9

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the conceptual framework and review of related

literature. The idea presented can be understood through the conceptual model

found figure 1.

Conceptual Framework

This study will follow the framework in Figure 1. The performance level of

Sarimanok dancers will be based on their personal backgrounds and training

needs applicable to their field of specializations. This study is intended to

measure their dancing skills in terms of flexibility, gracefulness, mastery,

projection, and interpretation. This will determine the strengths and the factors

needed to be developed by the Sarimanok dancers in order to achieve optimal

level of performance and increase their dancing competency.

Personal Background

Institutions of dances in professional education have different experience

and routines from experts to different levels in dancing. This was conducted to

determine the dancing experience and the effect of practice in the dancer’s

pedagogical approach in one’s dancing performance in higher level. This

research analyzes the different factors affecting participants performance though

a quantitative method that includes interviews, observations and documentation

 10

Background

Experience Economic Status

Academic
Participation in Performance
Related Activities

Place of Origin

Training Program

Physical Mental Social

Performance

Flexibility Mastery Interpretation

Gracefulness Projection

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

 11

analysis of other topic that include from the inputs aimed to assessment

techniques.

Experience in high level dancing performance against dance pedagogy

was the insights behind institution of dances that works on the terminal degrees

in related to the start in the year of 1880’s As said in the past, especially in

different dances lead by the experts and not be able to acquire proper education

and this belief was still practiced even today. Different questions were asked if

professional dance and choreography experience is the same with the highest

degree. Dancers can have a variety of backgrounds ranging from beginning to

professional dancing with dance emphasis. These varied dance backgrounds

and training have the potential to shape a dancer’s pedagogical approach. The

purpose of this study is to examine how backgrounds and training affect dancer’s

performance to a dance technique class in a higher education. It is difficult to

determine if these two types of experiences result in the same types of

knowledge. An individual with adequate professional experience might be a

highly skilled technical dancer with great understanding of repertoire and

possess exceptional abilities in performance qualities and artistic expression.

This individual could be knowledgeable in a variety of other areas ranging from

costumes to arts administration depending upon the type of company with whom

the dancer performed.

In this paper, aesthetic experience is defined as a particular state of mind

that is characterized by a focus on a certain object which engages and fascinates

a subject, whereas all other actions in the environment are excluded from
 12

consciousness (Ognjenović 2003; Marković 2007, 2010). Recent studies suggest

that similar characteristics of aesthetic experience may be empirically specified

as well. In their factor analysis study Polovina and Marković (2006) suggest that

the essence of aesthetic experience consists of fascination with an extraordinary

object and may appear in situations with different emotional qualities. Fascination

may relate to both pleasant objects and somewhat unpleasant objects and

situations (Marković 2010).

In order to reveal the aesthetic experience of dance performances and

then emotional identification Analyses of variance was conducted. To determine

whether there is a relationship between the aesthetic experience of dance and

emotional identification, Correlation analysis was carried out. The objective of

this study consisted of investigating the relationship between aesthetic

experience and emotional identification in the performances of different types of

artistic dance.

Variety in sexes, indigenous history, social concerns and morality

domination on approach is directed in the institution. The coaches in rural areas

must be enlightened on the community of any department and implement

teaching strategies and access norms related to the philosophically divergent

students in the department. Almost rural institutions had less vulnerability to

proper dances. A part of eight percent (8%) of learners have dance gallery

backgrounds, 40 African-American, learners and only 3% among English

learners have a background on hip hop or some indigenous dances; although

 13

couple of endemic American learners engage in provincial artistic dances (Willis

2000).

Training Needs Assessment

Workout demand evaluation is a continuing process of collecting ideas to

know what work out demand is present, so that practice can be implemented to

assist systems achieve its goal. Managing demands evaluation is important to

the success of the workout plan. Most institutions will enhance and integrate

practice without primary managing the demands inquiry. This system goes

through the danger of exaggerating the practice, less practice or even no practice

at all. The objective of having need evaluation is to improve a better system.

Further, to provide an apparent way for guessing practice demands, a need’s

inquiry also give a support for the evaluation of effectiveness of the program. It

also suggests various ways on how to manage the evaluation that will contribute

to the research.

Conducting a training needs assessment is a survey of background that

will determine the work out plans required as a preferred way of fixing a dilemma

in the system. Demand is not a must; it’s an action you must take into so that you

can attain your ambitions. It’s a difference between “what is” and “what ought to

be”. Evaluating the demands assist to determine the differences and conflicts in

the work out process. Evaluation is part of the outlining procedure concentrating

on classifying and in settling performance issues. This explains why we should

have training needs assessment and the advantage of the program. This aspires
 14

what kind of workout drill needed in the team. Considering that my study focuses

on Sarimanok dancers, this will help me a lot in considering the training demands

needed by them in order to enhance their performance and make a change.

Dance Training Program

Competitive dance and exercise group were becoming famous nowadays,

particularly on the last decades it became very exceptional for (ESPN).

Secondary and tertiary groups all over the country are discerned for being

excellent as group and these groups in dances achieving honor for they merit.

This gives recreation on individual’s passion in life. Fancy moves and striking

uniforms contribute to the entertainment provided by the dance team. The guide

changes to elaborate formations, to ripple effects in the high kicks and

amusements from the crowd were formed.

In the 21st century, there is a great sense of inter disciplinary and hybridity

about the ways in which young people begin the process of preparation for

education with high-level training. In this curriculum, you can start training

program with one class a wee especially for children, but when you talk about

hard works, it generally means the development of the whole being from simple

to complex. Training ranges more than ten years and so on and it includes

various rehearsals and performances in whatever genre and exercises in terms

of coordination, length and difficulty. Other sectors of training were also taught in

the community organizations. By this process, they may be able to showcase

their talents in the whole duration of the study.

 15

There are various ways on how dance training is done. Practice cannot be

accomplished in single time instead, it must be taken for a long period of time to

develop the skill. The CDET or Council for Dance Education Training. Propose

levels of outcomes and efficient practice system for motivated dancers. It is not

only about your passion but also on the aspects that may be able to help you in

enhancing your capacities and gaining more opportunities. Other dancers took

work out to achieve treatment or to organize other fitness related classes.

Physical Training

Proper dances were studied to be top of all work outs, supplementing the

different needs for dancing. Evaluation and investigation of precise ideas to guide

dancers and their coaches to enhance work out strategies and engage efficient

ways of avoiding damage, harm and to distinguish preferable norm of fitness and

body related health. Our own perception and improvement of added allocate

dance work out method will be able to get the advantage of better presentation,

minimize damages and boost in one’s profession. There are various training that

focuses more on the physiological aspects of a dancer and here are some of the

following: aerobic training, anaerobic training, strength/endurance training, power

training, flexibility training, neuromuscular coordination, body composition and

rest.

(Bales, 2008) Interest as post-judson somatic practices, contact

improvisation and the value of Alexander techniques, because of this logic, good

reference became evident for this reviewer. The central of most arguments show
 16

strains in application on the influence spontaneity. Work out in dance was

derived from different access in dealing with physical to collaborate with our

aspirations. Direction analysis formulated to sum up the adequacy practice

procedure in dance and coordinated but still on process with the unreliable.

We are expected to dance because we want to achieve intelligence. It

includes fitness, experience and balance. Some chose to do this because they

like to perform, they value body matters, and they believe that dancing provides

satisfaction. The exercise training could be a difficult one between changing and

enjoying your potentials. The more productive way of training is to know the

relationship between mind and body. This will give you an idea of being a dance

performer and a dance maker. The experience and knowledge you have will help

you be more intelligent. This further explains the contribution of dance in our daily

lives.

Mental Training

Athletics and dance presentation does not merely involve body aspects

but also includes intellectual capacities. Analysis finds out that intellectual

preparedness foresee contestants won with a place in Olympic Games year

1984. Another prophecy can be done with body or mechanical preparedness. It

focuses on enhancing mental ability for production. Practice in dancing is not

only about capacities but it is also on mental awareness related to work out

system. There are various characteristics that are done to improve

synchronization between body and mind. The following are being intrinsically
 17

motivated, being focused, being self-confident, be able to overcome mistakes

and be able to cope with anxiety.

With the use of practice, professionals enhance unique background

established image of physical and action. Experts arranged main objectives

approach with binary dance actions related to dimensional agreement as

conclusion to stratified array inquiry and arrangement. Anticipation gives clue on

precise characteristics in intellectual image connected to aligned ability.

Assemblage of results of professionals with productive constructions and aligned

with acceptable dimensional guideline correlated with the major action done.

Experts acquire same outcome with easy actions since it shows unpractical

outcome. The data advice that the part of professionals demonstrates design of

dance actions combined ideas on physical focus designs.

Dance is abundance mean of tools for analyst attentive in the assimilation

of action and knowledge. These many aspects of demonstrated idea concerned

in operating and viewing dance have activated science to use dance as a way for

conducting skill domination, mastery and movement approaches. The goal of this

study is to propose main finding in the mental and brain procedure applied in the

performance of interpretation of dance. This research concentrates in six field

that can contribute to the development. Present and existing facts are viewed

according to forthcoming outlook that will aid the continued converse amidst

science and dance.

 18

Social Training

Past studies proved that the connection of measured action amidst

personal development collaboration. Like synchronization is most eye-catching in

music and dance. Also the mass performances commonly affected by common

lined-experience and presents strongly collude with acts together. By these

analysis we investigated, the more relevant to distribute and advocate

collaboration with crowd synchronization.

Even though dance is a social fact, it presumes that it came from category

of quantity and so, the element of individual custom and the main power in civil

growth and not only the effect of individual’s interference at any distinct moment

and location. Its developmental relevance as an approach of connection was

made out with the reality that it wasn’t been antiquated by rhetorical

communication even that it was commonly effective for artistic transformation. It

advocates that it will never be abolished if there’s no harm to individual and its

effectiveness falls under rhetorical communication.

This study synthesizes the major results on factual research that used

dance similar elements of rhythmical whole physical involvement as a study

material for observational action perceptive and public acknowledgement. This

has confirm to be descriptive about observable and mental instrument that

arbitrate connection on affective and skill development joint during the

investigation and performance of spatially collaborated performance. The

analysis focuses categorically on the procedure linked to skill background,

mastery and other factors included.

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Skill Competence

Even there are lots of strategies used in different scenarios, the aim of it

was to acquire the skill and maximize it. Lots of expected outcomes are provided,

but only the most useful were utilized. It simply mean that we should know the

purpose of the objectives, the learner, procedure and the consequences. There

are lots of aspects that affects to the development of the skill such as genetics,

experience, self-assessment and other factors. Actually we will be able to know

the skill in the development of any performance related to experience must be

consider for constructing work out for a certain situation. The whole coverage of

strategies and understanding of learning with proper social connections and

techniques must be used.

The intention of this study was to particularize the quality that contribute

on how we view our affection through dance actions and produce an affected

portrait to visualize the connection amidst sensation and the distinction of

eloquent physical actions. Six participants shows three various feelings by

dancing: sorrow, happiness and madness. Viewers scale couple of their

sensation and body actions of eighteen dance presentations. The outcome

viewed that the observers can actually determine the affective content convey in

dancing. The reaction on change, extension and balance with the assessed

actions of density and acceleration of higher development, twisting or bouncing

and physical concluding was derived from the aspect of the study as explanation

on viewers sensation of affective interpretation in dance. With this inquiry, we

establish the action’s meaning and affection portrait for dance.

 20

All individual artistry have music and dance, they are intimately related

with other dialects and find a single word to define it. Previous studies marked

rooted mental contact on it like individual’s action, giving opinion that it just

occurred and promote the demands of the research. A particular fascinating

premise of an individual presents and collaborate dance with music by identical

type of dance actions in a form of music. Essentially, design actions are couple of

irrelevant manufacture and spontaneous because it creates collaboration

repertory of audio and action signs variously.

Dancing has different categories and those are folk dance, modern dance,

social dance and square dance. This study elaborated movements common to all

dances. In folk dancing, many proposed training procedure were given to

somehow help the training program be assessed. Contemporary dances were

also in a form of art in different aspects. It comprises assumption of action

decisive to the setting and the needs of dancers. Toning up and extending

strategies are also present on the assessment. Components of dance must

contain accountable and design content. Finally, ballroom dancing which is

proposed with learning procedures was shown to acknowledge the passion and

the maturity of the learners, assortment of rhythms, accessible music, and the

sequence of dances that perfectly qualified to the learners.

Folk Dance

Folk dance is a form of dance developed by a group of people that reflects

the traditional life of the people of a certain country or region. Folk dancing

originated in the 18th century to distinguish dance forms of common people from
 21

those of the upper classes. Unlike most other dance forms, tend to have no

stringent rules, and are sometimes formed spontaneously among groups of

people. The steps of folk dances are passed through generations, rarely being

changed. Folk dancing is usually associated with social activities, although some

folk dances are performed competitively. Generally, this is a type of dance that is

a vernacular, usually recreational, expression of a past or present culture. The

term folk dance was accepted until the mid-20th century, when this and other

categories of dance were questioned and their distinctions became subject to

debate.

This provides dancing strategies in dancing folk dance. This will make it

easier to distinguish the connection between pattern, tune and the aspirations

and notion of a dance. There are also different strategies which will help me in

conducting the assessment. It presents me good perception of folk dancing either

national or international. It gives idea that creating dance is one of the

instruments developing one’s creativity in terms of choreography, patterns,

proper body gestures and interpretation. Preparatory exercise for dancers begins

to enhance good body posture and knowledge. It’s the advantage to

choreographers teaching the dance because it’s already a foundation for a good

skill development. One thing that makes it difficult to dance is the interpretation

part wherein you should be able to interpret the steps, count and formations

written. By this you will be able to produce appropriate dance and be able to

preserve its essence as a folk dance.

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Hip Hop Dance

Hip hop is a dance style, usually danced to hip hop music that evolved

from the hip hop culture. The first dance associated with hip hop was break

dancing. While break dancing consists primarily of moves executed close to the

ground, the majority of hip hop moves are done standing up. It includes a wide

range of styles primarily locking, and popping which were created in the 1970s

and made popular by dance crews in the United States. Hip hop dance steps

require skill and experience to perfect. Hip hop dancers practice a lot in order to

master basic steps and movements that appear simple when performed.

Dancers with a good sense of rhythm find it easier to learn hip hop steps. It is

unique because it allows its dancers to perform with freedom of movement,

adding in their own personalities. Many people with roots in hip hop culture feel

that hip hop dancing should not be formally "taught." They feel that teaching

specific moves takes away from the originality factor that hip hop possesses.

Hip hop dancing is also a form of dancing event that gives chance to show

off the features of its essence for more exposure honors. Most groups make a

compact performance in just two minutes. Imaginativeness, being an affective

performer and liberal artistry are always rewarded with firm adherence and

protections are not accommodated. For you to be able to create a fascinating

moves in hip hop dancing, you must first consider the prevalent fashion in

dancing, unique steps, being an effective dancer and winning music. Hip hop

dancing is too broad to explain. It is a combination of street dancing manners and

showing cultural values. It is a procedure that embodies the totality of a dancer.

 23

Ballroom dance

Ballroom dance refers to traditional partnered dance forms that are

done by a couple, often in the embrace of closed dance position which are

enjoyed both socially and competitively around the world, and growing all the

more popular in North America. Because of its performance and entertainment

aspects, ballroom dance is also widely enjoyed on stage, film, and

television. These include cha-cha, waltz, swing, tango and salsa. Social/ballroom

dance forms are important. The earliest dance forms ever described in detail

(in the 15th century) were partnered social dances. Many of today's pre

formative dance forms, including ballet and jazz dance, evolved from social

dance forms that came first. Ballroom dance may refer, at its widest definition,

to almost any type of partner dancing as recreation.

Following are the types of ballroom dances:

The Cha-Cha is a lively, flirtatious ballroom dance full of passion and energy. The

classic "Cuban motion" gives the Cha-Cha its unique style. Partners work

together to synchronize each movement in perfect alignment.

The Foxtrot is a ballroom dance that is lots of fun and simple to learn...an

excellent dance for beginners. The Foxtrot is a smooth dance in which dancers

make long, flowing movements across the floor.

The Jive is a ballroom dance style that originated in the United States from

African-Americans. It is a lively form of Swing dance, and a variation of the

Jitterbug.

The Rumba is considered by many to be the most romantic and sensual of all

Latin ballroom dancers.

 24

The Paso Doble is one of the liveliest ballroom dances, originating in southern

France. It is modelled after the sound, drama, and movement of the Spanish

bullfight.

The Tango is one of the most fascinating of all ballroom dances. This sensual

ballroom dance originated in South America in the early twentieth century.

The Samba possibly the most popular of all Brazilian ballroom dances, the

Samba is popular with young people as well as older generations. The Samba

can be performed solo or with a partner.