Semester I

Introduction to Linguistics (40+10 Marks)

Code: A1

Module I
Scope and nature of linguistics; Branches of linguistics; Language and Communication.
Definition of language; Characteristics of language.
Theories regarding the origin of language.
Levels of language and their hierarchy; phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic.
Language relation: genetic, areal, typological and morphological.
Language: spoken language and written modes and relation between them; Writing systems:
evolution of writing systems.
Concepts of Syntagmatic and Pardigmatic Relations; Synchronic and Diachronic relations;
Competence and Performance; Innateness hypothesis; Langue and Parole.
Language universals and specific properties of language

Module II
Language variations: Dialect, Idiolect and Language; Dialect geography and isoglosses; Register,
Style, Code, Sociolect; Pidgins and Creoles.
Standardisation of language: processes of standardization.
Language as a system of communication: Communicative functions of language: Referential,
Emotive, Conative, Poetic, Metalinguistic and Phatic functions of language; Animal
communication and human communication; Design features of language.
Semantics: Basic concepts

References
Atkinson, M., D. Kilby and I. Roca 1982. Foundations of General Linguistics. London: George
Allen & Unwin.
Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Carrol. J. B. 1953. The Study of Language. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam. The Architecture of Language, (ed). Nirmalangshu Mukherji et.al., Oxford
University Press, New Delhi, 2000.
Chomsky, Noam. 2000. New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind. Cambridge, CUP.
Dinneen, F.P. 1967. An Introduction to General Linguistics. New York etc: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston.
Diringer, D. 1962. Writing: Its Origin and Early History. New York: Praeger.
Diringer, D. 1968.The Alphabet. (2 Volumes). (3rd edition). London etc: Hutchinson.
Fromkin, V. and R. Rodman 1983. An Introduction to Language. 3rd edition. New York: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston.
1

Gelb, I.J.1952. A Study of Writing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Page

Gleason, H.A. 1970. An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics. Rev edn. New York: Holt,
 Rinehart & Winston.
Greenberg, J. 1966. Universals of Language. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Hockett, C.F. 1958. A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York: Macmillan. (Indian edition
New Delhi, Calcutta: Oxford and IBH).
Hudson, G.2000. Essential Introductory Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Hughes, J.P.1962. The Science of Language. New York: Random House-Alfred A. Knopf.
Jespersen, O. 1921. Language. London: George Allen & Unwin.
Joos, M. (ed.) 1958. Readings in Linguistics: Development of Descriptive Linguistics in America
since 1925. 3rd edn. New York: American Council of Learned Societies.
Kurath, H.1972. Studies in Areal linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Lyons, J.1968. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Martinet, A. 1964. Elements of General Linguistics. London: Faber & Faber.
Palmer, F.R.1971. Grammar. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Pinker, Steven. 1994. The Language Instinct. London: Penguin
Robins, R.H. 1969. General Linguistics: An Introductory Survey. London: Longman.
Sapir, E. 1921. Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York: Harcourt Brace &
World.
Saussure, Ferdinand de. Course in General Linguistics, (tr). Wade Baskin, McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1959.
Shaw, R. 1999. Sādhāraṇ Bhāṣābijñān O Bā ṃlābhāṣā (General Linguistics and the Bengali
Language). Kolkata: Pustak Bipani.
Sturtevant, E.H. 1947. An Introduction to Linguistic Science. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale
University Press.
Valdman, A. (ed.) 1977. Pidgin and Creole Linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Wardhaugh, R. 1977. Introduction to Linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
Yule, G. 1987. The Study of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

2
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Semester I
Morphology I and Syntax I (20+20+10 Marks)
Code – A2

Module – I

Morphology I
Place of Morphology in Structural Linguistics and Generative Grammar ; Interaction of
Morphology with Phonology and Syntax.
Concept of word; Kinds of word— Phonological, Orthographic and Grammatical word,
lexeme and word form; hierarchical structure of word; word vs. morpheme.
Concept of morpheme, morph and allomorph; Relationship between morph and
morpheme; Morphophonemics; Conditioning of allomorphs; Types of morph; Concept of
underlying representation and rule ordering in Morphology.
Basic constituents of word structure—Root, Stem, Base, Affixes, Types of affixes;
Inflectional vs. Derivational Morphology; Nature and classification of Inflectional and
Derivational affixes; Exercises on morphological analysis.

References

Adams V. (1973 ) : An Introduction to Modern English word formation. London:

Longman.
Akmajian A., Demer R.A.,Farmer A.K. & Harnish R.M. (1995) : Linguistics : An
Introduction to Language and Communication. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
Aronoff M. (1976): Word Formation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT
Press.
Bauer L. (1988 ) : Introducing Linguistic Morphology. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University
Press.
Bauer L. (1991): English word-formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bhattacharya K.(1993): Bengali-Oriya Verb Morphology. Calcutta: Dasgupta.
Crystal D. (1971) : Linguistics, Harmondsworth : Penguin.
Fromkin V.A.(ed) (2000) : Linguistics. Oxford : Blackwell.
Fromkin V. et al. (2003) : An Introduction to Language. 7th ed. Indian edition.
Gleason H.A. (1955): Workbook in Descriptive Linguistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart &
Winston.
Gleason H.A.(1970): An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics. New York: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston,
Hall R.(1964) : Introductory Linguistics. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. (Reprint)
Hockett C.F. (1958): A Course in Modern Linguistics. London: Macmillan (Indian
edition: Calcutta, New Delhi: Oxford and IBH).
Jensen J.T. (1990) : Morphology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Katamba F. (l993): Morphology. London: Macmillan.
3

Langacker R. (1972): Fundamentals of Linguistic Analysis. New York: Harcourt Brace

Page
Lieber R. (1981): On the Organization of Lexicon. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University
Linguistics Club.
Lyons J. (1968) : Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge : The University
Press.
Marchand H.(1969): The Categories and Types of Present-day English Word-
formation,Munich: C.H.Beck.
Matthews P.H. (1974) : Morphology : An Introduction to the Theory of Word Structure,
Cambridge : The University Press.
Palmer F. (1971): Grammar. Harmondsworth : Penguin.
Scalise S. (1984): Generative Morphology. Dordrecht: Foris.
Selkirk E. (1982): The Syntax of Words. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Thakur D. (1997): Linguistics Simplified : Morphology. Patna : Bharati Bhawan.

Module II

Syntax I
Basic concepts: IC analysis and its limitations; Generative Grammar; The
Transformational framework: recursion, creativity, deep structure – surface structure,
competence – performance, observational - descriptive – explanatory adequacy,
components of a TG Grammar; Constituents: noun phrase and verb phrase constituents;
Lexicon and Features, Simplicity and Linguistic Explanation.
Rules: phrase structure rules, transformational rules, segment structure rules, context free
and context sensitive rules, optional and obligatory rules, singularly and generalized rules,
meaning changing and meaning preserving rules, structural description and structural
change, ordering of rules.
Transformations: elementary transformational processes, phrase marker; A few
transformations: passivization, reflexivization, extraposition, affix hopping, Do support,
dative movement.

References

Azad, Humayun. 1984. Vākyatattva (Syntactic Theory). Dhaka: Bangla Academy.

Bhattacharya, Shishir. 1998. Saṅjananī Vyākaraṇ (Generative Grammar). Dhaka: Charu
Prakashani.
Chakraborty, Udaya Kumar. 2000. Bāṃlā Saṃvartanī Vyākaraṇ (Generative Grammar of
Bengali). Kolkata: Prama Prakashani.
Chomsky, Noam. 1957. Syntactic Structure. The Hague: Mouton.
Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Dasgupta, Probal. 1987. Kathār Kriyākarma (Functions of Utterance). Kolkata: Deys’
Publishing.
Fromkin, V. and R. Rodman. 1988. An Introduction to Language. 4th edn. New York:
Holt, Reinhart & Winston. (7th edn. Indian edn. 2003)
Hockett, Charles F. 1958. A Course in Modern Linguistics. London: Macmillan (Indian
4

edition: Calcutta: Oxford & IBH).

Page
Jacobs, Roderick A. & Peterr S. Rosenbaum 1968. English Transformational Grammar.
Waltham, Mass. etc.: Blaisdell Publishing Company.
Jacobsen, Bent. 1978. Transformational Generative Grammar: An introductory survey of
its genesis and development. 2nd ed. Amsterdam etc.: North-Holland.
Langacker, R.W. 1972. Fundamentals of Linguistic Analysis. New York: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich.
Lyons, John. 1968. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Majumdar, Abhijit. 2000. Studies in the Anaphoric Relations in Bengali. Kolkata:
Subarnarekha.
Radford, A. 1988. Transformational Grammar: A First Course. Cambridge: Bambridge
University Press.

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Semester I
Phonetics (40+10 Marks)
Code – A3

Module I

Definition, aim and scope of Phonetics; Branches of Phonetics; Organs of Speech;

Processes of speech production—Airstream process, Phonation process, Voice Onset
time, Articulatory process, Oro-nasal process.

Module II

Classification of speech sounds: vowels and consonants (vocoid and contoid);

Production, classification and description of consonants; Production, classification and
description of vowels; Cardinal vowels; Monophthongs vs. Diphthongs; Types of
diphthongs; Syllable; International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA); Phonetic transcription and
its types;
Fundamentals of Acoustic phonetics

References
Abercrombie, D.1967. Elements of General Phonetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University
Press.
Ashby, M. and Maidment, J. 2005. Introducing Phonetic Science, Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press.
Bhattacharya, K. 2000. Bengali Phonetic Reader. Mysore: CIIL.
Catford, J.C.1988. A Practical Introduction to Phonetics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Chatterji, S.K. 1921. A Brief Sketch of Bengali Phonetics. London: International
Phonetic Association.
Chatterji, S.K. 1928. A Bengali Phonetic Reader. London: University of London.
Clark, J. and C.Yallop 1995. An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. London:
Blackwell.
Davenport, M and S.J. Hannah 1998. Introducing Phonetics and Phonology. London:
Arnold.
Gimson, A.C. 1980. An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English. London: Arnold.
Hai, M.A. 1985. Dhvanivijñān O Baṃlā dhvanitattva (Bengali Phonetics and Phonology).
4th Reprint. Dhaka: Mullick Brothers.
Heffner, R.S.1949.General Phonetics. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin.
Jones, D.1960. An Outline of English Phonetics.9th ed. Cambridge: Heffer.
Joos, M. 1948.Acoustic Phonetics. (Language Monograph No.23.) Baltimore: Linguistic
Society of America.
Ladefoged, P. 1993. A Course in Phonetics. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Ladefoged, P. and I. Maddieson 1996. The Sounds of the World’s Languages. Oxford:
6
Page

Blackwell.
Ladefoged, P.1962. Elements of Acoustic Phonetics. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Laver, J.1994. Principles of Phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Malmberg, B. 1963. Phonetics. New York: Dover.
O’Connor, J.D.1973.Phonetics. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Pike, K.L .1947. Phonetics. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
Stetson, R.H. 1951. Motor Phonetics. Amsterdam: North Holland.
Zeenat Imitiaz Ali, (2001). Dhvanivijñāner Bhūmikā (Introduction to phonetics). Dhaka:
Mowla Brothers

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Semester I
Historical Linguistics I and Indo-European Linguistics (20+20+10
Code – A4 Marks)

Module – 1
Historical Linguistics I
Borrowing- Lexical and Structural; Motivations of borrowing; Types of borrowing-
cultural, intimate, dialect; Direction of borrowing; Classification of loan words- calque,
loan blend, loan translation, tatsama, tadbhava etc; Impact of borrowing – Pidgin, Creole.
Semantics – basic concept and types of semantic change.

Analogy – basic concept and types of analogical change; Interplay of sound change and
analogy; Introducing Neogrammarian hypothesis; Family Tree and Wave Model;
Extensions of Neogrammarian theory- social motivations for sound change- studies of
William Labov- Martha’s Vineyard and New York City; Lexical Diffusion of sound
change- concept and application.

References

Aitchison, J. 1991. Language Change: Progress or Decay? 2nd edn. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.
Anderson, G. 1973. Structural Aspects at Language Change. London: Longman.
Anttila, R. 1989. An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics.2nd edn.
Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Arlotto, A, 1981. Introduction to Historical Linguistics. Washington, DC: University
Press of America. (Reprinted).
Baldi, P. (ed.) 1990. Linguistic Change and Reconstruction Methodology. Berlin and
New York: Mouton de Grueyter.
Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Bhat, D.N.S. 2001. Sound Change. 2nd edn. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Bynon, Th. 1977. Historical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Campbell, L. 1998. Historical Linguistics: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press.
Crowley, T. 1992. An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. 2nd edn. Auckland: Oxford
University Press.
Hock, H.H. 1986. Principles of Historical Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hock, H.H. and Joseph, B.D. 1996. Language History, Language Change and Language
Relationship. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hockett, C.F. 1958. A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York: Macmillan.
Jeffers, R.J and I. Lehiste 1979. Principles and Methods of Historical Linguistics.
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
King, R.D. 1969. Generative Grammar and Historical Linguistics. Englewood Cliffs, N.
J.: Prentice-Hall.
8

Labov, W. 1994. Principles of Linguistic Change. Oxford: Blackwell.

Page

Lehmann, W.P. 1962. Historical Linguistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Lehmann, W.P. and Y. Malkiel (eds.) 1968. Directions for Historical Linguistics. Austin,
Texas: University of Texas Press.
McMohan, A.M.S.1994. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Trask, R.L. 1996. Historical Linguistics. London: Arnold.

Module – II

INDO-EUROPEAN LINGUISTICS
Indo-European family – its linguistic features -languages and their different branches –
dialectal inter- relationship -Centum-Satam division, PIE phonemes and their
developments in different languages –different phonetic laws-Accent .Ablaut.

References

Banerjee, S.R. 2001.Indo-European Linguistics .(Professor Suniti Kumar Chatterji

Memorial Lecture) . :Calcutta: Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar.
Beekes, R.S.O. 1998. Comparative Indo-European Linguistics.Amsterdam:John
Benjamins.
Brugmann, K. 1904. Kurze Vergleichende Grammatik der indo-germanischen Sprachen.
Straussburg.
Burrow, T. 1965. The Sanskrit Language (2nd edn).London: Faber.
Clackson, J. 2007. Indo-European Linguistics,an Introduction.Cambridge University
Press
Hudson-Williams, T. 1951. A short Introduction to the study of Comparative Grammar
(Indo-European). Cardiff.
Kurylowich, J. 1964. Inflectional Categories of Indo- European.Heidelberg: Winter.
Lindener, F.O. 1987 . Introducion to the ' Laryngeal Theory ' .Oslo : Norwegian
University Press .
Majumdar, P.C. 1997. Pṛthivīr Bhāṣā, Indo–Europio prasaṅga (World languages, about
Indo-European). Kolkata:Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi .
Meillet, A. 1937. Introduction etude comparative des langues indo-eurepeens. 8th edn.
Paris: Hachette.
Misra, S.S. 1968. A comparative grammar of Sanskrit ,Greek and Hittite.Calcutta:World
Press.
Palmer, L.R. 1964. The Latin Language .London:.Faber & Faber.
Palmer, L.R. 1980. The Greek Grammar.London: Faber & Faber.
Sen, S.K (ed). 1994. Proto-Indo-European: A Multi-angular View. Journal of Indo-
European Studies. Vol 22. no . 1&2
Sen, S. 1958. History and Prehistory of Sanskrit. Mysore:Mysore University .
Sturtevant, E.H. 1942. The Indo-Hittite Laryngeals.Baltimore:Linguistic society of
America.
Sturtevant, E.H. 1951. A Comparative grammar of the Hittite Language.Revised
edn.Philadelphia:Linguistic Society of America.
9

Szemerenyi, O.J.L. 1990. Introduction to the Indo-European Linguistics. 4th edn. Oxford:
Page

Oxford University Press.

Semester II
Phonology (40+10 Marks)
Code – B1

Module I
Phonology (phonemics): Relationship between Phonetics and Phonology; concept of
Phoneme; phone, phoneme, allophone; Phonemic principles: phonetic similarity, contrast,
complementary distribution, free variation, economy, symmetrical patterning;
neutralization, archi-phoneme; Goals of phonological theory; Different views of the
phoneme.

Module II
Levels of phonological representation; Distinctiveness and redundancy; Opposition;
Distinctive features; Natural class; Abstractness; Markedness; Phonological rules:
notational devices, rule writing; Rule ordering; Morpheme-structure rules; Readjustment
rules; Different processes used in phonology; Morphophonemics; Alternants;
Suprasegmental units: phonological and grammatical; Syllables; Stress; Tone; Linear Vs.
Non-linear approaches.

References
Allen, J.P.B. & P. Van Buren (eds.) 1971. Chomsky: Selected Readings. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Anderson, S.R. 1974. The Organization of Phonology. New York: Academic Press.
Carr, Philip. 1993. Phonology. London: Macmillan.
Chomsky, Noam & Morris Halle. 1968. The Sound Pattern of English. New York:
Harper & Row.
Dell, F. 1980. Generative Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goldsmith, J.A. (ed.) 1995. The Handbook of Phonological Theory. London: Blackwell.
Goldsmith, J.A. (ed.) 1999. Phonological Theory: The Essential Readings. London:
Blackwell.
Hogg, R. & C.B. McCully. 1987. Metrical Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Hyman, L.M. 1975. Phonology: Theory and Analysis. New York: Holt, Rinehart &
Winston.
Katamba, F. 1989. An Introduction to Phonology. London: Longman.
Schane, S.A. 1973. Generative Phonology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Spencer, Andrew. 1996. Phonology: Theory and Description. Oxford: Blackwell.
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Semester II
Semantics (40+10 Marks)
Code – B2

Module I
Some general observations: basic concepts of semantics, pragmatics and their
relationship; types of meaning; some important assumptions: sentence, utterance and
proposition; reference, sense and denotation; logical relations between propositions:
concepts of paraphrase, contradiction, entailment; ambiguity and presupposition; theories
of meaning—referential vs. non-referential approaches; generative approach; notions of
lexical and structural semantics.

Semantics of words: relationship between form and meaning— lexical sense relations;
similarity, opposition and inclusion; componential analysis of meaning; concept of
collocation and set: lexical gap and semantic field; linguistic relativity; colour terms:
marked vs. unmarked terms.

Module II
Introduction to Logical Semantics: formalisation, logical metalanguage; Model-theoretic
and Truth-conditional semantics, aspects of truth-conditional meaning and the tools used
to analyze them; propositional and predicate calculus: concept of predicators, Predicate
and Arguments; Logical Quantifiers, restriction and scope; Logical Connectives;
Semantic catergorisation of sentence elements.

References
Allwood, J. and O. Dahl 1977. Logic in Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Chierchia G. and McConnell-Ginet S, 1993, Meaning and Grammar: An Introduction to
Semantics, Massachussetts: The MIT Press.
Cruse, D. A, 1997, Lexical Semantics, Cambridge: CUP
Jaszcsolt, K. M., 2002, Semantics and Pragmatics: Meaning in Language and Discourse,
London; Longman
Kearns, K. 2000, Semantics, Palgrave Macmillan
Lappin, S. (ed.) 1997. The Handbook of Contemporary Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Leech, G. 1974. Semantics. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Lyons, J. 1977. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lyons, J.1995. Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP.
Palmer, F.R. 1981. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Saeed, J. I., 2003, Semantics, Blackwell
11

Ullmann, S. 1972. Semantics: An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. London:Basil

Blackwell.
Page
Semester II
Indo–Aryan Linguistics I and Bengali Linguistics I (20+20+10
Code – B3 Marks)

Module I

Indo-Aryan Linguistics I
Indo-Aryan: Origin of Indo-Aryan; different stages of Indo-Aryan: OIA, MIA and NIA;
dialectal divisions of OIA.
Phonology: OIA sounds and their developments in MIA and NIA; Phonological
processes in OIA, MIA and NIA. Sandhi–development in Indo-Aryan. Indo-Aryan
Accent: its development in Indo-Aryan.

References
Beames, J. 1872-79 (reprinted 1970). A Comparative Grammar of the Modern Aryan
Languages.
Bloch, J. 1930. Some Problems of Indo-Aryan Philology. Bulletin of School of Oriental
Studies. 5.4: 719-56.
Bloch, J. 1965. Indo-Aryan (English translation by Alfred Master). Paris: Adrien-
Maisonneuve.
Bloch, J. 1970. The Formation of the Marathi Language. (English translation by Dev Raj
Chanana). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Chatterji, S.K. 1926. The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language. Calcutta:
Calcutta University Press.
Chatterji, S.K. 1960. Indo-Aryan and Hindi. Calcutta: Firma KLM
Grierson, G.A. 1931-33. On the Modern Indo-Aryan Vernaculars. Indian Antiquary.
Hoernle, A.F. 1880. A Comparative Grammar of the Gaudian Languages. London.
Rubner. (Reprinted 1991. Asian Educational Services, New Delhi).
Tessitory, 1916. Notes on the Grammar of Old Western Rajasthani. Indian Antiquary.
Bombay: Indian Antiquary Publication.
Thumb , A.1953. Handbuch des Sanskrit. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
Turner, R.L. 1972. Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Turner, R.L. 1975. Collected Papers 1912-1973. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Module II

Bengali Linguistics I
12

Origin of the Bengali Language with special reference to Magadhan group of languages;
Different stages of Bengali language and their documents; Comparative linguistic study
Page

of different stages; Bengali dialects and their features; Bengali vocabulary with special
emphasis on loan words; Origin of the Bengali sounds; Classification of the Modern
Bengali sound system; Syllable structure of Modern Bengali; Cluster pattern of Modern
Bengali; Different important phonological processes in Bengali; Suprasegmental features
in Modern Bengali.

References
Basu, D. N. 1975. Bāṅlā Bhāṣār Ādhuniktattva O Itikathā (The Modern Principles and
History of the Bengali Language). Calcutta: Puthipatra.
Basu, D. N. 1976. Functional Analysis of Old Bengali Structures. Calcutta: Basudha.
Bykova, E.M. 1981. The Bengali Language. Moscow: Nauka.
Chatterji, S.K. 1921. A Brief Sketch of Bengali Phonetics. London: University of
London.
Chatterji, S.K. 1928. A Bengali Phonetic Reader. London: School of Oriental Studies.
Chatterji, S.K. 1974. Bāṅlā Bhāṣātattver Bhūmikā (An Introduction to Bengali
Linguistics). 8th edn. Calcutta: Calcutta University Press.
Chatterji, S.K. 1979. The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language. Calcutta:
Rupa.(reprint)
Majumdar, P. C.1992. Bāṅlā Bhāṣā Parikramā (Development of the Bengali Language).
Vol I. Calcutta: Dey’s.
Majumdar, P. C.1993. Bāṅlā Bhāṣā Parikramā (Development of the Bengali
Language).Vol II. Calcutta: Dey’s.
Sen, S. 1987. Bhāṣār Itivṛtta (The History of Language). Calcutta: Eastern. 12th edition.
(Calcutta: Ananda 1996).
Sen, S.K. 1971. Proto-New-Indo-Aryan. Calcutta: Eastern.
Shahidullah, M. 1973. Bāṅlā Bhāṣār Itivṛtta (History of the Bengali Language). Dacca.

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Semester II
Historical Linguistics II and Schools of Linguistics / Language Typology
(20+20+10 Marks)
Code – B4

Module – I
Historical Linguistics II
1 Development of the nineteenth century comparative historical linguistics and its impact
on the study of language; Neogrammarian theory of Sound Change; Concept of Sound
Shift and Sound law; Some common Sound law.

2 Sound Change and its basic concepts; Phonetic change and Phonemic change; Split and
Merger; Conditioned vs. Unconditioned change; Regular vs. Sporadic; Types of change-
Assimilation and other assimilatory sound changes, Dissimilation, Addition or Insertion,
Loss or Deletion, Weakening, Metathesis, Coalescence etc.

3 Reconstruction – Comparative Method and Internal Reconstruction; Their scopes and

limitations; Preliminaries of comparative method- cognate collection, establishing
correspondences, reconstruction of the proto-form, reconstruction of sound change etc;
Concept of innovation and retention; Internal Reconstruction- morphophonemic
alternations as source of reconstruction, recovering historical contrasts by comparing
alternating an non-alternating paradigm.

References
Aitchison, J. 1991. Language Change: Progress or Decay? 2nd edn. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Anderson, G. 1973. Structural Aspects at Language Change. London: Longman.
Anttila, R. 1989. An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics.2nd edn.
Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Arlotto, A, 1981. Introduction to Historical Linguistics. Washington, DC: University
Press of America. (Reprinted).
Baldi, P. (ed.) 1990. Linguistic Change and Reconstruction Methodology. Berlin and
New York: Mouton de Grueyter.
Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Bhat, D.N.S. 2001. Sound Change. 2nd edn. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Bynon, Th. 1977. Historical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Campbell, L. 1998. Historical Linguistics: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press.
Crowley, T. 1992. An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. 2nd edn. Auckland: Oxford
University Press.
Hock, H.H. 1986. Principles of Historical Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
14

Hock, H.H. and Joseph, B.D. 1996. Language History, Language Change and Language
Relationship. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Page

Hockett, C.F. 1958. A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York: Macmillan.

Jeffers, R.J and I. Lehiste 1979. Principles and Methods of Historical Linguistics.
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
King, R.D. 1969. Generative Grammar and Historical Linguistics. Englewood Cliffs, N.
J.: Prentice-Hall.
Labov, W. 1994. Principles of Linguistic Change. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lehmann, W.P. 1962. Historical Linguistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Lehmann, W.P. and Y. Malkiel (eds.) 1968. Directions for Historical Linguistics. Austin,
Texas: University of Texas Press.
McMohan, A.M.S.1994. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Trask, R.L. 1996. Historical Linguistics. London: Arnold.

Module – II
Schools of Linguistics
Early linguistic thoughts in India and Europe – Contributions of Panini, Bhartṛhari,
Dionysius Thrax and Varro.
Development of Linguistics from 1786 to 1957 – Comparative Philology, Structuralism –
The Prague School, The Copenhagen School, The Moscow School, The London School.

References
Bynon and Palmer (eds.), Studies in the history of Western Linguistics in honour of R. H.
Robins. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Culler, Jonathan. 1976 Saussure (American Title: Ferdinand de Saussure).
London: Fontana Modern Masters, Brighton, Harvester,.
Hymes(ed.), 1974. Studies in the history of Linguistics: Traditions and
paradigms. Bloomington, Indiana University Press.
Koerner and Asher (eds.), Concise history of the language sciences: From the Sumerians
to the cognitivists, New York, Pergamon.
Lehmann, W.P. (ed.). A reader in nineteenth-century historical Indo-European linguistics.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press
Lepschy, G (ed.) 1994. History of Linguistics II. Classical and Medieval Linguistics.
Longman
Matthews, P.H. 2001. A Short History of Structural Linguistics. CUP
Robins, R.H. 1993. The Byzantine Grammarians. Their Place in History. Mouton De
Gruyter.
Robins, R. H. 1979. A Short History of Linguistics. London: Longman. 2nd edn.
Roy Harris and Talbot J. Taylor 1989. Landmarks in Linguistic Thought: The Western
Tradition from Socrates to Saussure. London: Routledge
Sampson, Geoffrey. 1980. Schools of Linguistics, Stanford, Stanford University Press.
Taylor, D.J. 1987. The History of Linguistics in the Classical Period. Benjamins
15
Page
 OR

Module – II
Language Typology

I. Basic concept of Language Universals; Approach of Chomsky and Greenberg;

Classification of language universals.

II. Language Typology; Word order typology- Greenberg’s model with special reference
to South Asian Languages.

III. South Asian Language groups- salient features, classification; approach towards
semantic universals with reference to South Asian Languages.

IV. Concept of Linguistic Area; Major Linguistic Areas of the World, South-Asia as a
Linguistic Area.

References
Abbi, A. 1991. India as a Linguistic Area Revisited (A special Volume of Language
Sciences). Tokyo: Pergamon.
Abbi, A. 1994. Semantic Universals in Indian Languages. Shimla: IIAS.
Bazell, 1985. Linguistic Typology. London: SOAS.
Bhaskararao, P. and K.V. Subbarao 2001. The Yearbook of South Asian Languages and
Linguistics. London: Thousand Oaks.
Bhat, D.N.S. 1999. The Prominence of Tense, Aspect and Mood. Amsterdam: John
Benjamins.
Comrie, B. 1981. Language Universals and Linguistic Typology. Oxford: Blackwell.
Croft, W. 1990. Typology and Universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Emeneau, M.B. 1980. Language and Linguistic Area. Stanford, Ca.: Stanford University
Press.
Gair, J.J., B.C. Lust, K.V. Subbarao and K. Wali (eds.) 2000. Pronouns and Lexical
Anaphors in Selected South Asian Languages. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hawkins, J.A. 1983. Word Order Universals. New York: Academic Press.
Lehmann, W.P.1978. Syntactic Typology: Studies in Phenomenology of Language.
Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
Masica, C.P. 1976. South Asia as a Linguistic Area. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Sapir, E. 1921. Language. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
16

Song, J.J. 2001. Linguistic Typology, Morphology and Syntax. New York: Longman.
Page
Semester III
Sociolinguistics (40+10 Marks)
Code - C1

Module-I
Definition, Concepts and Frameworks: defining sociolinguistics, subject matter of
sociolinguistics, sociolinguistics and sociology of language, macro and micro
sociolinguistics, traditional dialectology and social dialectology, defining speech
community, verbal and speech repertoire, restricted and elaborated codes, verbal deficit
hypothesis.

Multilingualism and language contact: bilinguals and bilingualism – typologies,

bilingual speech community, domains of language use, code-switching and mixing,
language maintenance, shift and death, pidgin and creole, lingua franca, language loyalty,
attitudes towards bilingualism.

Module II
Linguistic Variation: types of variation: standard, non-standard, social, regional and
stylistic, variables: marker, indicator and stereotype, sociolinguistic approaches to the
study of stylistic variation in language, how language reflects and maintains social
stratification, local factors: social network and communities of practice

Sociolinguistics of Interaction: communicative competence: ethnography of

speaking, power and solidarity, introduction to face theory, linguistic politeness,
intercultural communication, pronouns of power and solidarity, address terms,
communication accommodation, diaglossia.

References:

Text books:
HOLMES Janet 2001. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London: Longman. 2nd edition
MEYERHOFF, Miriam, 2006 , Introducing Sociolinguistics, London and New York:
Routledge
TRUDGILL, Peter. 1974. Sociolinguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
WARDHAUGH, Ronald 1997. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.
3rd edition. ***

Additional Reading:
COUPLAND, Nikolas and JAWORSKI, Adam (eds.) 1997 Sociolinguistics: A Reader
and Coursebook. Basingstoke: Macmillan
17

FASOLD, Ralph 1984. The Sociolinguistics of Society. Oxford: Blackwell

FASOLD, Ralph 1990. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Oxford: Blackwell
Page

FISHMAN, Joshua, (ed.) 1968. Readings in the Sociology of Language. The Hague:
Mouton.
LABOV, William, 2006. Social Stratification Language in New York City. Cambridge:
CUP. 2nd edition.
ROMAINE, Susan, 1995, Bilingualism, Oxford: Blackwell, 2nd edition
TRUDGILL, Peter and CHESHIRE, Jenny (eds.) 1998 The Sociolinguistics Reader.
Volume 1: Multilingualism and Variation. London: Arnold.

Relevant journal: (available in the University’s online journal access system)

Language and society,CambridgeUniversity Press.

http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=LSY

Additional references for specific topics will be supplied during the lectures.

18
Page
Semester III
Indo-Aryan Linguistics II and Bengali Linguistics II (20+20+10 Marks)
Code – C2

Module I

Indo-Aryan Linguistics II
Morphology: Development of Nominal system from OIA to NIA (Number, Gender, Case, Case-
terminations).
Development of verbal system from OIA to NIA (Tense, Mood, Number, Person).
Nominalization from OIA to NIA.
Indo-Aryan Lexicon: Its historical development.

References
Beames, J. 1872-79 (reprinted 1970). A Comparative Grammar of the Modern Aryan
Languages.
Bloch, J. 1930. Some Problems of Indo-Aryan Philology. Bulletin of School of Oriental Studies.
5.4: 719-56.
Bloch, J. 1965. Indo-Aryan (English translation by Alfred Master). Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve.
Bloch, J. 1970. The Formation of the Marathi Language. (English translation by Dev Raj
Chanana). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Chatterji, S.K. 1926. The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language. Calcutta: Calcutta
University Press.
Chatterji, S.K. 1960. Indo-Aryan and Hindi. Calcutta: Firma KLM
Grierson, G.A. 1931-33. On the Modern Indo-Aryan Vernaculars. Indian Antiquary.
Hoernle, A.F. 1880. A Comparative Grammar of the Gaudian Languages. London: Rubner.
(Reprinted 1991. Asian Educational Services, New Delhi).
Tessitory, 1916. Notes on the Grammar of Old Western Rajasthani. Indian Antiquary. Bombay:
Indian Antiquary Publication.
Thumb , A.1953. Handbuch des Sanskrit. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
Turner, R.L. 1972. Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Turner, R.L. 1975. Collected Papers 1912-1973. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Module II

Bengali Linguistics II
Nominal system in Bengali: diachronic study of Number and Gender; Development of case
system: origin of case endings; Bengali postpositions; Post-positional affixes; Diachronic
analysis of Bengali personal pronouns; Diachronic study of the verbal system in Bengali; Origin
19

and classification of Bengali verb roots; Basic ideas about Tense, Person, Number and Moods in
Bengali; Sources of verbal endings; Compound verb and compound tense.
Page
References
Basu, D. N. 1975. Bāṅlā Bhāṣār Ādhuniktattva O Itikathā (The Modern Principles and History of
the Bengali Language). Calcutta: Puthipatra.
Basu, D. N. 1976. Functional Analysis of Old Bengali Structures. Calcutta: Basudha.
Bykova, E.M. 1981. The Bengali Language. Moscow: Nauka.
Chatterji, S.K. 1921 .A Brief Sketch of Bengali Phonetics. London: University of London.
Chatterji, S.K. 1928. A Bengali Phonetic Reader. London: School of Oriental Studies.
Chatterji, S.K.1974. Bāṅlā Bhāṣātattver Bhūmikā (An Introduction to Bengali Linguistics). 8th
edn. Calcutta: Calcutta University Press.
Chatterji, S.K. 1979. The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language. Calcutta:
Rupa.(reprint)
Majumdar, P. C.1992. Bāṅlā Bhāṣā Parikramā (Development of the Bengali Language). Vol I.
Calcutta: Deys.
Majumdar, P. C.1993. Bāṅlā Bhāṣā Parikramā (Development of the Bengali Language)).Vol II.
Calcutta: Deys.
Sen, S. 1987. Bhāṣār Itivṛtta (The History of Language). Calcutta: Eastern. 12th edition.
(Calcutta: Ananda 1996)
Sen, S.K 1971. Proto-New-Indo-Aryan. Calcutta: Eastern.
Shahidullah, M. 1973. Bāṅla Bhāṣār Itivṛtta (History of the Bengali Language). Dacca:
Renaissance Printers.

20
Page
Semester IV
Morphology II and Syntax II (20+20+10 Marks)
Code – D1

Module I
Morphology II
Important word formation processes in English—Back- formation, Derivation, Reduplication,
Conversion, Clipping, Acronymy, Blending, ; Compounding—Types and properties, Feature
Percolation and Argument Linking Principle, Syntactic-Semantic approach in understanding
compound formation; Productivity, Semi-productivity, Constraints on Productivity.

Problems in Morphemic approach, Centrality of Word concept; Basic insights from Lexical
Morphology—lexical strata, stratum ordering, Derivation and Inflection in LM , lexical vs. post-
lexical rules, Strict cycle condition; Bracket Erasure convention and Elsewhere condition.

References

Adams, V. 1973 : An Introduction to Modern English word formation. London: Longman.

Akmajian, A., Demer R.A.,Farmer A.K. & Harnish R.M. 1995 : Linguistics : An Introduction to
Language and Communication. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
Aronoff, M. 1976: Word Formation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT
Press.
Bauer, L. 1988: Introducing Linguistic Morphology. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press.
Bauer, L. 1991: English word-formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bhattacharya, K.1993: Bengali-Oriya Verb Morphology. Calcutta: Dasgupta.
Crystal, D. 1971: Linguistics. Harmondsworth : Penguin.
Fromkin, V.A.(ed) 2000 : Linguistics. Oxford : Blackwell.
Fromkin, V. et al. 2003: An Introduction to Language. 7th ed. Indian edition.
Gleason, H.A. 1955: Workbook in Descriptive Linguistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Gleason, H.A.1970: An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston,
Hall, R.1964: Introductory Linguistics. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. (Reprint)
Hockett, C.F. 1958: A Course in Modern Linguistics. London: Macmillan (Indian edition:
Calcutta, New Delhi: Oxford and IBH).
Jensen, J.T. 1990: Morphology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Katamba, F. 1993: Morphology. London: Macmillan.
Katamba, F. l994: English Words. London : Routledge.
Langacker, R. 1972: Fundamentals of Linguistic Analysis. New York: Harcourt Brace
Lieber, R. 1981: On the Organization of Lexicon. Bloomington. Ind.: Indiana University
Linguistics Club.
Lyons, J. 1968: Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge : The University Press.
Marchand, H. 1969: The Categories and Types of Present- day English Word-formation,Munich:
27

C.H.Beck.
Matthews, P.H. 1974: Morphology : An Introduction to the theory of Word structure. Cambridge :
Page

The University Press.

Palmer, F. 1971: Grammar. Harmondsworth : Penguin.
Scalise, S. 1984: Generative Morphology. Dordrecht: Foris.
Selkirk, E. 1982: The Syntax of Words. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Spencer, A. 1991: Morphological Theory. Oxford : Basil Blackwell.
Thakur, D. 1997: Linguistics simplified : Morphology. Patna : Bharati Bhawan.

Module II

Syntax II
Concept of Universal Grammar, Language Acquisition Device, Principles and Parameters;
Fundamentals of GB theory—various sub-theories.

Concept of Subcategorization, Theta theory and Projection principle, C-selection and S-selection,
theta criterion; Extended Projection Principle; X-bar theory, structure of lexical phrases and
functional phrases.

Movement : NP movement, Wh-movement, Subject and Verb movement, concept of trace,

constraints on movement; Case theory : concept of structural and inherent case, Adjacency and
case assignment, case filter and visibility condition.

Basic Principles of Binding theory, Binding theory and Empty categories.

References

Bhattacharya, S. 1998. Sañjananī Vyākaraṇ (Generative Grammar). Dhaka.

Borsley, R D. 1991. Syntactic Theory: A Unified Approach. London: Edward Arnold.
Chakraborty, U.K. 1992. Bāṃlā Bākyer Padaguccher Saṃgaṭhan (The Structure of the Noun
Phrase in Bengali). Calcutta: Prama Prakashani.
Chakraborty, U.K. 2000. Bāṃlā Saṃvartanī Vyākaraṇ (Generative Grammar of Bengali).
Kolkata: Shri Aurobindo Publication.
Chomsky, N. 1957. Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton.
Chomsky, N. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Chomsky, N. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
Chomsky, N. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
Chomsky N. 1981. Principles and parameters in syntactic theory. In: Hornstein and
Lightfoot(eds), Explanation in Linguistics,London: Longman, p.123-46
Chomsky, N. 1986. Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin and Use. New York: Praeger.
Cook, V. and M. Newson. 1996. Chomsky’s Universal Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell.
Dasgupta. P. 1987. Kathār Kriyākarma (Functions of Utterance). Calcutta: Dey’s.
Freidin, R. 1994. Foundations of Generative Syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Fromkin V. et al. 2003. An Introduction to Language. 7th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, Indian edition.
Fromkin V.A. (ed) 2000. Linguistics. Oxford : Blackwell.
28

Haegeman, L.1994. Introduction to Government & Binding Theory. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell
Page

Hockett, C.F. 1958. A Course in Modern Linguistics. London: Macmillan (Indian edition:
Calcutta Oxford & IBH.)
Huddleston, R. 1976. An Introduction to English Transformational Grammar. London: Longman.
Hyams, N. 1986. Language Acquisition and the Theory of Parameters. Dordrecht: Reidel.
Jackendoff, R.S. 1977. X-bar Syntax: A Study of Phrase Structure. Cambridge : MIT Press.
Jacobs, R. and P.S Rosenbaum. 1968. English Transformational Grammar. Ginn: Waltham. Mass.
Jacobsen, B. 1978. Transformational Generative Grammar. 2nd edn. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Azad, H. 1984. Vākyatattva (Syntactic Theory). Dhaka: Bangla Academy.
Jacobsen, B. 1986. Modern Transformational Grammars. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Langacker, R.W. 1972. Fundamentals of Linguistic Analysis. New York: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich.
Lasnik, H. and J. Uriagereka. 1988. A Course in GB Syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Lyons, J. 1968. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge : University Press.
Lyons, J. 1977. Chomsky, Glasgow : Fontana.
Majumdar, A. 2000. Studies in the Anaphoric Relations in Bengali. Calcuutta: Subarnarekha.
McCawlay, James D. 1988. The Syntactic Phenomenon of English, 2vols., Chicago : University
of Chicago Press.
Napoli, D.J. 1996. Linguistics: An Introduction. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ouhalla, J. 1994. Introducing Transformational Grammar: From Rules to Principles and
Parameters. Arnold: London etc.
Poole, G. 2002. Syntactic Theory. New York : Palgrave.
Radford, A. 1988. Transformational Grammar: A First Course. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Radford, A. 1997. Syntactic Theory and the Structure of English. Cambridge: Cambridge
UniversityPress.
Radford, A. 1997. Syntax: A Minimalist Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Radford, A., M. Atkinson, D. Britain. H. Clahsen and A. Spencer 1999 Linguistics: An
Introduction, Cambridge: CUP.
Smith, N.V. and D.Wilson. 1979. Modern Linguistics. London: Penguin books.
Thakur, D. 1998. Syntax, Patna: Bharati Bhawan.
Verma, S.K., N.Krishnaswamy, 1989. Modern Linguistics. Delhi : Oxford University Press.
Webelhuth, G. (ed.) 1995. Government and Binding Theory and the Minimalist Program. Oxford:
White, L. 1989. Universal Grammar and Second Language Acquisition. Amsterdam : Benjamin.

29
Page
Semester IV
Field Methods (40+10 Marks)
Code – D2

Module I
Purposes and techniques of field-methods in linguistics; Questionnaire preparation;
Different types of questionnaire; Selection of informant; Elicitation techniques; Data
collection, transcription, organization, analysis, and preservation; Use of instruments; A
brief reference to fieldworks conducted in India.

Module II
Current linguistic scenario of India: demography and geography with special reference to
the Census data; Training in collection, analysis and description of linguistic data.

References

Abbi, A. 2001. A Manual of Linguistic Fieldwork and Structure of Indian Languages.

Munich: Lincoln Europa.
Banthia, J.K. 2004. Language Atlas of India – 1991. Census of India.
Census of India. 2001. Table C-16-Language, C-14 & C-18, Bilingualism &
Trilingualism.
Chambers, J.K. and P. Trudgill. 1980. Dialectology. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Dialect Maps of Malayalam. Directed by V.I. Subramoniam. (i) Ezhava – Tiiya.
DLA/ISDL. 2006, and (ii) Nair – Kurds. DLA/ISDL. 2008.
Emeneau, Murray B. 1964. India as a Linguistic Area, in: Language in Culture and
Society. Ed. Dell Hymes.
Ferguson, C.A. 1971. Language Structure and Language Use. Stanford:Stanford
University Press.
Gudschinky, Sarah C. 1964. ABCs of Lexicostatistics (Glottochronology), in: Language
in Culture and Society. Ed. Dell Hymes. New York: Harper & Row.
Francis, Nelson. 1980. Dialectology. London: Longman.
Itagi, N.H. & S.K. Singh. 2002. Linguistic Landscaping in India. Mysore: CIIL.
Khubchandani, L.M. 1991. Language, Culture and National Building: Challenges of
Modernization. Shimla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
Labov, W. 1972. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Nida, E.A. 1949. Morphology. 2nd edn. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan
Press.
Pike, K.L. 1943. Phonetics. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Michigan University Press.
Pike, K.L. 1947. Phonemics. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
Samarin, W.J. 1996. Field Linguistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Searle, John. 1969. Speech Acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30

Shuy, R.W., W.A. Wolfram & W.K. Riley. 1968. Field Techniques in an Urban
Language Study. Washington DC: Center of Applied Linguistics.
Page
Solbin, D. (ed) 1967. A Field Manual for Cross Culture Study of the Acquisition of
Communication Competence. Berkeley: ASUC.
Weinreich, U. 1953. Languages in Contact. The Hague: Mouton.

31
Page
Semester III
Optional Paper
Old Indo-Aryan (40+10 Marks)
Code – OC1

Module I
Development of Old Indo-Aryan from Proto-Indo-European via Indo-Persian; stages of
Old Indo-Aryan: its features: Old Indo-Aryan dialects; grammarians’ description of
dialectal divisions of OIA. Distinction between the Vedic Language and Classical
Sanskrit.
Phonology: Development of OIA sounds: different sources; ablaut, accent and Sandhi
phenomena. Phonological processes in OIA: embryonic presence of phonological
processes found in later stages of Indo-Aryan (MIA).

Module II
Morphology: Origin of OIA case endings; different sources and its own innovations;
nominal and pronominal declensions; degrees of comparison: comparative and
superlative degrees: their development from Proto-Indo-European sources.
Numerals: development of numerals from PIE and OIA innovations. Verbal system:
finite verbs: endings, tenses, moods; voices: active, middle, passive; non-finite verbs:
infinitives, gerunds, gerundives; participles: active and middle; nominaliastion in OlA.
OIA lexicon: constituents of OIA vocabulary.

References
Banerjee, S. R. 1987. A Handbook of Sanskrit Philology. Calcutta: Sanskrit Book Depot.
Bloch, J. 1965. Indo-Aryan: From the Vedas to Modern Times. Paris: Adrien-
Maisonneuve. (English translation by A. Master).
Burrow, T. 1955. Sanskrit Language. London: Faber & Faber.
Edgarton, F. 1941. Sanskrit Historical Phonology. New Haven, Connecticut: American
Oriental Society.
Ghosh, B. K. 1937. Linguistic Introduction to Sanskrit. Calcutta: India Research Institute.
Lanman, C.R. 2000. A Sanskrit Reader. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. (Reprinted edition)
MacDonnell, A.A. 1910. Vedic Grammar. Strasburg: (Indian edition: 1975. Delhi:
Bhartiya Publishing House.)
MacDonnell, A.A. 1915. A Vedic Grammar for Students. London: Clarendon Press
(Reprinted Indian edition: New Delhi etc: Oxford University Press).
Majumdar, P.C. 1994. Saṃskṛta o Prākṛt Bhāṣār Kramabikāṥ (Development of Sanskrit
and Prakrit). Calcutta: Deys.
Thumb, A.1953. Handbuch des Sanskrit.Vol I. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
Thumb, A. 1959. Handbuch des Sanskrit.Vol II. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
Whitney, W.D. 1896, A Sanskrit Grammar. 3rd edn. Leipzig and London: (Reprinted
1965. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.)
21
Page
Semester III
Optional Paper
Middle Indo-Aryan (40+10 Marks)
Code – OC2

Module I
Stages and Documents of MIA; Linguistic comparison between different stages; General
linguistic features of MIA; Linguistic study on early MIA documents with special
reference to Pali, Asokan Prakrit and Transitional MIA; Definition of the term 'Prakrit'
and its classification; Concept of Literary Prakrit and its types; Linguistic features of
different Literary Prakrits; Documents and linguistic features of Late MIA.

Module II
MIA Phonology : Phonological structure of MIA; Treatment of OIA vowels, consonants
and clusters in MIA; Important phonological processes in MIA; MIA sandhi; MIA
accent.
MIA Morphology : MIA declensional pattern—Development of Gender, Number and
Case in MIA; Primary conjugation in MIA with reference to Present, Past and Future
system.

References
Bubenik, V. 1996. The Structure and Development of Middle Indo-Aryan Dialects.
Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Burrow, T. 1937. The Language of the Kharosthi Documents. London.
Chatterji, S.K. 1983. On the Development of Middle Indo-Aryan. Calcutta: Sanskrit
College.
Geiger, W. 1943. Pali Language and Literature (English translation by B.K.Ghosh).
Calcutta: Calcutta University Press.
Katre, S.M. 1964. Prakrit Languages and their Contribution to Indian Culture. Poona:
Deccan College.
Katre, S.M. 1965. Some problems of Historical Linguistics in Indo–Aryan. Poona:
Deccan College.
Majumdar, P. C. 1994. Saṃskṛta O Prākṛt Bhāṣār Kramabikāṥ (Development of Sanskrit
and Prakrit). Calcutta: Dey’s.
Mehendale, M.K. 1948. Historical Grammar of Inscriptional Prakrit. Poona: Deccan
College.
Pischel, R. 1957. A Grammar of the Prakrit Language (English translation by Subhadra
Jha). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Sen, S. 1960. Comparative Grammar of Middle Indo-Aryan. Poona: Deccan College.
Tagare, G.V. 1948. Historical Grammar of Apabhramsa.Poona: Deccan College.
(Reprinted 1987. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass)
22

Upadhye, A.N. 1975. Prakrit Languages and Literature. Poona: University of Poona.
Woolner, A.C. 1928. Introduction to Prakrit. Lahore. (reprinted: 1975. Delhi: Motilal
Page

Banarsidass.
Semester IV
Optional Paper
New Indo-Aryan (40+10 Marks)
Code – OC3

Module I
Evolution of NIA; Classification of NIA languages----- inner and outer classification,
historical and geographical classification; Characteristics of NIA group of languages;
NIA phonology----comparative and historical perspective; Development of the OIA
phonological structure in NIA; Accent in NIA; Some important phonological processes in
NIA.

Module II
Nominal system of NIA----- number, gender, case and pronoun; Verbal system of NIA---
tense, mood, number, aspect, concord; Compound verb and compound tense; Linguistic
study of important NIA languages; Comparative study of the Magadhan languages; Non-
Aryan influence on NIA; NIA numerals; NIA lexicon; Concept of ‘linguistic area’ with
special reference to India as a linguistic area.

References
Abbi, A. 1994.Semantic Universals in Indian Languages. Shimla: Indian Institute of
Advanced Studies.
Beames, J.1970.Comparative Grammar of Modern Aryan Languages. New Delhi:
Munshiram Manoharlal (original edition 1872, 1875, 1879.London, in three
Parts)
Bhattacharya, K. 1993. Bengali-Oriya Verb Morphology. Calcutta: Dasgupta.
Bloch, J. 1965. Indo–Aryan: From the Vedas to Modern Times. (English translation by
A. Master). Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve.
Chatterji, S.K. 1962. Indo-Aryan and Hindi. Calcutta: Firma KLM.
Chatterji, S. K. 1963. Languages and Literatures of Modern India. Calcutta: Bengal
Publishers.
Chatterji, S.K. l979: The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language. Calcutta:
Rupa.
Ghatage, A. M.1962. Historical Linguistics and Indo-Aryan. Bombay: University of
Bombay.
Grierson, G.A. 1895. On the Phonology of the Modern-Indo-Aryan Vernaculars, ZDMG
49:393-421; 50:l-42
Hoernle, R.F.1880.A Comparative Grammar of the Gaudian Languages. London,
Trubner (Reprinted Asian Educational Foundation, New Delhi, 1973).
Jha, S. 1958. The Formation of the Maithili Language. London: Luzac.
32

Kakati, B. l962. Assamese, Formation and Development. Gauhati: Lawyer’s Book Stall.
Kellogg, S. H. 1955. A Grammar of the Hindi Language. London: Kegan Paul.
Page

Majumdar, P. C. 1970. A Historical Phonology of Oriya. Calcutta: Sanskrit College.

Majumdar, P. C.1994. Studies in the Eastern Aryan Languages. Calcutta: Sanskrit
College.
Majumdar, P. C. 1995. Ādhunik Bhāratīya Bhāṣā Prasaṅge (On the Modern Indian
Languages). Calcutta: Deys.
Masica, C.P.1991. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Misra, H. 1975. Historical Oriya Morphology. Varanasi: Bharata-Manisha:
Sen, S. 1993. Bhāṣār Itibṛtta (The story of Language). Calcutta: Ananda Publishers
Sen, S.K. 1971. Proto-New Indo-Aryan. Calcutta: Eastern.
Tiwari, U. N. 1960. The Origin and Development of Bhojpuri. Calcutta: Asiatic Society.

33
Page
Semester IV
Optional Paper
Textual Analysis of Indo Aryan (40+10 Marks)
Code – OC4

Module I
1.1 Old Indo-Aryan specimens [15]

MacDonell, A.A ‘A Vedic Reader for Students’- Agni, Indra, Pusan

Lanman, C.R. ‘Sanskrit Reader’ – Prose no IV, V, XVII
(Any three from the above two books)

1.2 Middle Indo-Aryan specimens [10]

Chatterji, S.K and Sen, S ‘A Middle Indo-Aryan Reader’-

Piece Number 1, 5, 20, 32,42,54,56
(Any three from the above list)

Module II
2.1 New Indo-Aryan specimens [10]

Sen, S ‘Caryagitipadavali’ - Song Number 1,2,5,7, 8,10,27,33

(Any five from the above list)

2.2 Grammatical notes [15]

OIA 5 marks
MIA 5 marks
NIA 5 marks

References
Chatterji, S.K and Sen, S. 1953. A Middle Indo-Aryan Reader (Part I). Calcutta: Calcutta
University press.
Lanman, C.R. 2000. Sanskrit Reader. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
MacDonell, A.A. 1992. A Vedic Reader for Students. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
Publishers
Sen, S. 1995. Caryāgītipadāvalī. Calcutta: Ananda Publishers.
34
Page
Semester III
Optional Paper
Discourse Analysis (40+10 Marks)
Code – OG1

Module I
Introduction to the course
The study of discourse
Speech acts
Conversational implicature
Approaches to pragmatics

Module II
Genre Analysis
Critical discourse analysis
Discourse and culture
Applied discourse analysis

References
Bakhtin, M.M. (1981). The Dialogic Imagination ed. Michael Holquist, tr. Caryl Emerson and
Michael Holquist, University of Texas Press, Austin,.
Bakhtin, M.M. (1986). Speech Genres & Other Late Essay, ed. C. Emerson and M. Holquist.
Austin: University of Texas Press.
Bhatia, V. (1993). Analyzing genre: Language use in professional settings. London: Longman.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Brown, P., & Yule, G. (1983). Discourse analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chomsky, Noam and Herman, Edward S. (1994). Manufacturing Consent: The Political
Economy of the Mass Media, Vintage, London.
Cook. G. (1989). Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Genette, Gerard. (1980). Narrative Discourse, (tr.) Jane.E. Lewin, Blackwell, Oxford.
Halliday, M., & Hasan, R. (1989). Language, context and text: Aspects of language in a social-
semiotic perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jameson, Frederic. (1981). The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act,
Metheun, London,
Jaworski, Adam; and Nikolas Coupland (eds.) 1999. The discourse reader. London:
Routledge
Mills, Sara. (1997). Discourse, Routledge, London.
Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.
Levinson, S. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ricouer, Paul, 1984. Time and Narrative. (Translated by Kathleen McLaughlin and David
23

Pellauer). (Vol.I). University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Said, Edward. 1978.Orientalism, Pantheon, New York.
Page

Stubbs, Michael. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.

Thompson, G. (1996). Introducing functional grammar. London: Arnold.
Thomas, J. (1995). Meaning in interaction: An introduction to pragmatics. London: Longman.
Van Dijk, T. (Ed.) (1997a). Discourse as structure and process. London: SAGE Publications.
Van Dijk, T. (Ed.) (1997b). Discourse as social interaction. London: SAGE Publications.
Verschueren, J. (1999). Understanding pragmatics. London: Arnold.
Voloshinov, V.N. 1973. Marxism and the Philosophy of Language. (tr. Ladislav Matejka and
I.R. Titunik). Seminar Press, New York.
Wetherell, M., Taylor, S., & Yates, S. J. (Eds.). (2001). Discourse Theory and Practice: A
Reader. London: Sage Publications
Wierzbicka, A. (1991). Cross-Cultural Pragmatics. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

24
Page
Semester III
Optional Paper
Psycholinguistics (40+10 Marks)
Code – OG2

Module I
Psycholinguistics and linguistics; Objectives and methods; Different theoretical
orientations: behaviourist, interactionist, innatist positions; Language and thought;
Neurolinguistics: location of language and organization of brain; language disorders:
aphasia, hemispherectomy, split-brain operation, stuttering, cluttering, deafness, voice
disorder, dyslexia, autism, Down’s syndrome, aging.

Module II
Developmental psycholinguistics; Milestones of 1st language acquisition; Different
theories of learning; L2 learning; Factors affecting L2 learning.
Language processing: processes of comprehension and production; Comprehension of
sounds, words and sentences; Parsing; Cognition; Different stages of production:
conceptualization, formulation, articulation and self-monitoring.

References
Aitchinson, J. 1991. The Articulate Mammal. 2nd edn. London etc.: Hutchinson.
Bhat, R. 1991. Psycholinguistics: An Introduction. Karnal: Nataraj Publishing House.
Caplan, D., R.A. Lecours & A. Smith (eds.) 1984. Biological Perspectives on Language.
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Carron, J. 1992. An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Chomsky, N. 1972. Language and Mind. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Clark H.H. & E.V. Clark. 1977. Psychology and Language. New York: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich.
Fodor, J.A. 1983. The Modularity of Mind. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Fodor, J.A., T. Bever & M. Garret. 1974. The Psychology of Language. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Garman, M. 1990. Psycholinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Klein, R.M. & P. McMullan (eds.) 1999. Converging Methods for Understanding
Reading and Dyslexia. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Lahey, M. 1988. Language Disorders and Language Development. New York:
Macmillan.
Lenneberg, B.H. 1967. Biological Foundation of Language. New York: John Wiley.
Lightfoot, D. 1982. The Language Lottery: Towards Biology of Grammars. Cambridge,
Mass.: MIT Press.
Miller, J.L. & P.D. Eimas (eds.) 1995. Speech, Language and Communication. New
York: Academic Press.
Obler, L.K. & K. Gjerslow. 1999. Language and the Brain. Cambridge: CUP
25

Slobin, D.I. 1974. Psycholinguistics. Glennview, III: Scott & Freeman.

Steinberg, D.D. 1992. Psycholinguistics: Language, Mind and World. London & New
Page

York: Longman.
Semester IV
Optional Paper
Language and the Nation (40+10 Marks)
Code – OG3

Module I
Linguistic Diversity and Language Policy in India
Evolution of a language policy:
(a) Language policy under the British
(b) Language and the National Movement
(c) The constitutional framework
(d) The issue of a common official/link language

Module II
Language and ethnicity
Language and identity
Texts and the Nation – Reading Anandamath

References
Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread
of Nationalism. London, Verso.
Atal, Y. 1977. Communication and Nation Building in India in Dimensions of Social
Change in India, eds. M.N. Srinivas et al., Delhi: Allied Publishers, pages 441-473.
Bhaba, Homi. (ed). 1994. Nation and Narration. Routledge, London.
Brass, Paul. 1974. Language, Religion and politics in India. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Bremmer, J., & Roodenburg, H., (eds) (1991) A Cultural History of Gesture. Ithaca, New
York: Cornell University Press.
Chatterjee, Partha. 1995..The Nation and its Fragments. Oxford India Paperbacks, New
Delhi.
Corfield, Penelope. (ed.). 1991. Language, History and Class. Blackwell, Oxford.
Crystal, David. 1997. The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Language. C.U.P
During, Simon, (ed.) 1999. The Cultural Studies-Readers. London: Routledge,
Emeneau, M.B. 1966. India as a Linguistic Area, in S. Hynes, (ed.) Language in Culture
and Society.
Fasold, Ralph W. 1990. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Oxford: Blackwell.
Fishman, Joshua, Charles Ferguson and Jyotindra Dasgupta (eds). 1968. Language
Problems of Developing Nations.
Gopal, Ram. 1966. Linguistic Affairs of India. Asia Publishing House, Bombay.
Hobsbawm, E.J. 1991. Nations and Nationalism since 1780. Cambridge University Press,
35

Cambridge.
Page

Kaviraj, Sudipta. 1995. The Unhappy Consciousness: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

and the Formation of Nationalist Discourse in India. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
King, Robert D. 1997. Nehru and the Language Politics of India. Oxford University
Press, Delhi.
Millar, R. M. 2005. Language, nation, and power an introduction. Basingstoke.
Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Pattanayak, D.P. 1985. Diversity in Communication and Languages; Predicament of a
Multilingual Nation State: India, A Case Study in Language of Inequality ed. by Wolfson
and Manes Mouton.
Rai, Alok. 2000. Hindi Nationalism, New Delhi. Orient Longman.
Schiffman, Harold. 1996. Linguistic Culture and Language Policy. London and New
York: Routledge,.
Shapiro, Michael and Harold Schiffman. 1981. Language and Society in South Asia.
Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas.
Stedman, Jones, 1983. Gareth. Languages of Class: Studies in English Working Class
History. 1832-1983, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Williams, R. 1983. Keywords, rev. (ed.) OUP.

Journal Articles:
Apte, M.S. , 1970. Some Sociolinguistic Aspects of Interlingual Communication in India,
Anthropological Linguistics.
Cohn, Bernard S. 1985. The Command of Language and the Language of Command, in
Subaltern Studies IV, pp.276-329, Oxford University Press, Delhi.
David D. Laitin, Language policy and political strategy in India, Policy Sciences
International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Volume 103, Issue 1, Pages 57–72.
Fishman, Joshua: 1969. National Languages and Languages of Wider Communication in
Developing Nations Anthropological Linguistics.
Kaviraj, Sudipto. The Imaginary Institution of India in Occasional Papers on History and
Society, Second Series. No.VII, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi.
Karna, M.N. March-Sept. 1999. Language, Region and National Identity, in Sociological
Bulletin, 48:1&2, pages 75-96.
Pattanayak, D.P. 1976. Caste and Language, in Indian Journal of Dravidian Linguistics,
IV(2), V(1).
Sheldon, Pollock. 1998. India in the Vernacular Millennium: Literary Culture and Polity,
1000-1500, Daedalus, Vol. 127.
Tambaiah, S.J. 1967. The Politics of Language in India and Ceylon, Modern Asian
Studies, 1, 3.
Viniti Vaish, 2005. A Peripherist View of English as a Language of Decolonization in
Post-Colonial India, Language Policy.
36
Page
Semester IV
Optional Paper
Language Teaching (40+10 Marks)
Code – OG4

Module I
Linguistic theory and Language teaching: different approaches; language description,
concept of grammar and language teaching.
Methods of Language teaching: Grammar translation method, direct method. Structural
approach. Audio-visual method, Eclectic Method, Communicative approach, other
approaches.

Module II
Application of linguistic principles to Language-teaching, four different language skills,
pattern practice, contrastive analysis, error analysis, cultural understanding.
Technological aids, audio-visual aids. Language laboratory. Language Testing:
Techniques of tests, kinds of tests, construction and use of tests. Programmed instruction.
Techniques types, programming language materials.

References
Agnihotri, R.K. and A.L. Khanna (eds). 1994. Second Language Acquisition: Socio-
cultural and Linguistic Aspects of English in India. New Delhi: Sage.
Allen, J.P.B and S. Pit Corder (eds.) 1973-76. Edinburgh Course in Applied Linguistics.
Vol..5. London: Oxford University Press.
Brumfit, C.J. and J.T. Roberts 1983. Language and Language Teaching. Batsford
Academic and Educational.
Cook, V. J. 1993. Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition. London: Macmillan.
Corder, S. Pit. 1973. Introducing Applied Linguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Dulay, B , M Burt and S.D Krashen. 1982. Language Two. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Jones, R and B. Spolsky (eds.). 1975. Testing Language Proficiency. Centre for applied
Linguistics, Georgetown: Georgetown University Press.
Klein, W. 1986. Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Krashen, S.D. 1981. Second Language Acquisition anad Learning. Oxford: Pergamon.
Lado, R. 1964. Language Teaching a scientific Approach. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Larsen, F.D. 1986. Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Mackey, W.P. 1965. Language Teaching Analysis. London: Longman.
Richards, J.C. (ed.) l974. Error Analysis in perspective on Second Language Acquisition.
London: Longman.
Wilkins, D.A. 1972. Linguistics and Language Teaching. London: Edward Arnold,
Wilkins, D.A. 1978. Second Language Learning and Teaching. London: Edward Arnold.
37
Page
Semester III
Optional Paper
Stylistics (40+10 Marks)
Code – OG5

Module I
Basic concepts: notion of style and stylistics, nature and function of style, scope of
stylistics, standard language vs. poetic language, speech vs. writing; basic parameters for
stylistic analysis, stylistics and sociolinguistics, concept of macro- and micro-stylistics.
Conceptual apparatus: registers and style, discursive vs. literary language, discourse and
text grammars, code and message, structure and texture, signifier-signified-signification,
coherence and cohesion, indeterminacy and ambiguity, deviation, foregrounding, and
parallelism.

Module II
Nature and method of stylistic analysis: theories of stylistic analysis, classical vs.
Western approaches for analysis--concept of Indian poetics, semio-linguistic and lingua-
aesthetic approaches to stylistic analysis, stylistics of literary discourse- characterization
of poetic, narrative and dramatic discourse, language and narrative, levels of stylistic
analysis- phonological, lexical, syntactic and semantic, analysis of figurative language.

References
Barthes, R. 1977. Image-Music-Text. London: Fontana.
Bradford, R. 1997. Stylistics. London: Routledge.
Chapman, R. 1973. Linguistics and Literature. London: Edward Arnold.
Crystal, D and D. Davy 1969. Investigating English Style. London: Longman.
Culler, J. 1975. Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of
Literature. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Eco, U. 1977. A Theory of Semiotics. London: Macmillan.
Gargesh, R. 1990. Linguistic Perspective on Literary Style. Delhi: Delhi University Press.
Genette, G. 1980. Narrative Discourse. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Leech, G. 1969. A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry. London: Longman.
Pfister, M. 1988. The Theory and Analysis of Drama. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Sharma, V.P. 1990. Stylistics of Figurative Language. Delhi: Delhi University Press.
Spencer, J. and M.Gregory (eds.)1964. Linguistics and Style. London: Oxford University
Press.
Srivastava, R.N. 1993. Studies in Language and Linguistics. Vol II (Stylistics). Delhi: Kalinga.
Turner, G.W. 1973. Stylistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
26
Page
Semester IV
Optional Paper
Lexicography (40+10 Marks)
Code – OG6

Module I
Theoretical Lexicography and lexicography: Lexicon and grammar; Linguistics and
Lexicography: Theoretical dictionary and practice Dictionary; Lexical units- form and
function; sememe, lexeme, words, vocable and term, item and system; structure of
lexeme-simple and composite units; nature of combination- set and free; types of set
combination- derivative, collective, multiword, compounds proverbs, idioms, quotations
Meaning-denotative and connotative, lexical and grammatical collocational and
contextual; form and meaning-polysemy, Synonymy, homonymy, hyponymy, taxonomy,
componential analysis.

Module II
Variation in Language –dialectal and sociodialectal, standard and non-standard
Types and purposes of practical dictionaries- Encyclopedic vs. Linguistic, synchronic vs.
diachronic, restricted vs. non- restricted, monolingual vs. bilingual, multilingual etc
Dictionary making-selection, arrangement and presentation of entries, labeling, sequence
of senses, arrangement of information within the entry.
Planning and organization-variables use and users, organizational and operational set up,
mode of collection of materials and source of materials, use of automatic data processing.

References
Bejaint, H.2000. Modern Lexicography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Burchfield, R. (ed.) 1987. Studies in Lexicography. London: Clarendon Press.
Hartman, R.K. (ed.). Lexicography: Principles and Practice. New York: Academic Press.
Jackson, H. 1988. Words and their Meaning. London and New York: Longman
Kurath, H. 1961.The Semantic Patterning of Word. Washington
Landau, S.I. 1989. Dictionaries: the Art and Craft of Lexicography. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Lyons, J. 1963. Structural Semantics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Misra, B.G. (ed.) 1980. Lexicigraphy in India. Mysore: CIIL.
Sebeok, T.A. (ed.) 1963. Current Trends in linguistics. Vol 1. The Hague: Mouton
Singh, R.A. 1982. An Introduction to Lexicography. Mysore: CIIL.
Zgusta, L. 1971. Manual of Lexicography. The Hague: Mouton.
38
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