Appendix A - Writing SQL Statements and Stored Procedures

Appendix A: Overview
of SQL Statements and

Stored Procedures
Contents
Overview 1
Lesson: Retrieving Data from a Database 2
Lesson: Combining Data from Multiple
Tables 11
Lesson: Modifying Data 17
Lesson: Using Stored Procedures 29
Review 33
Lab A: Best Practices for Writing SQL
Statements and Stored Procedures 36
Appendix A: Overview of SQL Statements and Stored Procedures 1
Overview
Retrieving Data from a Database

Combining Data from Multiple Tables
Modifying Data
Using Stored Procedures
Introduction This appendix describes the main features of the Structured Query
Language (SQL). SQL is a standard language for retrieving data from a
relational database and for modifying the data in the database. You use SQL
statements in Microsoft® ADO.NET applications, to retrieve and modify data in
the database.
In this appendix, you will learn how to write SQL statements to retrieve data
from a single table or from multiple tables.
Objectives After completing this appendix, you will be able to:
Retrieve data from a database.
Join data in different tables.
Insert, update, and delete data in a database.
Create and call stored procedures.
2 Appendix A: Overview of SQL Statements and Stored Procedures
Lesson: Retrieving Data from a Database
How Are Relational Databases Organized?

How to Retrieve Data from a Database
How to Filter Rows
Introduction In this lesson, you will learn how to retrieve data from a relational database.
This lesson shows how to use the SELECT statement to retrieve data from a
database. The lesson also shows how to filter data by using the WHERE clause,
and describes performance considerations that affect retrieving data.
Lesson objectives After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
Describe the structure of relational databases.
Retrieve data from a database by using the SELECT statement.
Filter data by using search conditions by using the WHERE clause.
How Are Relational Databases Organized?
Relational databases are organized into tables

products
products
productid
productid productname
productname unitprice
unitprice supplierid
supplierid
supplierid
11 Chai
Chai 18.00
18.00 11
22 Chang
Chang 19.00
19.00 11
33 Aniseed
AniseedSyrup
Syrup 10.00
10.00 11
44 Chef
ChefAnton's
Anton'sCajun
CajunSeasoning
Seasoning 22.00
22.00 22
55 Chef
ChefAnton's
Anton'sGumbo
GumboMix
Mix 21.35
21.35 22
66 Grandma's
Grandma'sBoysenberry
BoysenberrySpread
Spread 25.00
25.00 33
suppliers
suppliers
supplierid
supplierid companyname
companyname address
address city
city
11 Exotic
ExoticLiquids
Liquids 49
49Gilbert
GilbertSt.
St. London
London
22 New
NewOrleans
OrleansCajun
CajunDelights
Delights P.O.
P.O.Box
Box78934
78934 New
NewOrleans
Orleans
33 Grandma
GrandmaKelly's
Kelly'sHomestead
Homestead 707
707Oxford
OxfordRd.
Rd. Ann
AnnArbor
Arbor
Use a primary key to uniquely identify rows in a table

Use a foreign key to link to a different table
Introduction Relational databases are organized into tables. Each table contains rows
and columns. The rows represent records. The columns define the data items in
each record.
A key is a column, or group of columns, that contains a unique attribute or
attributes that you use to identify a row in a table. For example, each employee
must have a unique identification number. In an employee table, the employee’s
identification number uniquely identifies a row for each employee.
Scenario When you design a database, you define tables to represent each related group
of data. For example, a retailer company might design a database with tables
named Customers, Products, and Orders.
Definition of primary key You use a primary key to uniquely identify rows in a table. When you
design a database table, you should specify one or more columns as the primary
key. Each row has a unique value for its primary key that distinguishes it from
all other rows
Definition of foreign key You use a foreign key to link to a different table. When you design a
database table, you can specify foreign keys in the table. A foreign key in one
table refers to a primary key in another table. The value of the foreign key
identifies a particular row in the other table. A foreign key can be a single
column or a combination of columns. You can define any number of foreign
keys in a table.
Guidelines for defining a Consider the following facts and guidelines when defining a table:
normalized database
Each column in the table must represent an atomic piece of data.
Choose an appropriate name for each column.
Choose an appropriate data type for each column.
Identify one or more columns in the table as the primary key.
Define foreign keys to establish links to primary keys in other tables.
How to Retrieve Data from a Database
Use a SELECT statement to retrieve data from a

database
USE northwind
SELECT productid, productname, unitprice
FROM products
WHERE unitprice > 50.00 AND unitprice < 100.00
ORDER BY unitprice DESC
GO
Specify the columns returned

Use FROM to specify the required tables
Use WHERE to specify the rows returned
Use ORDER BY to retrieve rows in a specific order
Introduction You use a SELECT statement to retrieve data from a database. In a

SELECT statement, you specify the columns and rows that you want a query to
return from a table.
Partial syntax for Partial syntax for the SELECT statement is as follows:
SELECT statement
SELECT [ALL | DISTINCT] <select_list>
FROM {<table_source>} [,…n]
[ WHERE <search_condition> ]
[ ORDER BY <column_names> [ASC | DESC] ]
Specifying the columns You use <select_list> to specify the columns to be returned. Consider the
returned following facts and guidelines when specifying the columns to be returned:
The ALL and DISTINCT keywords are optional. ALL causes all rows to be
returned, even if the result set includes duplicate rows. DISTINCT
eliminates duplicate rows from the result set. The default is ALL.
Separate the column names with commas. Do not place a comma after the
final column name.
Avoid or minimize the use of an asterisk (*) in the select list. An asterisk
retrieves all columns from a table.
Specifying the required You use a FROM clause to specify the required tables. Consider the
tables following facts and guidelines when using the FROM clause:
The FROM clause is mandatory. Use the FROM clause to read from a
specific table.
You can join data from several tables, by using the JOIN operator. You will
see how to do this later in this appendix.
Specifying the rows to Use a WHERE clause to specify the rows to be returned. Consider the
be returned following facts and guidelines when using the WHERE clause:
The WHERE clause is optional. If you do not provide a WHERE clause,
you will retrieve all of the rows in the specified table.
You can define search conditions in the WHERE clause, to restrict the rows
to return. The search conditions can include string comparisons, numerical
comparisons, and other conditional tests.
Specifying the row order You use an ORDER BY clause to retrieve rows in a specific order.
Consider the following facts and guidelines when using the ORDER BY clause:
The ORDER BY clause is optional. If you do not provide an ORDER BY
clause, the row order is undefined.
If you provide an ORDER BY clause, specify a column for the database
engine to use for sorting the rows.
You can provide an optional ASC or DESC clause to sort rows in ascending
or descending order. The default sorting order is ASC (ascending).
Example of using the The USE statement moves the connection context to the specified database. The
SELECT statement SELECT statement retrieves the productid, productname, and unitprice
columns from the Products table in the Northwind Traders database. The
WHERE clause restricts the rows returned so that only products costing more
than $50 and less than $100 are returned. The ORDER BY clause sorts rows in
order of descending unit price.
/* Retrieve the product ID, product name, and unit price
for products costing more than $50 and less than $100.
Retrieve products in order of descending price */
USE northwind
SELECT productid, productname, unitprice
FROM products
WHERE unitprice > 50.00 AND unitprice < 100.00
ORDER BY unitprice DESC
GO
Result The SELECT statement in the preceding example produces the following result.
productid productname unitprice
9 Mishi Kobe Niku 97.00
20 Sir Rodney's Marmalade 81.00
18 Carnarvon Tigers 62.50
59 Raclette Courdavault 55.00
51 Manjimup Dried Apples 53.00
Practice The Products table has a column named unitsinstock, which gives the number
of units currently in stock for each product. There is also a column named
reorderlevel, which indicates the minimum number of units to maintain in
stock for each product.
Rewrite the SELECT statement in the previous example, to retrieve the
productid, productname, unitsinstock, and reorderlevel columns for all
products that have fallen below the reorder level. There is no need to sort the
rows in any particular order.
A sample solution is provided for this practice. See the file Select.sql in the
folder <install folder>\Practices\AppendixA.
How to Filter Rows
Use a WHERE clause to filter rows retrieved in a query

Filter rows by using search conditions
z Comparison operators
z Likeness comparisons
z Logical operators
z Range of values
z List of values
z Unknown values
Introduction You use a WHERE clause to filter rows retrieved in a query. You can
retrieve only the rows that you need from the database, rather than retrieving all
of the rows.
Filtering rows You filter rows by using search conditions. The following table describes
the types of filters and the corresponding search conditions that you can use to
filter data.
Type of filter Usage Search condition
Comparison Use comparison operators to compare values =, >, <, >=, <=, and
operators in a table to a specified value or expression. <>
Likeness Use the LIKE and NOT LIKE search LIKE and NOT
comparisons conditions with wildcard characters to select LIKE
rows by comparing character strings.
Logical Use the AND, OR, and NOT logical operators AND, OR, and
operators to combine a series of expressions and to NOT
refine query processing. Use parentheses to
enforce or emphasize the order of evaluation
of the test conditions.
Range of Use the BETWEEN and NOT BETWEEN BETWEEN and
values operators to retrieve rows within or outside a NOT BETWEEN
specified range of values.
Microsoft SQL Server™ includes the end
values in the result set. This means you can
use BETWEEN rather than an expression
such as (>= x AND <= y). Similarly, you can
use NOT BETWEEN rather than an
expression such as (< x OR > y).
Lists of values Use the IN search condition to retrieve rows IN and NOT IN
that match a specified list of values.
Use the NOT IN search condition to retrieve
rows that do not match a specified list of
values.
Unknown Use the IS NULL search condition to retrieve IS NULL and IS
values rows where information is missing from a NOT NULL
specified column. A column has a null value
if no value is entered during data entry and no
default values are defined for that column.
Use the IS NOT NULL search condition to
retrieve rows that do not have a null value for
a specified column.
Example of using The following example retrieves from the Employees table the last name and
comparison operators city of residence of employees who reside in the United States:
/* Retrieve information for employees who reside in the US */
USE northwind
SELECT lastname, city
FROM employees
WHERE country = 'USA'
GO
Using string The following table describes characters to use for string comparisons.
comparisons
Wildcard Description
% Any string of zero or more characters

- Any single character
[] Any single character in the specified range or set
[^] Any single character not in the specified range or set
Example of using string The following example retrieves companies from the Customers table that have
comparisons the word “Restaurant” somewhere in their company names:
/* Retrieve company names that contain the word restaurant */
USE northwind
SELECT companyname
FROM customers
WHERE companyname LIKE '%Restaurant%'
GO
Example of using logical The following example retrieves all products with product names that begin
operators with the letter T or have a product ID of 46, and that have a price greater than
$10:
/* Retrieve products that start with T or have a product ID
of 46, and cost more than $10 */
USE northwind
SELECT productid, productname, supplierid, unitprice
FROM products
WHERE (productname LIKE 'T%' OR productid = 46)
AND (unitprice > 10)
GO
Example of using a The following example retrieves the product name and unit price of all products
range of values with a unit price between $10 and $18, inclusive:
/* Retrieve products costing between $10 and $18 inclusive */
USE northwind
SELECT productname, unitprice
FROM products
WHERE unitprice BETWEEN 10 AND 18
GO
Example of using a list The following example produces a list of companies from the Suppliers table
of values that are located in Japan or Italy:
/* Retrieve suppliers in Japan or Italy */
USE northwind
SELECT companyname, country
FROM suppliers
WHERE country IN ('Japan', 'Italy')
GO
Example of retrieving The following example retrieves a list of companies from the Suppliers table for
unknown values which the fax column contains a null value:
/* Retrieve suppliers that have a null fax */
USE northwind
SELECT companyname, fax
FROM suppliers
WHERE fax IS NULL
GO
Practice Write an SQL SELECT statement to retrieve the product name, unit price, and
number of units in stock for products that match all of the following conditions:
The product name must start with the letter T.
The unit price must be between $5 and $10, inclusive.
The number of units in stock must be at least 25.
A sample solution is provided for this practice. See the file Filter.sql in the
folder <install folder>\Practices\AppendixA.
Lesson: Combining Data from Multiple Tables
What Is a Table Join?

How to Join Two Tables
How to Use Aliases for Table Names
Introduction This lesson shows how to use the JOIN keyword to join tables. The result set
includes rows and columns from each table. You will see how to use the ON
keyword to define the join condition. You will also see how to provide aliases
for table names to simplify the syntax in a complex query.
Describe why joins are important in relational databases.
Combine data from separate tables by using joins.
Use aliases for table names.
What Is a Table Join?
A table join combines data from two or more tables

z Specify the join conditions, and select required columns
z Inner joins return only the rows that match the join
conditions
orders
orders customers
customers
orderid
orderid orderdate
orderdate customerid
customerid customerid
customerid companyname
companyname
10248
10248 1996-07-04
1996-07-04 VINET
VINET VINET
VINET Vins
Vinsetetalcools
alcoolsChevalier
Chevalier
10249
10249 1996-07-05
1996-07-05 TOMSP
TOMSP TOMSP
TOMSP Toms
TomsSpezialitäten
Spezialitäten
10250
10250 1996-07-08
1996-07-08 HANAR
HANAR HANAR
HANAR Hanari
HanariCarnes
Carnes
results
results
orderid
orderid orderdate
orderdate companyname
companyname
10248
10248 1996-07-04
1996-07-04 Vins
Vinsetetalcools
alcoolsChevalier
Chevalier
10249
10249 1996-07-05
1996-07-05 Toms
TomsSpezialitäten
Spezialitäten
10250
10250 1996-07-08
1996-07-08 Hanari
HanariCarnes
Carnes
Introduction A table join combines data from two or more tables. You use the JOIN
operator in a FROM clause to query any number of tables in the database to
produce a single result set that contains merged data from these tables.
Joins are an essential part of relational database theory. You can write a JOIN
operator to combine data from multiple tables in any way you want, depending
on the needs of your application.
Using inner joins An inner join combines tables by comparing values in common columns in the
tables. The database engine returns only rows that match the join conditions.
Example of using an The Northwind Traders database has a table named Orders that contains
inner join information about all orders received by Northwind Traders. The following
table shows some of the data in the Orders table.
orderid orderdate customerid
10248 1996-07-04 VINET
10249 1996-07-05 TOMSP
10250 1996-07-08 HANAR
The database also has a table named Customers that contains information about
all customers who have placed an order with Northwind Traders. The following
table shows some of the data in the Customers table.
VINET Vins et alcools Chevalier
TOMSP Toms Spezialitäten
HANAR Hanari Carnes
You can define an inner join on the Orders and Customers tables to retrieve
detailed information about the customer who placed each order. You use the
customerid foreign key in the Orders table to identify the customer who placed
each order.
Practice Open the Northwind Traders database in the SQL Server Query Analyzer.
Examine the Orders table and identify the foreign keys in this table. Consider
how you can use these foreign keys to join the Orders table to other tables in the
Northwind Traders database.
How to Join Two Tables
Use the JOIN keyword to join two tables

Use the ON keyword to specify the join condition
SELECT orderid, orderdate, companyname
FROM orders JOIN customers
ON orders.customerid = customers.customerid
orders
orders customers
customers
orderid
orderid orderdate
orderdate customerid
customerid customerid
companyname
10248
10248 1996-07-04
1996-07-04 VINET
VINET VINET
VINET Vins
Vinsetetalcools
alcoolsChevalier
Chevalier
10249
10249 1996-07-05
1996-07-05 TOMSP
TOMSP TOMSP
TOMSP Toms
TomsSpezialitäten
Spezialitäten
10250
10250 1996-07-08
1996-07-08 HANAR
HANAR HANAR
HANAR Hanari
HanariCarnes
Carnes
results
results
orderid
orderid orderdate
orderdate companyname
companyname
10248 1996-07-04 Vins
Vinsetetalcools
alcoolsChevalier
Practice
10248 1996-07-04 Chevalier
10249
10249
10250
1996-07-05
1996-07-05
1996-07-08
Toms
TomsSpezialitäten
Hanari
Spezialitäten
10250 1996-07-08 HanariCarnes
Carnes
Introduction You use the JOIN keyword to join two tables. The JOIN keyword specifies
which tables are to be joined and how to join them. Inner joins are used in most
situations, and are the default type of join in SQL Server.
Partial syntax for an Partial syntax for an inner join is as follows:
inner join
SELECT <select_list>
FROM {<first_table_source>} [,…n]
JOIN <joined_table_source>
ON <join_condition>
Defining an inner join You use the ON keyword to specify the join condition for an inner join.
Consider the following facts and guidelines when defining an inner join:
Specify the tables that you want to join.
Limit the number of tables in a join. The more tables that you join, the
longer the database engine takes to process your query.
Use a foreign key in one table to link to a primary key in another table. The
columns must have the same or similar data types.
Select required columns from the joined tables.
If any columns have the same name in both tables, use the table name to
qualify the column name. Use the syntax table_name.column_name.
Example of defining an The following example performs an inner join on the Orders and Customers
inner join on two tables tables to get the name of the customer who placed each order. The join
condition uses the customerid column in each table.
/* Join the orders and customers tables, using the customerid
as the join condition */
USE northwind
GO
Practice Rewrite the SELECT statement in the previous example to perform an inner
join on the Orders and Employees tables. For each order, retrieve the order ID,
the order date, and the last name of the employee who took the order.
A sample solution is provided for this practice. See the file
JoinOrdersEmployees.sql in the folder <install
folder>\Practices\AppendixA.
How to Use Aliases for Table Names
Use aliases for table names

Defining a join without table aliases
ON orders.customerid =
customers.customerid
Defining a join with table aliases

SELECT o.orderid, o.orderdate, c.companyname
FROM orders AS o
JOIN customers AS c
ON o.customerid = c.customerid
Introduction You use aliases for table names, to simplify complex query statements. This
makes Transact-SQL scripts easier to read and to maintain.
You can replace a long and complex fully qualified table name with a simple,
abbreviated alias name when writing scripts. You use an alias name in place of
the full table name.
Partial syntax for table Partial syntax for table aliases is as follows:
aliases
FROM <table_source> AS <table_alias>
Example of defining a The following example performs a join on the Orders and Customers tables.
join without using table Because the example does not use table aliases, you must write the names of the
aliases Orders and Customers tables in full in the join condition.
/* Perform a join without using table aliases */
USE northwind
GO
Example of defining a The following example performs the same join as the previous example
join by using table but uses aliases for the Orders and Customers tables. The aliases are
aliases used to simplify the join condition.
/* Perform a join using table aliases */
USE northwind
SELECT o.orderid, o.orderdate, c.companyname
FROM orders AS o
JOIN customers AS c
ON o.customerid = c.customerid
GO
Lesson: Modifying Data
Why Use Transactions When Modifying Data?

How to Insert Rows into an Existing Table
How to Insert Rows into a New Table
How to Delete Rows
How to Update Rows
How to Detect Errors
Introduction In this lesson, you will learn how to modify data in a database. You have
already seen how to query data by using a SELECT statement. In this lesson,
you will see how to write INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE statements to
change the data in the database.
Use transactions to enforce the logical consistency of data.
Write INSERT statements to insert rows into a new or existing table.
Write DELETE statements to delete rows.
Write UPDATE statements to update existing rows.
Why Use Transactions When Modifying Data?
A transaction is a sequence of operations performed as

a single logical unit of work
You can start a transaction in one of two modes
z Explicit
z Implicit
You can end a transaction in one of two ways
z COMMIT TRANSACTION
z ROLLBACK TRANSACTION
Introduction A transaction is a sequence of operations performed as a single logical unit of

work. You are responsible for starting and ending transactions at points that
enforce the logical consistency of the data. You must define a sequence of data
modifications that leaves the data in a consistent state relative to the
organization’s business rules.
Scenario You can use transactions when you make changes to several tables and you
need to ensure that all of the changes finish successfully. If any problems arise,
you can cancel all of the changes. For example, you might want to withdraw
money from a savings account and deposit the money into a checking account.
If any errors occur during the transaction, both accounts should be restored to
their original states.
Starting a transaction You can start a transaction in one of two modes: explicit or implicit. The
following table describes these modes.
Transaction mode Description
Explicit To start an explicit transaction, use the BEGIN

TRANSACTION statement.
Implicit Implicit transactions mode is set by an application
programming interface (API) function or the Transact-SQL
statement SET IMPLICT_TRANSACTIONS ON. When using
this mode, the next statement automatically starts a new
transaction. When the transaction is finished, the next
Transact-SQL statement implicitly starts a new transaction.
Ending a transaction You can end a transaction in one of two ways. To commit a transaction, use the
COMMIT TRANSACTION statement. To rollback a transaction, use the
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION statement. The following table describes these
statements.
Statement Description
COMMIT The COMMIT TRANSACTION statement guarantees that all

TRANSACTION of the modifications in the transaction are permanently part of
the database. A COMMIT TRANSACTION statement also
frees resources, such as database locks, that are used during the
transaction.
ROLLBACK The ROLLBACK TRANSACTION statement cancels a
TRANSACTION transaction. It backs out of all modifications made in the
transaction by returning the data to its original state at the start
of the transaction. A ROLLBACK TRANSACTION statement
also frees resources that are used during the transaction.
Example of using The following example transfers $100 from a savings account into a checking
transactions account for a customer by using a transaction. It undoes any data changes if
there is an error at any point during the transaction.
/* Transfer money from a savings account to a checking
account. Use a transaction to ensure the logical
consistency of the data */
BEGIN TRANSACTION
UPDATE savings
SET balance = balance – 100
WHERE custid = 78910
IF @@ERROR <> 0
BEGIN
RAISERROR ('Error, transaction not completed!', 16, -1)
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION
END
UPDATE checking
SET balance = balance + 100
WHERE custid = 78910
IF @@ERROR <> 0
BEGIN
RAISERROR ('Error, transaction not completed!', 16, -1)
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION
END
COMMIT TRANSACTION
How to Insert Rows into an Existing Table
Use the INSERT…VALUES statement to insert a new

row into an existing table
z Specify which column names you are assigning
z Provide the values for these columns
INSERT Products (ProductName, Discontinued)
VALUES ('Carving Ski', 0)
Introduction You use the INSERT…VALUES statement to insert a new row into an existing
table. The VALUES keyword indicates the values for the new row.
Partial syntax for Partial syntax for the INSERT…VALUES statement is as follows:
INSERT…VALUES
INSERT [INTO] <table_name>(column_name {,…n})
VALUES (value {,…n})
Guidelines for using Consider the following facts and guidelines when using the
INSERT…SELECT INSERT…VALUES statement:
Make sure that the new values have the same or similar data types as the
columns in the destination table.
Specify values for all of the required columns in the destination table.
You do not have to specify values for columns with default values or for
columns that can contain null values.
Do not specify values for identity columns.
Example of using The following example adds a single product to the Products table. The
INSERT…VALUES ProductName and Discontinued columns cannot be null, so these values must
be supplied in the INSERT...VALUES statement. The other columns in this
table can be null, so they can be omitted from the INSERT...VALUES
statement.
/* Insert a new product into the Products table */
USE northwind
INSERT Products (ProductName, Discontinued)
VALUES ('Carving Ski', 0)
GO
Practice Rewrite the INSERT…VALUES statement in the previous example so that it

specifies all of the values for the new product.
A sample solution is provided for this practice. See the file InsertValues.sql in
the folder <install folder>\Practices\AppendixA.
How to Insert Rows into a New Table
Use the SELECT…INTO statement to insert a result set

into a new table
z Create a table and insert rows into the table in a single
operation
SELECT select_list
INTO new_table
FROM {table_source}{,…n}
[ WHERE search_condition ]
Introduction You use the SELECT…INTO statement to insert a result set into a new table.
This enables you to populate new tables in a database with imported or
computed data.
Scenario 1 You can use the SELECT…INTO statement to break down complex problems
that require a data set from various sources. If you first create a temporary table,
the queries that you execute on it are simpler than those that you execute on
multiple tables or databases.
For example, you might want to create a temporary table containing detailed
information about orders at Northwind Traders. For each order, the temporary
table might contain the product name from the Products table, the company
name from the Customers table, and the last name of the employee that took the
order.
Scenario 2 You can also use the SELECT…INTO statement to temporarily store computed
data. For example, you might want to create a temporary table containing the
unit price and computed sales tax for all products sold by Northwind Traders.
Partial syntax for Partial syntax for the SELECT…INTO statement is as follows:
SELECT…INTO
INTO <new_table>
FROM {<table_source>}{,…n}
Guidelines for using Consider the following facts and guidelines when using the SELECT…INTO
SELECT…INTO statement:
You can use the SELECT…INTO statement to create a table and to insert
rows into the table in a single operation.
You must ensure that the table name in the SELECT…INTO statement is
unique. If a table exists with the same name, the SELECT…INTO statement
fails.
You must create column aliases or specify the column names of the new
table in the select list.
Creating a temporary or You can use the SELECT…INTO statement to create a local temporary table, a
permanent table global temporary table, or a permanent table. The following describes each of
these table types and shows how to specify them by using the SELECT…INTO
statement.
Type of table How to specify Description
Local temporary table #table_name A local temporary table is visible in

the current session only. Space for a
local temporary table is reclaimed
when the user ends the session.
Global temporary table ##table_name A global temporary table is visible to
all sessions. Space for a global
temporary table is reclaimed when the
table is no longer used by any session.
Permanent table table_name A permanent table is visible to all
sessions, and is not reclaimed
automatically.
Example of using The following example creates a local temporary table based on a query made
SELECT…INTO on the Products table. Notice that you can use string and mathematical
functions to manipulate the result set.
/* Retrieve data from the products table, and insert the
result set into a new temporary table named #pricetable */
USE northwind
SELECT productname AS products
, unitprice AS price
, (unitprice * 0.1) AS tax
INTO #pricetable
FROM products
GO
To view your result set, execute the following query:

/* Examine the data in the temporary table, #pricetable */
USE northwind
SELECT * FROM #pricetable
GO
Practice Write a SELECT…INTO statement to create a temporary local table named

Stocklevels. Populate the table with the name of each product, the number of
units in stock, and the difference between the values in the unitsinstock and
reorderlevel columns.
SelectIntoStocklevels.sql in the folder <install folder>\Practices\AppendixA.
When you execute this SQL statement, it creates the Stocklevels table. To
examine this table, use the file ExamineStocklevels.sql.
How to Delete Rows
Use the DELETE statement to delete one or more rows

from a table
z Use a WHERE clause to specify which rows to delete
DELETE table_name
Introduction You use the DELETE statement to delete one or more rows from a table. Each
deleted row is logged in the transaction log.
Partial syntax for Partial syntax for the DELETE statement is as follows:
DELETE
DELETE <table_name>
Guidelines for using Consider the following facts and guidelines when using the DELETE statement:
DELETE
Use a WHERE clause to specify which rows to delete.
If you omit the WHERE clause, SQL Server deletes all of the rows in the
table.
Example of using The following example deletes order records that are at least six months old:
DELETE
/* Delete orders that are at least six months old */
USE northwind
DELETE orders
WHERE DATEDIFF (MONTH, shippeddate, GETDATE()) >= 6
GO
Practice Write a DELETE statement to delete rows from the "Order Details" table. (You
must use quotes around this table name, because the table name contains a
space character.) Delete each row where the quantity ordered is more than 50.
A sample solution is provided for this practice. See DeleteOrderDetails.sql in
the folder <install folder>\Practices\AppendixA.
How to Update Rows
Use the UPDATE statement to modify existing rows in a

table
z Use a WHERE clause to specify which rows to update
z Use the SET keyword to specify the new values
UPDATE table_name
SET { column_name =
{expression | DEFAULT | NULL} }
Introduction You use the UPDATE statement to modify existing rows in a table. You can
change single rows, a group of rows, or all of the rows in a table.
Partial syntax for Partial syntax for the UPDATE statement is as follows:
UPDATE
UPDATE <table_name>
SET { column_name = {expression | DEFAULT | NULL} } [,…n]
Guidelines for using Consider the following facts and guidelines when using the UPDATE
UPDATE statement:
You can change the data in only one table at a time.
Use a WHERE clause to specify which rows to update.
Use the SET keyword to specify the new values for columns in the table.
You can use expressions for the new values. For example, you can use an
expression such as (unitprice * 2), add two columns together, and so on.
Make sure that the new values have the correct data types for the columns
that you are updating.
SQL Server does not update any rows that violate any integrity constraints.
The changes do not occur, and the statement is rolled back.
Example of using The following example adds 10 percent to the current price of all Northwind
UPDATE Traders products:
/* Add 10 percent to the price of all products */
USE northwind
UPDATE products
SET unitprice = unitprice * 1.1
GO
Practice Rewrite the UPDATE statement in the previous example so that it only updates
the price for products that cost $50 or more.
UpdateSomePrices.sql in the folder <install folder>\Practices\AppendixA.
How to Detect Errors
Use @@ERROR to detect errors in SQL statements

z @@ERROR is set after every statement
z The value 0 indicates the statement succeeded
z Any other value indictates an error
UPDATE products SET CategoryID = 9
WHERE CategoryID = 8
IF @@ERROR = 547
PRINT 'A check constraint violation occurred'
Introduction You use the @@ERROR variable to detect errors in SQL statements. SQL
Server sets this variable after every statement, to indicate whether the statement
succeeded or failed.
The value 0 indicates successful completion. Any other value indicates an error.
The value of @@ERROR indicates the specific problem.
Guidelines for using Consider the following facts and guidelines when using use the @@ERROR
@@ERROR variable:
The value of @@ERROR is reset after each statement. If you have multiple
statements that might fail, test the value of @@ERROR after each
statement.
Use the value of @@ERROR to detect the precise nature of the error.
Example of using The following example changes the CategoryID for all products that currently
@@ERROR have a CategoryID of 8. The CategoryID is changed to 9 for these products.
The @@ERROR variable is tested, to see if the statement succeeded.
/* Change CategoryID, and test for errors */
UPDATE products SET CategoryID = 9
WHERE CategoryID = 8
IF @@ERROR = 547
print 'A check constraint violation occurred'
Lesson: Using Stored Procedures
What Is a Stored Procedure?

How to Create and Execute a Stored Procedure
Introduction In this lesson, you will learn how to create and execute a simple stored
procedure in Transact-SQL. You can use stored procedures to encapsulate
business rules and to execute these rules in procedural code in the database
engine.
Create a simple stored procedure.
Execute a stored procedure.
Describe the advantages of using stored procedures.
What Is a Stored Procedure?
A stored procedure is a named collection of Transact-

SQL statements that are stored in a database
Stored procedures in SQL Server are similar to
procedures in other programming languages
z Contain statements that perform operations
z Accept input parameters
z Call other stored procedures
z Return a status value and multiple output parameters
Guidelines for using stored procedures
Introduction A stored procedure is a named collection of Transact-SQL statements that are

stored in a database. Stored procedures support user-defined variables, control-
of-flow execution, and other advanced programming features.
You can use stored procedures to encapsulate repetitive tasks in the database
engine and to execute these tasks efficiently and securely.
Scenario The Orders table in the Northwind Traders database contains information about
all of the orders the company has received. The table has a foreign key
identifying the customer that made the order. The table also has a foreign key
identifying the employee that received the order. You can create a stored
procedure to execute a complex SELECT statement that returns all of this
information by using a three-table join.
Guidelines for using Stored procedures in SQL Server are similar to procedures in other
stored procedures programming languages. You can perform the following tasks in a stored
procedure:
Define statements that perform operations in the database, such as a
SELECT statement.
Accept input parameters, such as a value to be used in a WHERE clause in
the stored procedure.
Call other stored procedures, to perform related and additional tasks.
Return a status value to a calling stored procedure or batch, to indicate the
success or failure of the stored procedure.
Return multiple values to the calling stored procedure or batch, by using
output parameters.
How to Create and Execute a Stored Procedure
Use the CREATE PROCEDURE statement to

create a stored procedure
CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_name
{@parameter_name parameter_type}{,…n}
AS
statements
Use the EXECUTE statement to execute a

stored procedure
EXECUTE procedure_name
{parameter_value}{,…n}
Introduction You use the CREATE PROCEDURE statement to create a stored procedure. If
necessary, you can define parameters for the stored procedure to make it more
flexible. Within the body of the stored procedure, you specify the statements
that you want to perform when the stored procedure is executed.
Syntax for creating a The syntax for creating a stored procedure is as follows:
stored procedure
CREATE PROCEDURE <procedure_name>
( @<parameter_name> <parameter_type> {,…n} )
AS
<statements>
Example of creating a The following example creates a stored procedure named orders_info_all. The
stored procedure stored procedure performs a complex SELECT statement, which uses a three-
table join on the Orders, Customers, and Employees tables. The query retrieves
the order ID, the company name for the customer who made the order, and the
last name of the employee that took the order.
This stored procedure does not use any parameters.
/* Create a stored procedure with a SELECT statement, using a
join on the orders, customers, and employees tables */
CREATE PROCEDURE orders_info_all
AS
SELECT o.orderid, c.companyname, e.lastname
FROM orders AS o
JOIN customers AS c ON o.customerid = c.customerid
JOIN employees AS e ON o.employeeid = e.employeeid
GO
Executing a stored You use the EXECUTE statement to execute a stored procedure. If the stored
procedure procedure requires parameters, you pass these parameters as a comma-separated
list.
Syntax for executing a The syntax for executing a stored procedure is as follows:
stored procedure
EXECUTE <procedure_name>
{<parameter_value>}{,…n}
Example of executing a The following example executes the orders_info_all stored procedure created
stored procedure in the previous example:
/* Execute the orders_info_all stored procedure */
USE northwind
EXECUTE orders_info_all
GO
Practice Write a stored procedure to increase the unit price of all products in the
Products table by 10 percent. Also write an SQL statement to execute the stored
procedure.
CreateUpdateStoredProcedure.sql in the folder <install
folder>\Practices\AppendixA. When you execute this SQL statement, it
creates a stored procedure named increase_product_prices. To execute this
stored procedure, use the file CallStoredProcedure.sql.
Review

Modifying Data
A health-care organization has a database that tracks information about doctors

and their patients. The database includes the following tables.
Doctors
Column Description
doc_id int NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY
fname char(20) NOT NULL
lname char(25) NOT NULL
street char(50) NULL
city char(255) NULL
state char(255) NULL
postal_code char(7) NULL
specialty char(25) NOT NULL
charge_rate money NOT NULL
phone char(10) NULL
Patients
Column Description
pat_id int NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY
fname char(20) NOT NULL
lname char(25) NOT NULL
insurance_company char(25) NOT NULL
phone char(10) NULL
Casefiles
Column Description
casefile_id int NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY
admission_date datetime NOT NULL
pat_id int NOT NULL,
FOREIGN KEY to patients.pat_id
Doc_id int NOT NULL,
FOREIGN KEY to doctors.doc_id
diagnosis char(150) NOT NULL
1. How would you retrieve information about doctors whose specialty is

pediatrics, physiotherapy, or opthalmics?
Write a SELECT statement with a WHERE clause of the
following type:
WHERE specialty = 'Pediatrics'
OR specialty = 'Physiotherapy'
OR specialty = 'Opthalmics'
Or use a WHERE clause that includes the IN keyword as follows:

WHERE specialty IN
('Pediatrics', 'Physiotherapy', 'Opthalmics')
2. How can you generate a list of patient names for a particular doctor?
You must join all three tables. The relationship between doctors and
patients is a many-to-many relationship. Even though you only want
information from the Doctors and Patients tables, you must also use the
Casefiles table because this table relates doctors to patients. Join the
Doctors table to the Casefiles table on the doc_id column, and then join
the Patients table to the casefiles table on the pat_id column. Use a
WHERE clause to limit the results for a particular doctor.
3. The participating doctors have increased their costs of services. How can
you increase the value in the charge_rate column for all doctors by 12
percent?
Use an UPDATE statement of the following type:
UPDATE doctors SET charge_rate = (charge_rate * 1.12)
4. What is the minimum number of column values that you must supply to add
a new row to the Doctors table?
You must supply data for at least five columns. At a minimum, the
INSERT statement must contain values for the doc_id, fname, lname,
specialty, and charge_rate columns. All other columns can have null
values.
5. How can you remove rows from the Casefiles table for cases where the date
of admission was more than 12 months ago?
Use a DELETE statement of the following type:
DELETE casefiles
WHERE DATEDIFF (MONTH, admission_date, GETDATE()) >= 12
6. How can you create a stored procedure to encapsulate a query to retrieve

full details for each case file? The stored procedure must return the
admission date, the full name of the patient, the full name of the doctor, and
the diagnosis.
Use a CREATE PROCEDURE statement of the following type:
CREATE PROCEDURE casefiles_info_all
AS
SELECT admission_date,
p.fname + ' ' + p.lname,
d.fname + ' ' + d.lname,
diagnosis
FROM casefiles AS c
JOIN patients AS p ON c.pat_id = p.pat_id
JOIN doctors AS d ON c.doc_id = d.doc_id
GO
Lab A: Best Practices for Writing SQL Statements and

Stored Procedures
Exercise 1: Retrieving Data from a

Database
Exercise 2: Combining Data from Multiple
Tables
Exercise 3: Modifying Data
Exercise 4: Using Stored Procedures
Objectives After completing this lab, you will be able to:

Perform queries on databases by using the SELECT statement.
Combine data from multiple tables by using inner joins.
Modify data in tables by using the INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE
statements.
Create a stored procedure in the database.
Prerequisites Before working on this lab, you must have:

The solution script files for this lab.
The Northwind database installed.
For more information For help with executing files, search for “Execute a query” in SQL Query
Analyzer Help.
Other resources that you can use include:
The Northwind database schema. Use the SQL Query Analyzer to examine
the table information for the Northwind database.
Microsoft SQL Server Books Online.
Scenario The organization of the classroom simulates a worldwide trading firm named
Northwind Traders.
Starter and solution files You will save your SQL scripts and result files in the folder <install
folder>\Labs\LabA\Starter. Solution SQL scripts and result files are in the
folder <install folder>\Labs\LabA\Solution.
Estimated time to
complete this lab: 60
minutes
Exercise 1
In this exercise, you will select specific data from tables in the Northwind
database.
Ë Select specific columns

In this procedure, you will write and execute a SELECT statement that retrieves
the productname and unitprice columns from the Products table.
A solution script is provided in Answer_Columns.sql.
1. On the Start menu, point to Programs, point to Microsoft SQL Server, and
then click Query Analyzer. If requested, log in to the (local) server by using
Windows Authentication.
2. In the database list on the toolbar, click Northwind.
3. Write and execute a SELECT statement that retrieves the productname and
unitprice columns from the Products table.
Result Your result should look similar to the following partial result set.
Chai 18.0000
Chang 19.0000
Aniseed Syrup 10.0000
.
.
.
(77 row(s) affected)
Ë Select rows by using a comparison operator

data from specific rows by using a WHERE clause with a comparison operator.
A solution script is provided in Answer_Comparison.sql.
1. Write and execute a SELECT statement that retrieves the product name and
unit price for product number 10 from the Products table.
2. You can execute the sp_help system stored procedure for the Products table
to find the correct column names.
Result Your result should look like the following result set.
Ikura 31.0000
(1 row(s) affected)
Ë Select rows by using a range

data from specific rows by using a WHERE clause with a range.
A solution script is provided in Answer_Range.sql.
1. Write and execute a SELECT statement that retrieves the product name and
unit price for all products that cost between $20 and $50, inclusive.
2. You can execute the sp_help system stored procedure for the Products table
to find the correct column names.
Chef Anton's Cajun Seasoning 22.0000
Chef Anton's Gumbo Mix 21.3500
Grandma's Boysenberry Spread 25.0000
.
.
.
Ë Select rows by using a list of values

data from specific rows by using a WHERE clause that contains a list of values.
A solution script is provided in Answer_List.sql.
Write and execute a SELECT statement that retrieves the company name
and country from the Customers table, for all customers who live in
Germany, France, or the U.K. Use the IN operator as part of the SELECT
statement.
companyname country
Alfreds Futterkiste Germany
Around the Horn UK
Blauer See Delikatessen Germany
Blondesddsl père et fils France
.
.
.
Ë Select rows by using a character string comparison

data from specific rows that contain a character string similar to another
character string.
A solution script is provided in Answer_String.sql.
• Write and execute a SELECT statement that retrieves the company name
from the Customers table, for all rows that contain the character string
“market” in the company name. Use the LIKE operator in your query.
Result Your result should look like the following result set.
companyname
Bottom-Dollar Markets
Great Lakes Food Market
Save-a-lot Markets
White Clover Markets
(4 row(s) affected)
Ë Select rows that contain null values

data from specific rows by using a WHERE clause that searches for null values.
A solution script is provided in Answer_IsNull.sql.
• Write and execute a SELECT statement that retrieves the orderid, orderdate,
and requireddate for orders that have not yet been shipped. Retrieve rows
that have null values for the shippeddate column.
orderid orderdate requireddate
11008 1998-04-08 00:00:00.000 1998-05-06 00:00:00.000
11019 1998-04-13 00:00:00.000 1998-05-11 00:00:00.000
11039 1998-04-21 00:00:00.000 1998-05-19 00:00:00.000
.
.
.
Exercise 2
In this exercise, you will write and execute queries that join tables in the
Northwind database. You will use the following tables:
The Categories table, which describes the different categories of products
that Northwind Traders sells. The Categories table has a primary key named
categoryid.
The Suppliers table, which describes the companies that supply products to
Northwind Traders. The Suppliers table has a primary key named
supplierid.
The Products table, which describes the products that Northwind Traders
offers. The Products table has a primary key named productid.
The Products table has a foreign key named categoryid, which identifies a
category row in the Categories table. The categoryid value in the Products
table corresponds to a categoryid value in the Categories table.
The Products table also has a foreign key named supplierid, which
identifies a supplier row in the Suppliers table. The supplierid value in the
Products table corresponds to a supplierid value in the Suppliers table.
Ë Join two tables

In this procedure, you will create a categorized product list that includes the
name of each product and its category. You will order the result set by category
name.
A solution script is provided in Answer_JoinTwoTables.sql.
1. Write and execute a SELECT statement that retrieves the productname
column from the Products table.
2. Define a join to the Categories table by matching the categoryid column in
the Products table with the categoryid column in the Categories table.
3. Retrieve the categoryname column from the Categories table. The value in
the categoryname column—this is the category name for the selected
product. Use an ORDER BY clause to order the result set by category
name.
Result Your result will look similar to the following partial result set.
productname categoryname
Chai Beverages
Chang Beverages
Guaraná Fantástica Beverages
…
Aniseed Syrup Condiments
Chef Anton's Cajun Seasoning Condiments
Chef Anton's Gumbo Mix Condiments
…
Pavlova Confections
Teatime Chocolate Biscuits Confections
Sir Rodney's Marmalade Confections
.
.
.
Ë Join several tables

In this procedure, you will write and execute a query on the Products,
Categories, and Suppliers tables. The query will return the product name,
category name, and supplier company name. Order the results by the supplier
company name.
A solution script is provided in Answer_JoinManyTables.sql.
1. Write and execute a SELECT statement that retrieves the name of each
product in the Products table.
2. Use a JOIN on the Categories table, to obtain the category name for each
product. Also use a JOIN on the Suppliers table to obtain the company
name for each supplier.
3. Use an ORDER BY clause to order the result set by supplier company
name.
productname categoryname companyname
Côte de Blaye Beverages Aux joyeux
ecclésiastiques
Chartreuse verte Beverages Aux joyeux
ecclésiastiques
Sasquatch Ale Beverages Bigfoot Breweries
Steeleye Stout Beverages Bigfoot Breweries
Laughing Lumberjack Lager Beverages Bigfoot Breweries
Queso Cabrales Dairy Products Cooperativa de
Quesos 'Las Cabras'
.
.
.
Exercise 3
Modifying Data
In this exercise, you will modify the data in the Northwind database. You will
use an INSERT statement to insert new rows into the Customers table. You will
use the DELETE statement to delete rows from the Order Details table. Finally,
you will use the UPDATE statement to update rows in the Products table.
Ë Insert values into the Customers table

In this procedure, you will add suppliers to the Customers table. You will map
columns in the Suppliers table to corresponding columns in the Customers
table.
A solution script for the INSERT SELECT statement is provided in
Answer_Insert.sql.
1. Write and execute a SELECT statement to display the initial contents of the
Customers table.
2. Write and execute an INSERT SELECT statement to select all of the rows
in the Suppliers table and insert them into the Customers table. Use the
information in the following table to help you populate the customer
columns with supplier details.
Column in customers table Value to use from Suppliers table to set Customer column
customerid First five characters of suppliers.companyname
companyname suppliers.companyname
contactname suppliers.contactname
contacttitle suppliers.contacttitle
address suppliers.address
city suppliers.city
region suppliers.region
postalcode suppliers.postalcode
country suppliers.country
phone suppliers.phone
fax suppliers.fax
3. Execute the SELECT statement from step 1 to see how the Customers table
has changed. Verify that the table contains rows inserted from the Suppliers
table.
Ë Delete rows from the Order Details table

In this procedure, you will delete rows in the Order Details table where the
quantity is greater than 50.
A solution script for the DELETE statement is provided in Answer_Delete.sql.
Order Details table.
2. Write and execute a DELETE statement to delete all of the rows in the
Order Details table where the quantity is greater than 50.
3. Execute the SELECT statement from step 1 to see how the Order Details
table has changed. Verify that the table no longer contains any rows with a
quantity greater than 50.
Ë Update rows in the Products table

In this procedure, you will update rows in the Products table. You will increase
the reorder level for each product so that stock levels are maintained at a higher
level. This will improve the quality of service offered to customers, because
there will be less chance of products being out of stock.
A solution script for the UPDATE statement is provided in Answer_Update.sql.
Products table.
2. Write and execute an UPDATE statement to update the rows in the Products
table. For each product that has not been discontinued, increase the reorder
level by 10 items.
3. Execute the SELECT statement from step 1 to see how the Products table
has changed. Verify that reorder level has increased for all products
currently offered by Northwind Traders.
Exercise 4
In this exercise, you will create a stored procedure to encapsulate a series of
SQL statements.
Ë Create and execute a stored procedure

In this procedure, you will create a stored procedure to perform several updates
to the Products table. You will then execute the stored procedure, to carry out
these tasks.
A solution script for the stored procedure is provided in
Answer_StoredProcedure.sql.
Products table.
2. Write and execute a CREATE PROCEDURE statement to perform a series
of updates to the Products table.
3. For each current product, increase the unit price by five percent. Also,
increment the units in stock by 10.
4. Use a SELECT statement to retrieve all the data from the Products table.
5. Write Transact-SQL script to call the stored procedure. Verify that the
stored procedure returns the new product details.
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

Appendix A - Writing SQL Statements and Stored Procedures

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Appendix A - Writing SQL Statements and Stored Procedures

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Appendix A: Overview

of SQL Statements and

 Retrieving Data from a Database

Lesson: Retrieving Data from a Database

 How Are Relational Databases Organized?

How Are Relational Databases Organized?

 Relational databases are organized into tables

 Use a primary key to uniquely identify rows in a table

How to Retrieve Data from a Database

 Use a SELECT statement to retrieve data from a

 Specify the columns returned

Introduction You use a SELECT statement to retrieve data from a database. In a

How to Filter Rows

 Use a WHERE clause to filter rows retrieved in a query

% Any string of zero or more characters

Lesson: Combining Data from Multiple Tables

 What Is a Table Join?

What Is a Table Join?

 A table join combines data from two or more tables

How to Join Two Tables

 Use the JOIN keyword to join two tables

How to Use Aliases for Table Names

 Use aliases for table names

 Defining a join with table aliases

Lesson: Modifying Data

 Why Use Transactions When Modifying Data?

Why Use Transactions When Modifying Data?

 A transaction is a sequence of operations performed as

Introduction A transaction is a sequence of operations performed as a single logical unit of

Explicit To start an explicit transaction, use the BEGIN

COMMIT The COMMIT TRANSACTION statement guarantees that all

How to Insert Rows into an Existing Table

 Use the INSERT…VALUES statement to insert a new

Practice Rewrite the INSERT…VALUES statement in the previous example so that it

How to Insert Rows into a New Table

 Use the SELECT…INTO statement to insert a result set

Local temporary table #table_name A local temporary table is visible in

To view your result set, execute the following query:

Practice Write a SELECT…INTO statement to create a temporary local table named

How to Delete Rows

 Use the DELETE statement to delete one or more rows

How to Update Rows

 Use the UPDATE statement to modify existing rows in a

How to Detect Errors

 Use @@ERROR to detect errors in SQL statements

Lesson: Using Stored Procedures

 What Is a Stored Procedure?

What Is a Stored Procedure?

 A stored procedure is a named collection of Transact-

Introduction A stored procedure is a named collection of Transact-SQL statements that are

How to Create and Execute a Stored Procedure

 Use the CREATE PROCEDURE statement to

 Use the EXECUTE statement to execute a

 Retrieving Data from a Database

A health-care organization has a database that tracks information about doctors

1. How would you retrieve information about doctors whose specialty is

Or use a WHERE clause that includes the IN keyword as follows:

6. How can you create a stored procedure to encapsulate a query to retrieve

Lab A: Best Practices for Writing SQL Statements and

 Exercise 1: Retrieving Data from a

Objectives After completing this lab, you will be able to:

Prerequisites Before working on this lab, you must have:

Ë Select specific columns

Ë Select rows by using a comparison operator

Ë Select rows by using a range

Ë Select rows by using a list of values

Ë Select rows by using a character string comparison

Ë Select rows that contain null values

Ë Join two tables

Ë Join several tables

Ë Insert values into the Customers table

Ë Delete rows from the Order Details table

Ë Update rows in the Products table

Ë Create and execute a stored procedure

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Retrieving Data from a Database

How Are Relational Databases Organized?

Relational databases are organized into tables

Use a primary key to uniquely identify rows in a table

Use a SELECT statement to retrieve data from a

Specify the columns returned

Use a WHERE clause to filter rows retrieved in a query

What Is a Table Join?

A table join combines data from two or more tables

Use the JOIN keyword to join two tables

Use aliases for table names

Defining a join with table aliases

Why Use Transactions When Modifying Data?

A transaction is a sequence of operations performed as

Use the INSERT…VALUES statement to insert a new

Use the SELECT…INTO statement to insert a result set

Use the DELETE statement to delete one or more rows

Use the UPDATE statement to modify existing rows in a

Use @@ERROR to detect errors in SQL statements

What Is a Stored Procedure?

A stored procedure is a named collection of Transact-

Use the CREATE PROCEDURE statement to

Use the EXECUTE statement to execute a

Retrieving Data from a Database

Exercise 1: Retrieving Data from a