + sin  , x>0
  x (A) g(x) is continuous & derivable at x = 1
  1 (B) g(x) is continuous but not derivable at x = 1
23. If f(x) = − − x  1 + sin  , x < 0 , then f(x) is
  x (C) g(x) is neither continuous nor derivable at x = 1
 0 , x=0 (D) g(x) is derivable but not continuous at x = 1
 Sol.

(A) continuous as well diff. at x = 0
(B) continuous at x = 0, but not diff. at = 0
(C) neither continuous at x=0 nor diff. at x=0
(D) none of these
Sol.
27. Let f″(x) be continuous at x = 0 and f″(0) = 4 then

2f ( x ) − 3 f ( 2 x ) + f ( 4 x )
value of lim is
x →0 x2
(A) 11 (B) 2 (C) 12 (D) none of these
2 2
24. The functions defined by f(x) = max {x , (x – 1) , Sol.
2x (1 – x)}, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
(A) is differentiable for all x
(B) is differentiable for all x except at one point
(C) is differentiable for all x except at two points
(D) is not differentiable at more than two points
Sol.
28. Let f : R → R be a function such that

 x + y  f ( x) + f ( y)
f  = , f(0) = 0 and f′(0) = 3, then
 3  3
f ( x)
(A) is differentiable in R
x
(B) f(x) is continuous but not differentiable in R
(C) f(x) is continuous in R (D) f(x) is bounded in R
Sol. 32. The function f : R /{0} → R given by

1 2
f(x) = − can be made continuous at x = 0 by
x e2x − 1
defining f(0) as
(A) 2 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) 1
Sol.
29. Suppose that f is a differentiable function with

1
the property that f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) + xy and lim
h→0 h
f(h) = 3 then
2
(A) f is a linear function (B) f(x) = 3x + x 33. If f is a real-valued differentiable function satisfying
x 2 |f(x) – f(y)| ≤ (x – y)2, x, y ∈ R and f(0) = 0, then
(C) f(x) = 3x + (D) none of these f(1) equals
2
Sol. (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) –1
Sol.
34. Function f(x) = (|x – 1| + |x – 2| + cos x) where

30. If a differentiable function f satisfies x ∈ [0, 4] is not continuous at number of points
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
 x + y  4 − 2( f ( x ) + f ( y ))
f  = ∀ x, y ∈ R, find f(x)
Sol.
 3  3
(A) 1/7 (B) 2/7 (C) 8/7 (D) 4/7
Sol.
31. Let f : R → R be a function defined by f(x) = Min 1− | x |

 , x ≠ −1
{x + 1, |x| + 1}. Then which of the following is true ? 35. If f(x) =  1 + x , then f([2x]) is
(A) f(x) ≥ 1 for all x ∈ R
 1 , x = −1
(where [ * ] represent greatest integer function)
(B) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1
(A) continuous at x = –1 (B) continuous at x=0
(C) f(x) is differentiable everywhere
(C) discontinuous at x = 1/2 (D) all to these
(D) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0
Sol.
Sol.
36. Let f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all x, y, where f(0) ≠ 0. Sol.
If f′(0) = 2, then f(x) is equal to
(A) Aex (B) e2x (C) 2x (D) None of these
Sol.
37. A function f : R → R satisfies the equation 40. Let f(x) = [cos x + sin x], 0 < x < 2π where [x]
f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) for all x, y ∈ R, f(x) ≠ 0. Suppose denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
that the function is differentiable at x = 0 and f′(0) = 2 the number of points of discontinuity of f(x) is
then f′(x) = (A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 3
(A) f(x) (B) 2 f(x) (C) – f(x) (D) – 2 f(x) Sol.
Sol.
38. The value of f(0), so that the function,

(a 2 − ax + x 2 ) − (a 2 + ax + x 2 )  2 1 
x   ; x ≠ 0
f(x)= (a > 0) becomes 41. The function f(x) =   x2  , is [ x ]
( a + x ) − (a − x )  0 ; x=0
continuous for all x, is given by
represents the greatest integer less than or equal to x
(A) a a (B) a (C) – a (D) –a a (A) continuous at x = 1 (B) continuous at x = –1
Sol. (C) continuous at x = 0 (D) continuous at x = 2
Sol.
sin(ln | x |) x ≠ 0
 sin{cos x} π 42. The function f(x) = 
 , x≠  1 x=0
π 2
 x− (A) is continuous at x = 0
39. If f(x) =  2 , then f(x) is (B) has removable discontinuity at x = 0
 π (C) has jump discontinuity at x = 0
 1 , x=
 2 (D) has discontinuity of IInd type at x = 0
Sol.
(where { * } represents the fractional part function)
π
(A) continuous at x =
2
π
(B) Lim f(x) exists, but f is not continuous at x =
x→
π 2
2
(C) Lim f(x) does not exist (D) Lim f(x) = 1
π π
x→ x→
2 2
|x −3| 1 Sol.
43. The set of all point for which f(x) = +
| x − 2 | [1 + x]
is continuous is
(where [ * ] represents greatest integer function)
(A) R (B) R – [–1, 0]
(C) R – ({2} ∪ [–1, 0]) (D) R – {(–1, 0) ∪ n, n ∈ Ι}
Sol.
47. Let f(x) = sin x, g(x) = [x + 1] and g(f(x)) = h(x)

π
then h′   is (where [*] is the greatest integer
2
function)
(A) nonexistent (B) 1
(C) –1 (D) None of these
Sol.
44. Let f(x) be a continuous function defined for

1 ≤ x ≤ 3. If f(x) takes rational values of for all x and
f(2) = 10 then the value of f(1.5) is
(A) 7.5 (B) 10 (C) 8 (D) None of these
Sol.
48. If f(x) = [tan2 x] then

(where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function)
(A) Lim
x →0
f(x) does not exist
45. If [x] and {x} represents integral and fractional (B) f(x) is continuous at x = 0
a 2[ x ]+ { x } − 1 (C) f(x) is non-differentiable at x = 0 (D) f(0) = 1
parts of a real number x, and f(x) = , x ≠ 0, Sol.
2[ x ] + { x}
f(0) = loge a, where a > 0, a ≠ 1, then
(A) f(x) is continuous at x = 0
(B) f(x) has a removable discontinuity at x = 0
(C) xlim
→0
f(x) does not exist (D) None of these
Sol.
49. If f(x) = [x]2 + { x } 2 , then

(where, [ * ] and { * } denote the greatest integer
and fractional part functions respectively)
(A) f(x) is continuous at all integral points
(B) f(x) is continuous and differentiable at x = 0
(C) f(x) is discontinuous ∀ x ∈ Ι – {1}
(D) f(x) is differentiable ∀ x ∈ Ι.
Sol.
46. If f(x) = p |sin x| + q . e|x| + r|x|3 and f(x) is

differentiable at x = 0, then
(A) p = q = r = 0 (B) p = 0, q = 0, r ∈ R
(C) q = 0, r = 0, p ∈ R (D) p + q = 0, r ∈ R
f (h) − f (0) Sol.

50. If f is an even function such that Lim+
h→0 h
has some finite non-zero value, then
(A) f is continuous and derivable at x = 0
(B) f is continuous but not derivable at x = 0
(C) f may be discontinuous at x = 0
(D) None of these
Sol.
x n − sin x n
54. Consider f(x) = Limit for x > 0, x ≠ 1,
n→∞ x n + sin x n
f(1) = 0 then
51. f is a continuous function on the real line. Given (A) f is continuous at x = 1
2 (B) f has a finite discontinuity at x = 1
that x + (f(x) – 2) x – 3 . f(x) + 2 3 – 3 = 0. then (C) f has an infinite or oscillatory discontinuity at x = 1.
the value of f( 3 ) (D) f has a removable type of discontinuity at x = 1.
(A) can not be determined (B) is 2 (1 – Sol.
3)
2( 3 − 2)
(C) is zero (D) is
3
Sol.
2
52. If f(x) = sgn (cos 2x – 2 sin x + 3) then f(x)  [{| x |}]ex {[x + {x}]}
 for x ≠ 0
(where sgn ( ) is the signum function) 2
55. Given f(x)=  (e1/ x − 1)sgn(sin x) then, f(x)
(A) is continuous over its domain 
 0 for x = 0
(B) has a missing point discontinuity
(C) has isolated point discontinuity (where {x} is the fractional part function; [x] is the
(D) has irremovable discontinuity. step up function and sgn(x) is the signum function of x)
Sol. (A) is continuous at x = 0
(B) is discontinuous at x = 0
(C) has a removable discontinuity at x = 0
(D) has an irremovable discontinuity at x = 0
Sol.
–1 –1
[ x]
53. Let g(x) = tan |x| – cot |x|, f(x) = {x},
[ x + 1]
h(x) = |g (f (x) ) | then which of the following holds
good ?
(where { * } denotes fractional part and [ * ] denotes
the integral part)
(A) h is continuous at x = 0
(B) h is discontinuous at x = 0
– +
(C) h(0 ) = π/2 (D) h(0 ) = –π/2
58. Consider the function defined on [0, 1] → R,

 x[ x] 2 log(1+ x ) 2 for − 1 < x < 0
 sin x − x cos x
2
56. Consider f(x) =  ln( e x + 2 { x} ) the f(x) = if x ≠ 0 and f(0) = 0, then the
for 0 < x < 1 x2
 function f(x)
 tan x
(where [ * ] & { * } are the greatest integer function (A) has a removable discontinuity at x = 0
& fractional part function respectively) (B) has a non removable finite discontinuity at x = 0
(A) f(0) = ln 2 ⇒ f is continuous at x = 0 (C) has a non removable infinite discontinuity at x = 0
(B) f(0) = 2 ⇒ f is continuous at x = 0 (D) is continuous at x = 0
2 Sol.
(C) f(0) = e ⇒ f is continuous at x = 0
(D) f has an irremovable discontinuity at x = 0
Sol.
|x|
59. Let f(x) = for x ≠ 0 & f(0) = 1 then ,
sin x
1+ x − 1− x (A) f(x) is conti. & diff. at x = 0
57. Consider f(x) = , x ≠ 0 ; g(x) = cos
{x} (B) f(x) is continuous & not derivable at x = 0
(C) f(x) is discont. & not diff. at x = 0
 1
 f (g( x )) for x<0 (D) None of these
π  2 Sol.
2x, – < x< 0, h(x) =  1 for x=0
4
 f ( x) for x>0


then, which of the following holds good
(where { * } denotes fractional part function)
(A) ‘h’ is continuous at x = 0
(B) ‘h’ is discontinuous at x = 0
(C) f(g(x)) is an even function
(D) f(x) is an even function
Sol. 60. Given
  2
−5 
   [ x ]+[ − x ]  
 
   |x|  
x a
loga (a | [ x ] + [ − x ] |)   for | x |≠ 0 ; a > 1
f(x)=   1
 then
 3+a
|x |
 
 
  
 0 for x=0
(where [*] represent the integral part function)
(A) f is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(B) f is cont. & diff. at x = 0
(C) the differentiability of ‘f’ at x = 0 depends on the
value of a
(D) f is cont. & diff. at x = 0 and for a = e only.
Sol. 63. The function f(x) is defined as follows

 −x if x<0
 x2 if 0 ≤ x ≤1
f(x) =  then f(x) is
 x − x + 1 if
3
x >1
(A) derivable & cont. at x = 0
(B) derivable at x = 1 but not cont. at x = 1
(C) neither derivable nor cont. at x = 1
(D) not derivable at x = 0 but cont. at x = 1
Sol.
61. For what triplets of real number (a, b, c) with

 x x ≤1
a ≠ 0 the function f(x) =  2 is
ax + bx + c otherwise
differentiable for all real x ?
(A) {(a, 1 – 2a, a)| a ε R, a ≠ 0}
(B) {(a, 1 – 2a, c)| a, c ε R, a ≠ 0}
(C) {(a, b) | a, b, c ε R, a + b + c = 1}
(D) {(a, 1 – 2a, 0)| a ε R, a ≠ 0}
Sol.
 x + { x } + x sin{ x } for x≠0

64. If f(x) =  then
 0 for x=0
(where { * } denotes the fractional part function)
(A) ‘f’ is cont. & diff. at x = 0
(B) ‘f’ is cont. but not diff. at x = 0
(C) ‘f’ is cont. & diff. at x = 2 (D) None of these
62. A function f defined as f(x) = x[x] for –1 ≤ x ≤ 3 Sol.
where [x] defines the greatest integer ≤ x is
(A) conti. at all points in the domain of but non-
derivable at a finite number of points
(B) discontinuous at all points & hence non-derivable
at all points in the domain of f
(C) discont. at a finite number of points but not
derivable at all points i the domain of f
(D) discont. & also non-derivable at a finite number of
points of f.
Sol.
EXERCISE – II MULTIPLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

1. Which of the following function(x) not defined at x = 0 Sol.
has/have non–removable discontinuity at the origin ?
1
1 –1 1
(A) f(x) = (B) f(x) = tan
1+ 2x x
1
ex −1 1
(C) f(x) = 1 (D) f(x) =
ln | x |
ex +1
Sol. 4. The points at which the function,
f(x) = |x – 0.5| + |x – 1| + tan x does not have a
derivative in the interval (0, 2) are
(A) 1 (B) π/2 (C) 3 (D) 1/2
Sol.
2. Which of the following function(s) defined below

has / have single point continuity. 5. Let f(x) and g(x) be defined by f(x) = [x] and
0 , x∈Ι
1 if x ∈ Q  x if x ∈ Q g(x) =  then
x , x ∈ R − Ι
2
(A) f(x) =  (B) g(x) = 
0 if x ∉ Q 1 − x if x ∉ Q (where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function)
 x if x ∈ Q  x if x ∈ Q (A) lim
x →1
g(x) exists, but g is not continuous at x = 1
(C) h(x) =  (D) k(x) = 
0 if x ∉ Q − x if x ∉ Q
(B) lim
x →1
f(x) does not exist and f is not continuous
Sol.
at x = 1.
(C) gof is continuous for all x
(D) fog is continuous for all x
Sol.
 | x −3| ,x ≥ 1
 x 2   3 x   13 
3. The function f(x) =   −   +   , x < 1 is
 4   2   4 
(A) continuous at x = 1 (B) differentiable at x = 1

(C) continuous at x = 3 (D) differentiable at x = 3
Sol.
   2x − 3 3
3 − cot −1 2
 for x > 0

6. Given f(x) =    x  then
 { x 2 } cos( e1/ x ) for x < 0

which of the following statement does not hold good.

(where { * } & [ * ] denotes the fractional part and
the integral part function respectively)
– 9. Let [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or
(A) f(0 ) = 0
+ equal to x. If f(x) = [x sin πx], then f(x) is
(B) f(0 ) = 3
(C) f(0) = 0 ⇒ continuity of f at x = 0 (A) continuous at x = 0
(D) irremovable discontinuity of f at x = 0 (B) continuous in (–1, 0)
Sol. (C) differentiable at x=1
(D) differentiable in (–1, 1)
Sol.
7. Let f(x) = [x] + x − [ x ] . Then 10. Let f(x) = nlim (sin x)2n, then f is
→∞
(where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function)
+ (A) continuous at x = π/2
(A) f(x) is continuous on R
(B) discontinuous at x = π/2
(B) f(x) is continuous on R
(C) discontinuous at x = 0
(C) f(x) is continuous on R – Ι
(D) discontinuous at x = 1 (D) discontinuous at an infinite number of points
Sol. Sol.
n 1
8. If f(x) = ∑a
k =0
k | x |k , where a ’s are real constants,
i
11. Let f(x) =
[sin x]
then
then f(x) is (where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function)

(A) continuous at x = 0 for all ai (A) domain of f(x) is (2n π + π, 2n π + 2π) ∪ {2n π + π/2}
(B) differentiable at x = 0 for all ai ∈ R (B) f(x) is continuous when x ∈ (2n π + π, 2n π + 2π)
(C) differentiable at x = 0 for all a2k + 1 = 0 (C) f(x) is continuous at x = 2nπ + π/2
(D) none of these (D) f(x) has the period 2π
Sol. x
15. Indicate all correct alternatives if, f(x) = – 1,
2
then on the interval [0, π]
1
(A) tan (f(x)) & are both continuous
f ( x)
1
(B) tan (f(x)) & are both discontinuous
f ( x)
–1
(C) tan (f(x)) & f (x) are both continuous
12. The function f(x) = 1− 1− x 2 1
(D) tan (f(x)) is continuous but is not
(A) has its domain –1 ≤ x ≤ 1 f ( x)
(B) both f′(0–) and f′(0) are finite Sol.
(C) is continuous and differentiable at x = 0
(D) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
Sol.
1 − xn
13. Let f(x) = lim . Then 16. f(x) = |[x] x| in – 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, then f(x) is
n→∞ 1 + x n
(where [ * ] denotes greatest integer ≤ x)
(A) f(x) is a constant in 0 < x < 1
(A) cont. at x = 0 (B) discont. x = 0
(B) f(x) is continuous at x = 1
(C) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1 (C) not diff. at x = 2 (D) diff. at x = 2
Sol.
(D) None of these
Sol.
14. Let ‘f’ be a continuous function on R.
−n 2 n2 17. f(x) = 1 + x . [cos x] in 0 < x ≤ π/2, then f(x) is

n n
If f(1/4 ) = (sin e ) e + then f(0) is
n2 + 1 (where [ * ] denotes greatest integer ≤ x)
(A) It is continuous in 0 < x < π/2
(A) not unique (B) 1
(B) It is differentiable in 0 < x < π/2
(C) data sufficient to find f(0)
(C) Its maximum value is 2
(D) data insufficient of find f(0)
(D) Its not differentiable in 0 < x < π/2
Sol.
Sol.
18. f(x) = (sin–1 x)2 . cos (1/x) if x ≠ 0 ; f(0) = 0, f(x) is Sol.

(A) cont. no where in –1 ≤ x ≤ 1
(B) cont. every where in –1 ≤ x ≤ 1
(C) differentiable no where in –1 ≤ x ≤ 1
(D) differentiable everywhere in –1 < x< 1
Sol.
22. If f(x) = x2 . sin (1/x), x ≠ 0 and f(0) = 0 then,

(A) f(x) is continuous at x = 0
(B) f(x) is derivable at x = 0
(C) f′(x) is continuous at x = 0
(D) f′(x) is not derivable at x = 0
Sol.
 π π
19. f(x) = |x| + |sin x| in  − ,  . It is
 2 2
(A) conti. no where
(B) conti. every where
(C) differentiable no where
(D) Differentiable every where except at x = 0
23. A function which is continuous & not differentiable
Sol.
at x = 0 is
(A) f(x) = x for x < 0 & f(x) = x2 for x ≥ 0
(B) g(x) = x for x < 0 & g(x) = 2x for x ≥ 0
(C) h(x) = x |x| x ∈ R (D) K(x) = 1 + |x|, x ∈ R
Sol.
20. If f(x) = 3(2x + 3)2/3 + 2x + 3 then

(A) f(x) is cont. but not diff. at x = –3/2
24. If sin–1 x + |y| = 2y then y as a function of x is
(B) f(x) is diff. at x = 0
(A) defined for –1 ≤ x ≤ 1
(C) f(x) is cont. at x = 0
(B) continuous at x = 0
(D) f(x) is diff. but not cont. at x = –3/2
(C) differentiable for all x
Sol.
dy 1
(D) such that dx = for –1 < x < 0
3 1− x2
Sol.
21. If f(x) = 2 + |sin–1 x|, it is

(A) continuous no where
(B) continuous every where in its domain
(C) differentiable no where in its domain
(D) Not differentiable at x = 0
EXERCISE – III SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
3 x 2 + ax + a + 3
1. If the function f(x) = is continuous 4. Suppose that f(x) = x3 – 3x2 – 4x + 12 and
x2 + x − 2
at x = –2. Find f(–2).
 f(x)
Sol.
 , x≠3
h(x) =  x − 3 then
 K , x=3
(a) find all zeros of f(x)

(b) find the value of K that makes h continuous at x = 3
(c) using the value of K found in (b), determine whether
h is an even function.
Sol.
2. Find all possible values of a and b so that f(x) is
continuous for all x ∈ R if
 | ax + 3 | if x ≤ −1
 | 3x + a | if − 1 < x ≤ 0
f(x) =  bsin2x
− 2b if 0 < x < π
 x
 2
cos x − 3 if x ≥ π
Sol.
x2 x2
5. Let y n (x) = x2 + + +..........+
1 + x2 (1 + x 2 )2
x2
and y(x) = nLim
→ ∞ yn(x)
(1 + x 2 )n−1
Discuss the continuity of yn(x) (n ∈ N) and y(x) at x = 0

ln cos x Sol.
if x > 0
 4
1+ x2 − 1
3. Let f(x) =  Is it possible to
 esin 4 x − 1
if x < 0
ln (1 + tan 2x )
define f(0) to make the function continuous at x = 0.
If yes what is the value of f(0), if not then indicate
the nature of discontinuity.
Sol.
6. Draw the graph of the function

f(x) = x – |x – x2|, –1 ≤ x ≤ 1 & discuss the continuity
or discontinuity of f in the interval –1 ≤ x ≤ 1.
Sol.
1 + x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
9. Let f(x) = 3 − x , 2 < x ≤ 3 . Determine the form of

g(x) = f[f(x)] & hence find the point of discontinuity
of g, if any.
Sol.
1 − sin πx 1
 1 + cos 2πx , x<
2
 1
7. Let f(x) =  p, x = . Determine the
 2
 2x − 1 1
, x>
4 + 2x − 1 − 2 2
value of p, if possible, so that the function is continuous
10. Let [x] denote the greatest integer function &
at x = 1/2
f(x) be defined in a neighbourhood of 2 by
Sol.
 [x +1]
 (exp{(x + 2)n4}) 4 − 16
 , x<2
f(x) =  4x − 16
 1 − cos(x − 2)
A , x>2
 (x − 2)tan(x − 2)
Find the values of A & f(2) in order that f(x) may be

continuous at x = 2.
Sol.
8. Given the function g(x) = 6 − 2x and
2
h(x) = 2x – 3x + a. Then
(a) evaluate h (g(2))
Sol.
(b) If f(x)= [
g( x ), x ≤ 1
h( x ), x > 1
, find ‘a’ so that f is continuous.
Sol. tan 6 x
 6  tan 5 x π
  if 0<x<
 5 2
 π
11. The function f(x) =  b + 2 if x=
2
  a |tan x| 
   π
(1+ | cos x |) b  if <x<π
2
Determine the values of ‘a’ & ‘b’, if f is continuous
at x = π/2.
Sol. sin 3 x + A sin 2x + B sin x

14. If f(x) = (x ≠ 0) is cont. at
x5
x = 0. Find A & B. Also find f(0).
Sol.
π
12. Determine a & b so that f is continuous at x =
2
 1 − sin3 x
 if x<
π  π

−1
( 2 

)−1
  2 − sin 1 − {x}  sin (1 − {x})
 3 cos 2 x 2  for x ≠ 0

where f(x) =  a if x=
π 15. Let f(x) = 
 (
2 {x} − {x}3 )
2  π
 b(1 − sin x ) π for x = 0
 
if x> 2
 ( π − 2x )2 2
Sol.  where {x} is the fractional part of x.
Consider another function g(x); such that
 f ( x ) for x ≥ 0
g(x) = 
2 2 f ( x ) for x < 0
Discuss the continuity of the functions f(x) & g(x)
at x = 0.
Sol.
13. Determine the values of a, b & c for which the
sin(a + 1)x + sinx

 for x < 0
 x
function f(x) =  c for x = 0
2 1/2 1/2
 (x + bx ) − x for x > 0
16. Discuss the continuity of f in [0, 2] where
bx3/2 | 4 x − 5 | [ x ] for x > 1
f(x) = [cos πx ] for x ≤ 1 ; where [x] is the greatest
is continuous at x = 0. 
integer not greater than x. Also draw the graph.
Sol.
Sol.
17. If f(x) = x + {–x} + [x], where [x] is the integral Sol.

part & {x} is the fractional part of x. Discuss the
continuity of f in [–2, 2].
Sol.
 2 + cos x 3 
21. The function f(x) =  3 −  is not defined
 x sin x x 4 
at x = 0. How should the function be defined at x = 0
to make it continuous at x = 0.
Sol.
18. Find the locus of (a, b) for which the function
 ax − b for x ≤1
f(x) =  3x for 1< x < 2
 2
 bx − a for x≥2
is continuous at x = 1 but discontinuous at x = 2.

Sol.
 a sin x − a tan x
 for x > 0
tan x − sin x
22. f(x) =  2 2 , if f
 n (1 + x + x ) + n(1 − x + x ) for x < 0
 sec x − cos x
is continuous at x = 0, find ‘a’
 x
Now if g(x) = n  2 −  cot (x – a) for x ≠ a, a ≠ 0, a > 0.
 a 
19. A function f : R → R is defined as –1
If g is continuous at x = a then show that g(e ) = – e.
ax 2 + bx + c + enx Sol.
f(x) = nLim
→∞ where f is continuous on
1 + c.enx
R. Find the values of a, b and c.
Sol.
23. Let f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y & if the

function f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then show that
f(x) is continuous at all x.
Sol.
xn f ( x ) + h( x ) + 1
20. Let g(x) = nLim
→∞ , x ≠ 1 and
2x n + 3 x + 3
sin2 ( π.2 x )
g(1) = Lim
x →1 be a continuous function
ln (sec( π.2 x ))
at x = 1, find the value of 4 g (1) + 2 f(1) – h(1).
Assume that f(x) and h(x) are continuous at x = 1.
26. (a) If g : [a, b] onto [a, b] is continuous show

n
 x  x 
24. Given f(x) = ∑
tan  r  sec  r −1  ; r, n ∈ N
2  2 
that there is some c ∈ [a, b] such that g (c) = c.
r =1 Sol.
n
 x   x    x 
n  f ( x ) + tan n  −  f ( x ) + tan n  . sin tan  
 2   2    2 
g(x) = Limit
n→∞ n =k
 x 
1 +  f ( x ) + tan n 
 2 
π
for x = and the domain of g(x) is (0, π/2).
4
(where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function) (b) Let f be continuous on the interval [0, 1] to R
Find the value of k, if possible, so that g(x) is
such that f(0) = f(1). Prove that there exists a point
continuous at x = π/4. Also state the points of
discontinuity of g(x) in (0, π/4), if any.  1  1
Sol. c in 0,  such that f(c) = f  c + 
 2   2
Sol.
27. Consider the function

3 2 f ( x)
25. Let f(x) = x – x – 3x – 1 and h(x) = where
g( x )
h is a rational function such that  1 − a x + xa x na
 for x < 0
(a) it is continuous every where except when x = –1,  ax x2
 x x
g(x) = 2 a − x n 2 − x na − 1 where a > 0.
1  for x > 0
(b) xLim Lim
→ ∞ h(x) = ∞ and (c) x → −1 h(x) = 2 .  x2
Find xLim find the value of ‘a’ & ‘g(0)’ so that the function g(x)
→ 0 (3h(x) + f(x) – 2g(x))
is continuous at x = 0.
Sol.
Sol.
EXERCISE – IV ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. Discuss the continuity & differentiability of the 4. A function f is defined as follows :
function f(x) = sin x + sin | x |, x ∈ R. Draw a rough
sketch of the graph of f(x).

Sol.
 1 for −∞ < x < 0

π
f(x) =  1 + | sin x | for 0≤x<
 2
 2
  π π
 2 +  x −  for ≤ x < +∞
  2 2
Discuss the continuity & differentiability at x = 0

& x = π/2.
Sol.
2. Examine the continuity and differentiability of

f(x) = | x | + | x – 1 | + | x – 2 | x ∈ R.
Also draw the graph of f(x).
Sol.
5. Examine the origin for continuity & derivability in

the case of the function f defined by
–1
f(x) = x tan (1/x), x ≠ 0 and f(0) = 0.
Sol.
3. If the function f(x) defined as
x2
− for x ≤ 0
 2
f(x) =  is continuous but not
 xn sin 1 for x > 0
x
derivable at x = 0. Then find the range of n.
Sol.
6. Let f(0) = 0 and f ’(0) = 1. For a positive integer k,

show that
Lim 1  f(x) + f  x  + ....f  x   = 1 + 1 + 1 +.....+ 1

x →0  2  k  3
x      2 k
Sol.
 1 1 Sol.
− + 
| x | x 
7. Let f(x) = xe  ; x ≠ 0, f(0) = 0, test the
continuity & differentiability at x = 0.
Sol.
  2[ x ]  
11. Given f(x) = cos–1  sgn    Discuss the

  3x − [ x]  
continuity & differentiability of f(x) at x = ± 1.
(where sgn ( * ) denotes the signum function & [ * ]
denotes the greatest integer function)
Sol.
+
8. If f(x) = |x – 1|. ([x] – [–x]), then find f ’(1 ) &
–
f ’(1 ) (where [ * ] denotes greatest integer function)
Sol.
12. Examine for continuity & differentiabilty the points

x = 1 & x = 2, the function f defined by
 x[ x ] , 0≤x<2
f(x) = ( x − 1) [ x ] , 2 ≤ x ≤ 3
 ax 2 − b if | x | < 1 
 where [x] = greatest integer less than or equal to x.
9. If f(x) =  1 is derivable at x = 1.
− if | x | ≥ 1 Sol.
 | x |
Find the values of a & b.
Sol.
10. Let f(x) be defined in the interval [–2, 2] such  e[ x ] + |x| − 2 

13. f(x) = x.   , x ≠ 0 & f(0) = – 1
−1 , −2 ≤ x ≤ 0  [ x] + | x | 
that f(x) = x − 1 ,  
 0 < x ≤ 2 & g(x) = f(| x |) + | f(x) |. where [x] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to x.
Test the differentiability of g(x) in (–2, 2). Test the differentiability of f(x) at x = 0.
Sol. Sol.
14. Discuss the continuity & the derivability in [0, 2]
| 2x − 3 | [ x ] for x ≥ 1 a1/ x − a −1/ x

of f(x) =  πx 17. Examine the function, f(x) = x. ,x≠0
sin for x < 1 a1/ x + a −1/ x
 2
(a > 0) and f(0) = 0 for continuity and existence of
(where [ * ] denotes greatest integer function) the derivative at the origin.
Sol. Sol.
15. Let f(x) = [3 + 4 sin x]. If sum of all the values of

‘x’ in [π, 2π] where f(x) fails to be differentiable, is 18. Discuss the continuity on 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 & differentiability
kπ at x = 0 for the function.
, then find the value of k.
2
1 1
(where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function) f(x) = x.sin sin where x ≠ 0, x ≠ 1/ rπ &
x 1
x. sin
Sol. x
f(0) = f(1 /rπ) = 0, r = 1, 2, 3, ..........

Sol.
ax( x − 1) + b when x < 1


16. The function f(x) =  x − 1 when 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 .
2
px + qx + 2 when x > 3
Find the values of the constants a, b, p, q so that  1 − x , (0 ≤ x ≤ 1)


(i) f(x) is continuous for all x 19. f(x) =  x + 2 , (1 < x < 2) Discuss the continuity &
 4 − x , (2 ≤ x ≤ 4)
(ii) f ’(1) does not exist
(iii) f ’(x) is continuous at x = 3 differentiability of y = f[f(x)] for 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.
Sol. (b) Show that f ’(1/3) does not exist.

Sol.
20. Let f be a function that is differentiable every (c) For what values of x, f ’(x) fails to exist.
where and that has the following properties Sol.
(i) f(x +h) = f(x) . f(h) (ii) f(x) > 0 for all real x.
(iii) f ‘(0) = – 1
Use the definition of derivative to find f ’(x) in terms
of f(x).
Sol.
23. Let f(x) be a real valued function not identically

zero satisfies the equation, f(x + yn) = f(x) + (f(y))n
for all real x & y and f ‘(0) ≥ 0 where n (> 1) is an odd
natural number. Find f(10).
Sol.
21. Let f(x) be a function defined on (–a, a) with

a > 0. Assume that f(x) is continuous at x = 0 and
Lim f(x) − f(k x) = α, where k ∈ (0, 1) then compute

x →0 x
f’(0+) and f’(0–), and comment upon the differentiability
of f at x = 0.
24. A derivable function f : R+ → R satisfies the
Sol.
condition f(x) – f(y) ≥ n (x/y) + x – y for every x,
y ∈ R+. If g denotes the derivative of f then compute
100
 1
the value of the sum ∑ g  n  .
n =1
Sol.
π
 x 2 cos if x ≠ 0
22. Consider the function, f(x) =  2x
 0 if x = 0
(a) Show that f ’(0) exists and find its value
Sol.
EXERCISE – V JEE PROBLEMS

2 2
1. The function f(x) = [x] – [x ] (where [y] is 4. Let f : R → R be any function. Define g : R → R by
the greatest integer less than or equal to y), is g(x) = | f(x) | for all x. Then g is [JEE 2000(Scr.), 1]
discontinuous at [JEE 99,2] (A) onto if f is onto (B) one one if f is one one
(A) all integers (B) all integers except 0 & 1 (C) continuous if f is continuous
(C) all integers except 0 (D) all integers except 1 (D) differentiable if f is differentiable.
Sol. Sol.
5. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the
 x
2. Determine the constants a, b & c for which the 1 + | x | , | x | ≥ 1
function, f(x) =  x . [REE 2000, 3]
 ,| x | <1
  1 − | x |
 (1 + ax )1/ x for x < 0 Sol.

function f(x) =  b for x = 0 is continuous
 1/ 3
 ( x + c ) − 1
for x > 0
 ( x + 1)1/ 2 − 1
at x = 0. [REE 99,6]
Sol.
6. (a) Let f : R → R be a function defined by,

3
f(x) = max [x, x ]. The set of all points where f(x) is NOT
differentiable is [JEE 2001 (Scr.)]
(A) {–1, 1} (B) {–1, 0} (C) {0, 1} (D) {–1, 0, 1}
3. Discuss the continuity of the function Sol.
 e1/(x −1) − 2
 , x ≠1
f(x) =  e1/(x−1) + 2 at x=1. [REE 2001 (Mains), 3]
1, x =1
Sol.
(b) The left hand derivative of, f(x) = [x] sin (π x) at

x = k, k an integer is
(where [ * ] denotes the greatest function)
k k–1
(A) (–1) (k – 1)π (B) (–1) (k – 1)π
k k–1
(C) (–1) k π (D) (–1) kπ
Sol. 9. Let f : R → R be such that f(1) = 3 and f’(1) = 6.

1/ x
 f (1 + x ) 
The Limit 
x → 0  f (1) 
 equals [JEE 2002 (Scr.), 3]
 
1/2 2 3
(A) 1 (B) e (C) e (D) e
Sol.
(c) Which of the following functions is differentiable

at x = 0 ?
(A) cos (| x |) + | x | (B) cos (| x |) – | x |
(C) sin (| x |) + | x | (D) sin (| x |) – | x |
Sol.
{x + a if x < 0
10. f(x) = | x − 1| if x ≥ 0 and g(x) =  2
x + 1
 ( x − 1) + b
if x < 0
if x ≥ 0
Where a and b are non negative real numbers. Determine

the composite function gof. If (gof) (x) is continuous for
all real x, determine the values of a and b. Further, for
these values of a and b, is gof differentiable at x = 0 ?
7. Let α ∈ R. Prove that a function f : R → R is
Justify your answer. [JEE 2002, 5]
differentiable at α if and only if there is a function
Sol.
g : R → R which is continuous at α and satisfies
f(x) – f(α) = g(x) (x – α) for all x ∈ R.
[JEE 2001 (mains), 5]
Sol.
11. If a function f : [–2a, 2a] → R is an odd function

8. The domain of the derivative of the function such that f(x) = f(2a – x) for x ∈ [a, 2a] and the left
hand derivative at x = a is 0 then find the left hand
 tan x−1 derivative at x = – a. [JEE 2003 (Mains), 2]
 if | x | ≤ 1
f(x) =  1 is [JEE 2002 (Scr.), 3] Sol.
 2 (| x | −1) if | x | > 1
(A) R – {0} (B) R – {1}

(C) R – {–1} (D) R – {–1, 1}
Sol.
12. (a) The function given by y = ||x| – 1| is

differentiable for all real numbers except the points
[JEE 2005 (Scr.), 3]
(A) {0, 1, –1} (B) ± 1 (C) 1 (D) –1
Sol. Sol.
(b) If |f(x1)–f(x2)| ≤ (x1–x2) , for all x1, x2 ∈ R. Find

2
the equation of tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the

point (1,2). [JEE 2005 (Mains), 2] b−x
16. Let f : (0, 1) → R be defined by f(x) =
Sol. 1 − bx
where b is a constant such that 0 < b < 1. Then
(A) f is not invertible on (0, 1) [JEE 2011, 4]
1
(B) f ≠ f–1 on (0, 1) and f'(b) =
2 3 f' (0)
13. If f(x) = min. (1, x , x ), then [JEE 2006, 5]
1
(A) f(x) is continuous ∀ x ∈ R (C) f = f–1 on (0, 1) and f'(b) =
f' (0)
(B) f’(x) > 0, ∀ x > 1
(D) f–1 is differentiable on (0, 1)
(C) f(x) is not differentiable but continuous ∀ x ∈ R Sol.
(D) f(x) is not differentiable for two values of x
Sol.
 π π
( x − 1)n  −x − 2, x≤−
2
14. Let g(x) = ; 0 < x < 2, m and n are  π
ln cosm ( x − 1) 
17. If f(x) =  − cos x, − < x ≤ 0 then
 2
integers m ≠ 0, n > 0 and let p be the left hand
 x − 1, 0< x ≤1
Lim
derivative of |x – 1| at x = 1. If x →1+ g(x) = p, then  ln x, x >1
π
[JEE 2008, 3] (A) f(x) is continuous at x = – [JEE 2011, 4]
2
(A) n = 1, m = 1 (B) n = 1, m = –1 (B) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0
(C) n = 2, m = 2 (D) n > 2, m = n (C) f(x) is differentiable at x = 1
Sol. (D) f(x) is differentiable at x = – 3/2
Sol.
15. Let f : R → R be a function such that

f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y), ∀x, y ∈ R.
If f(x) is differentiable at x = 0, then [JEE 2011, 4]
(A) f(x) is differentiable only in a finite interval
containing zero
(B) f(x) is continuous ∀ x ∈ R
(C) f'(x) is constant ∀ x ∈ R
(D) f(x) is differentiable except at finitely many points
Answer Ex–I SINGLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)
1. A 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. B 7. B 8. B
9. B 10. B 11. B 12. D 13. B 14. B 15. D 16. D
17. C 18. B 19. D 20. C 21. D 22. B 23. B 24. C
25. D 26. C 27. C 28. C 29. C 30. D 31. C 32. D
33. C 34. D 35. D 36. B 37. B 38. C 39. C 40. B
41. D 42. D 43. D 44. B 45. C 46. D 47. A 48. B
49. C 50. B 51. B 52. C 53. A 54. B 55. A 56. D
57. A 58. D 59. C 60. B 61. A 62. D 63. D 64. D
Answer Ex–II MULTIPLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)
1. ABC 2. BCD 3. ABC 4. ABD 5. ABC 6. AC 7. ABC

8. AC 9. ABD 10. BD 11. ABD 12. ABD 13. AC 14. BC
15. CD 16. AC 17. AB 18. BD 19. BD 20. ABC 21. BD
22. ABD 23. ABD 24. ABD
Answer Ex–III SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
+ –
1. –1 2. a = 0, b = 1 3. f(0 ) = – 2 ; f(0 ) = 2 hence f(0) not possible to define
4. (a) –2, 2, 3 (b) K = 5 (c) even 5. yn (x) is continuous at x = 0 for all n and y(x) is dicontinuous at x = 0
6. f is cont. in –1 ≤ x ≤1 7. P not possible. 8. (a) 4 – 3 2 + a, (b) a = 3

9. g(x) = 2 + x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 2 – x for 1 < x ≤ 2, 4 – x for 2 < x ≤ 3, g is discontinuous at x = 1 & x = 2
10. A = 1 ; f(2) = 1/2 11. a = 0 ; b = –1 12. a = 1/2, b = 4 13. a = – 3/2, b ≠ 0, c = 1/2
+ π – π
14. A = –4, B = 5, f(0) = 1 15. f(0 ) = ; f(0 ) = ⇒ f is discont. at x = 0 ;
2 4 2
+ –
g(0 ) = g(0 ) = g(0) = π/2 ⇒ g is cont. at x = 0
1
16. the function f is continuous everywhere in [0, 2] except for x = 0, ,1&2
2
17. discontinuous at all integral values in [–2, 2]

18. locus (a, b) → x, y is y = x – 3 excluding the points where y = 3 intersects it.
1
19. c = 1, a, b ∈ R 20. 5 21.
60
 π
 n (tan x ) if 0 < x < 4
24. k = 0 ; g(x) =  π π . Hence g(x) is continuous everywhere.
0 if ≤x<
 4 2
39 1 ( n 2)2
25. g(x) = 4(x + 1) and limit = – 27. a = , g(0) =
4 2 8
Answer Ex–IV ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. f(x) is conti. but not derivable at x = 0 2. conti. ∀ x ∈ R, not diff. at x = 0, 1 & 2

3. 0 < n ≤ 1 4. conti. but not diff. at x = 0; diff. & conti. at x = π/2
5. conti. but not diff. at x = 0 7. f is cont. but not diff. at x = 0
+ –
8. f ’(1 ) = 3, f ’(1 ) = –1 9. a = 1/2, b = 3/2 10. not derivable at x = 0 & x = 1
11. f is cont. & derivable at x = –1 but f is neither cont. nor derivable at x = 1
12. discontinuous & not derivable at x = 1, continuous but not derivable at x = 2 13. not derivable at x = 0
14. f is conti. at x = 1, 3/2 & disconti. at x = 2, f is not diff. at x = 1, 3/2, 2 15. 24
1 + –
16. a ≠ 1, b = 0, p = and q = – 1 17. If a ∈ (0, 1) f ’(0 ) = – 1; f ’(0 ) = 1 ⇒ continuous but not derivable
3
If a = 1 ; f(x) = 0 which is constant ⇒ continuous but not derivable

– +
If a > 1 f ’(0 ) = – 1 ; f ’(0 ) = 1 ⇒ continuous but not derivable
18. conti. in 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 & not diff. at x = 0
19. f is conti. but not diff. at x = 1, disconti. at x = 2 & x = 3. cont. & diff. at all other points
 1−   1+ 
α   π   π 1
20. f ’(x) = – f(x) 21. f ’(0) = 22. (a) f ’(0) = 0, (b) f ’  3  = – and f ’  3  = , (c) x = n∈I
1− k   2   2 2n +1
23. f(x) = x ⇒ f(10) = 10 24. 5150
Answer Ex–V JEE PROBLEMS
2 2 + –
1. D 2. a = ln ;b= ; c=1 3. Discontinuous at x = 1; f(1 ) =1 and f(1 ) = –1
3 3
4. C 5. Discont. Hence hot deri. at x = 1 & –1. Cont. & deri. at x = 0

6. (a) D, (b) A, (c) D 8. D 9. C 10. a = 1 ; b = 0 (gof)’(0) = 0
–
11. f’(a ) = 0 12. (a) A, (b) y – 2 = 0 13. A, C 14. C
15. B,C 16. C,D 17. A,B,C,D

Continuity and Differentiability

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Continuity and Differentiability

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CONTINUITY

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

♦ THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES .............................................................. 3 – 28

♦ EXERCISE - III ................................................................................................. 43 – 47

♦ ANSWER KEY ................................................................................................ 55 – 56

continuity of composite functions, intermediate value property of continuous functions

In other words function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c , if Limit f(x) = f(c).

Symbolically f is continuous at x = c if Limit f(c - h) = Limit f(c+h) = f(c).

lim f(x) = f(c).

The last equality means that f is continuous at c.

If one of the one-sided limits does not exist, then xlim

c is a discontinuity in the function, since the continuity condition is not met.

(b) A function f is said to be continuous in a closed interval a , b if : [ ]

(ii) f is right continuous at ‘a’ i.e. Limit

(iii) f is left continuous at ‘b’ i.e. Limit

A function f can be discontinuous due to any of the following three reasons :

(ii) f(x) is not defined at x= c (iii) Limit f(x) ≠ f (c)

Geometrically, the graph of the function will exhibit a break at x= c.

Ex.1 Test the following functions for continuity

∴ f(0) = R.H.L. = xlim

(256 − 7h)1/ 8 − (256 )1/ 8 (256 − 7h)1/ 8 − ( 256 )1/ 8

L.H.L. = Lim ( −2 sin x ) R.H.L. = Lim A sin x + B

L.H.L. = Lim− A sin x + B R.H.L. = Lim+ cos x

Sol. For x < 0,

∴ L.H.L. = R.H.L. ≠ f(0) Hence f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.

x2 + {f(x) – 2} x + 2 3 –3– 3 . f(x) = 0, ∀ x ∈ R. Then find the value of f( 3 ).

lim (1+ sinh−1).a /(sinh)

∵ f(x) is continuous at x = 0 ∴ L.H.L. = R.H.L. = f(0)

Sol. For continuity Limit f (x) = f (0)

5 Limit 2θcosθ−2sinθ 5 Limit ( θ−tanθ) 5 Limit θ−tanθ 5  1  5

∴ L.H.L. ≠ R.H.L. = f(0) Hence f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.

a(1 − cos 2x ) b(1 − cos 4 x )

4(1 − cos 2x ) − (1 − cos 4 x ) 8 sin2 x − 2 sin2 2 x 8 sin2 x − 8 sin2 x cos2 x

e 2x −1− x(e 2x +1)

e 6t −1−3t( e 6t +1) ( e 2t −1)3 +3e 2t ( e 2t −1)−3t( e 6t +1)

max{ f ( t ) : x + 1 ≤ t ≤ x + 2,−3 ≤ x < 0}

Test continuity of g (x) for x ∈ [–3, 1].

Ex.13 Let y = f(x) be defined parametrically as y = t2 + t | t |, x = 2t – | t |, t ∈ R Then at x = 0, find f(x)

1 (1+2x )−(1+ x ) (1+3x )−(1+2x ) (1+nx )−(1+n−1x )

Sol. To prove hlim

Put x = y = 0 in the given relation f(0) = f(0) + (f(0))3 ⇒ f(0) = 0

Since f is continuous at x = 0, hlim

Hence f is continuous for all x ∈ R.

Also let both one–sided limits xlim

In more complicated case xlim

one or both one-sided limits do not exist. Such condition

has a discontinuity of the first kind at x = 0

The left-hand limit is xlim

right-hand limit is xlim

The function y = ln |x| at the point x = 0 has the limits lim

arise when xlim

Thus, the function y = sin (1/x), has no one-sided limits

Removable & Irremovable Discontinuity

Removable Type Of Discontinuity Can Be Further Classified As :

(ii) Isolated Point Discontinuity : where

redefining it . Such discontinuities are known as non - removable discontinuity.

Irremovable Type Of Discontinuity Can Be Further Classified As :

(iii) Oscillatory discontinuity : e.g. f(x) = sin

but Limit does not exist.

(iii) Point functions are to be treated as discontinuous . eg . f(x) = 1 − x + x − 1 is not continuous at

(iv)If f is continuous at x = c & g is continuous at x = f(c) then the composite g[f(x)] is

THEOREMS–4 : INTERMEDIATE VALUE THEOREM

Sol. lim f(x + h) – f(x) = lim (ex + h – x – 1) = 0. Hence f is continuous everywhere.

Now f(x) = f(0) + ex – 1. ⇒ xlim

Definition of Tangent : If f is defined on an open interval containing c, and if the limit

In the preceding section we considered the x

Note that alternatively, we can define

Average And Instantaneous Rate Of Change

Ex.21 Let f(x) = x2 – 4x + 7.

Sol. (a) The derivative of the function is f′(x) = 2x – 4

E. RELATION BETWEEN CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY

If a function f is derivable at x then f is continuous at x.

For : f ′(x) = Limit f( x + h)−f( x ) exists.

Therefore Limit [f ( x + h)−f ( x )] = Limit f( x + h)−f( x ).h=f '( x ).0=0

Therefore Limit [ f ( x + h ) − f ( x) ] = 0 ⇒ Limit f (x+h) = f(x) ⇒ f is continuous at x.

The converse of the above result is not true :