TECHNICAL REPORT

ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME
[SIWES]
AT
UNDERTAKEN AT
INTEGRATED ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES
(Consulting Engineers)
NO 9A ALIYU TURAKI MALALI GRA KADUNA
BY
RAYMOND ALIYUDA
ID: CE/14/0274
A STUDENT OF
MODIBBO ADAMA UNIVERSITY OF TEACHNOLOGY
YOLA
FROM JUNE TO DECEMBER 2018
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the work was undertaken by RAYMOND ALIUYDA with
the matriculation number CE/14/0274 of civil engineering department at
INTEGRATED ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES, KADUNA STATE

Supervisor DATE

Head of Department

Civil Engineering DATE

DEDICATION

I dedicate this report first and foremost to GOD ALMAIGHTY who made
everything possible in his own time Secondly, to my family who gave me all the
support and resources needed to make this experience a reality particularly my
PERENT, and to my relative and friend who stand by me and had been a
encouragement to me, I salute u all , thank u.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank God Almighty for his love and grace over my life, who was able to made it
possible for me to attained this height in my studies, also to him that has protected
me and guide me during my six month training may his name alone be glorified

Also a special thank goes to the entire management and staff of integrated
engineering associates must especially Engr sani Hassan, Engr bakoji adamu, Engr
ismail yola (green icon engineering kaduna) Engr mike (teamwork engineering)
arch sadiq murad (department of civil engineering AFIT kaduna) mr abudlrashid ,
mr kabir, to mention a few thank you for your support during my training thank
and God bless u

And to the entire staff and Manegment of the department of civil engineering
moddibo adama university of technology yola for the support all this years of
studies under their teaching I was able to stand out in my place of attachment,
thank you my lectures and God bless you all.

A very big thank you goes to my sister and ha family MRS ROSE BUKAR who
accomended me during my stay in kaduna, and all the relative And friends that
supported me during my IT thank you and God bless you
 ABSTRACT

The SWEP report gives details about all the work i carried out and the relevance
experience I had at INTEGRATED ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES during my six
month attachment. I was assigned to design some structural members under the
supervision of Engr Sani Hassan, Engr Ismail Yola, Mr. abdulrashed and Mr.
Kabir This report shows in details the challenges I had and my recommendation.
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this work has been undertaken by me during my six month
industrial training with integrated engineering associate Malali GRA Kaduna
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Tittle…………………………………………………………………………………
………………………

Approve……………………………………………………………………………
…………………….. i

Declaration…………………………………………………………………………
………………….. ii

Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………
……………….. iii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Overview of SIWES and

ITF……………………………………………………………….
1.1 Introduction
……………………………………………………………………………
………...
1.2 Aims and
objectives…………………………………………………………………
…………
1.3 Brief history of the
organization………………………………………………………….
1.4 Location…………………………………………………………………
……………………………
 CHAPTER ONE

Industrial training fund (ITF)

1.1 Introduction the early phase of science and technology in Nigeria was
characterized by the theoretical lectures in polytechnics and universities which have
proven to be an ill method of teaching. Students in Universities and Polytechnics
graduate with little or no technical experience in their course of study.
In the same vein, students’ inability to contribute to the society is hampering the
growth and development of our country. It was in this view that SIWES was
introduced to the Industrial and Educational sector.
SIWES is an acronym for Student’s Industrial Work Experience Scheme. SIWES was
established in the year 1973 in order to improve the standard of education in Nigeria in
order to achieve the needed technological advancement.
The Federal Government in the early 1970’s embarked upon a major industrialization
process, which involves the construction of oil refineries, iron and steel industries,
textiles and other plants. As a result of massive expansion of industries and commerce,
the need for training individuals arises so as to effectively manage these organizations,
which were fully managed by the foreign experts. In line with this, the supreme
military council headed by General Yakubu Gowon established the Industrial Training
Fund under the decree 47 of 1972. The core objective of the fund was the gradual
reduction of the percentage of foreign participation in most of the Nigeria’s economic
activities accompanied by a systematic integration of locally oriented skilled
manpower into the vast economic sector.
To meet the challenges of the situation, the I.T.F instituted a programmed that could
among other things exposed students of Nigerian Higher Institutions to practice a first-
hand experience in the course of their study, as well as to provide an avenue through
which the students could meet and interact on career issues with industries’ based
personnel. The program is titled “Students Industrial Work Experience scheme”

1.2 SIWES
SIWES was established by ITF (Industrial Training Fund) in 1973 to resolve the
problems of depriving of adequate practical skills introductory for employment in
industries by Nigerian graduates in tertiary institutions. The students working
experience scheme is a skill acquisition program which is one of the integral part
of the academic program for students in Nigerian tertiary institutions, particularly
those of universities and polytechnics. The program is an attempt to narrow the gap
which exist between the theory and practice in the areas of engineering and
technology, medicine, sciences, agriculture and other related areas. The program
also exposes students to equipment, machines, work-methods, ways of
safeguarding the work areas and works in industries and organizations.

1.2.1 Historical background

1. SIWES came into existence after the establishment of the industrial training
fund (ITF) UNDER DECREE 47 OF 1971.It was established for the purpose of
boosting the human resource capacity for the nation’s industrial needs. The fund in
its policy statement states that it shall seek to work out a co-operation with
industries where students in higher institutions shall undergo mid-career
attachment by contributing to the allowance payable to the student’s .The intention
was to bridge the gap between the theoretical aspect of the school programs
undertaken and their practical applications. The scheme became more necessary
because of the increasing difficulties that were being experienced by graduates
seeking employment due to insufficient and sometimes lack of exposure to
practical industrial processes. The scheme was not made for a specific course but
rather embraced different courses including engineering, environmental,
agriculture, medical and surgery etc. in higher institutions of Nigeria. Due to the
heavy burden on the ITF that accumulated over the years, it withdrew from
financing the students allowances in January 1980.Hence the national universities
commission (NUC) stepped in to take up the financial responsibility for the
industrial attachment of both engineering and technical students of all Nigerian
universities, while the national board for technical education (NBTE) assumed the
responsibility for the polytechnics and colleges of technology attachments. It was
in July 1985 that the federal government reversed the administration of the scheme
to ITF in order to ensure greater efficiency.

1.2.3 Aims and objectives of SIWES

The aims and objectives of SIWES amongst other things include:

 To enlists and strengthens employers’ involvement in the entire educational

process of preparing university graduates for employment in industries.
 To provide students with the opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in
practical working conditions, thereby bridging the gap between lecture rooms
and the actual site of practice.
 Make transitions from the institutions to the world to work easier and enhance
contact for later job placement after graduation.
 To promotes cordial relationship between students from various tertiary
institutions.
 To exposes students in tertiary institutions to work of methods and techniques
in handling the equipment and machinery that may not be available in the
institutions.
 . To exposes the students to the employee-employer and senior-junior officer
cadre relationship which is very important in labor management.
 To prepare students for the situation of work which they may likely encounter
when absorb into service after graduation.
 To provides the students to acquire industrial skill and experience in their
various fields of study.

1.2 BODIES INVOLVED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SIWES

The bodies involved are:
 The Federal Government.
 Industrial Training Fund (ITF).
Other supervising agents are:
 National University Commission (NUC)
 National Board for Technical Education (NBTE)
 National Council for Colleges of Education (NCE)
The functions of these Agencies above include;
 Establish SIWES and accredit SIWES unit in the approved institutions.
 Formulate policies and guideline for participating bodies and
institutions as well as appointing SIWES coordinators and supporting
staff.
  Supervise students at their places of attachment and sign their lob-book
and IT forms.
 Ensure payment of allowances for the students and supervisors.
 Ensure adequate funding of the scheme.

1.2.2 Duration of SIWES

The duration of SIWES depends upon the institutions and the course being offered.
However, for the first degree courses in universities it may extend to one year, for
some courses such as agriculture, sciences, education, management, etc. while for
engineering and technology the program last for six months. For diploma courses
in polytechnics it last for four months.

In particular Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola conducts this

program for engineering students for periods of six (6) months as four (4) credit
unit course at the second semester 400 hundred level.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF INTERGRATED ENGINEERING
ASSOCIATE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Integrated engineering associates (I.E.A) are a multi-displinary Consultant firm
rendering Services in Engineering, computer information, Geo-information,
training and project Management. It was registered in Nigeria under the company’s
allied matters decree (1990) Pursuant to section 689, with the registration number
967166.

Fig. 1.1: Integrated Engineering Associate main office Kaduna.

1.1.5 LOCATION

The firm is located at No 9A Aliyu Turaki , Malali GRA Kaduna, Kaduna state
1.2 VISION:
I.E.A. takes full advantage of the information and Technology providing
Responsibilities and professional services to client. The firm is fully computerized
and equipped with the modern state of the software and programs to effective
discharges. P frame, Q frame, Arc view, Arc map. AutoCAD, Risa2D, Risa3D and
various scales for the analysis of various Civil Engineering structures using Finite
element method (FEM)

1.3 MISSION:
To attain and sustain a strong leadership position in the engineering consulting
industry with a global outreach, continuously breaking into new frontiers of
technology and dedicating our professional gains and talents to the general well-
being of our immediate society and humanity at large. This shall strive to achieve
through relentless pursuit of professional excellence, strict adherence to high moral
and business ethics, promotion of our cultural values, innovative creativity, strong
ability to recognize and support talent, as well as total commitment to the overall
promotion of the engineering profession.

1.1.6 FACILITIES

I.E.A takes full advantages of information and technology providing responsibilities

and professional service of client .The firm is fully computerized and equipped with the
modern state of software and programs to effectively discharge .P FRAME , Q
FRAME<ARC VIEW, ARC MAP, AUTOCAD,RISA3D and various scales for the
analysis of various civil engineering structures using finite element method (FEM).
1.4 ORGANIZATION SET UP OF I.E.A
In the Council document setting, the I.E.A; it is made up of five departments, each
function with peculiar responsibilities of ensuring that the I.E.A policies turn into
actions. In order to operationalize the objectives of the I.E.A, a structure is
formulated and implemented. The structures are implemented directly by the
creation of Departments under its jurisdiction. The following broad Departments
are implemented by the I.E.A,
 Managing Director (MD)
 Project Manager (PM)
 Project Engineer (PE)
 Site Engineer (SE)
 Draft Man
 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

(Integrated engineering associate Kaduna)

MANAGING DIRECTOR

PROJECT MANAGER

PROJECT ENGINEER

SITE ENGINEER DRAFTMAN

2.3 MOTIVATION
Wow! What a life would be like, for a structural engineer without design software
and a practical site experience? This has always been the one question which keeps
sounding in my heart. I love design software so much because it has made life
easier when designing structures. Structural drawings are made easier and more
attractive through the use of software. I want to specialize in structural design,
I.E.A as a recognize consulting firm with its own standard and fully equipped
atmosphere, is a good place for me to start. That is what motivated me.

2.4 TRAINING METHODOLOGY

The particular day my application was accepted by I.E.A, I was posted to its
structural unit. On the resumption day, myself and a group of other students who
were also there for the same purpose, were introduced to structural and the
architectural drawing. We then received a series of lectures on the basics of
structure manually and by software for three consecutive weeks. After those three
weeks however, the nature of our training depends on the task at hand. The days
we have site work, we go for it and the days we have design work, we stay for it.

2.5 REPORT OUTLINE;

This report consists of five chapters. Chapter one is the general introduction,
Chapter two consist of brief history of integrated engineering associate (I.E.A)
Kaduna, Chapter three gives the details of the training I undergone at I.E.A,
Chapter four gives the experience I gained at I.E.A and its applications to my
future carrier and finally Chapter five will give some of the limitations and
difficulties I encounter during the training and also my conclusion and suggestions
to future SIWES students.
 CHAPTER THREE

DETAILS OF THE TRAINING I UNDERGONE

3.1 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

An Architect, also known as cosmetic Engineer is the prime consultant in a

building project. After the conception stage by the client, the next to consult is the
Architect. The Architect would make sure that he put down the client’s concept
into a drawing as likely as possible by the Information given to him. The drawing
comprises most of Aesthetics. In other to bring the Architect’s dream in to
existence, as well as ensuring the stability of the structure, a structural Engineer is
consulted which lead to the provision of structural drawings. The figures below
Depicts examples of architectural drawings.
3.1.1 INTERPRETATION OF ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING.

In building projects, architect is the prime consultant and the first person the client
needs after conception. The structural engineer is next to the architect and he/she
carries out the Design and/or supervision of the engineering aspect of the project.
The design is based on the architectural drawing produced by the architect.
Moreover, it is the responsibility of the structural engineer to interpret the
architectural drawing to structural drawing with a view to produce the most
economical and safe structure (building) after construction. Here are some guide
on how to interpret architectural drawings.

1. Study and grid the architectural drawing, and take note of the number of storey
in the building.

2. Carry out enquiries on the soil type, this will enable you to determine whether
or not the Building will be design as a framed structure or supported on load
bearing walls.

3. Based on the outcome of (2) above, design the building as framed building if
the number of Storey exceeds two or if the soil bearing capacity is low(less than
100kn/m2).

3.2 CIVIL ENGINEERING (STRUCTURAL) DRAWING.

Civil engineering drawing is the graphical representation of structural design in a

workable form.

It shows the sectional parts of the drawing in terms of dimension, size and the type
of material to Be used in construction. However, the structural drawing is produced
by studying the architectural Drawing critically (signal and symbol) because that’s
what will give details of architect work. One must understand dimensions,
reconcile and ensure dimension coordination.

3.3 FOUNDATION LAYOUT (TRENCH)

This depends on the complexity of the design. Under it we have:

3.3.1General Foundation Layout Drawing: - This shows the area to be

excavated, column positions and their respective bases. The width of excavation
used was 3d (3*width of block) which gives us 690, followed by red dashed lines
indicating working space.
3.3.2 Section Through The Foundation; These shows a vertical cross section
through the foundation layout, showing overall depth of foundation trenches, width
of strip, thickness of footing as well as thickness of DPC (Damp proof course) and
difference in level as the case may be.

3.4 BASE SCHEDULE:-These is a table that shows the numbers of base, type and
size of the base in the entire foundation layout of the structure. The abbreviation
used for the type of base i.e. BTA, BTB and BTC simply means Base type A and
the Dimension given was in the form of length by width by depth.
3.5 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF FIRST/SUBSEQUENT FLOORS
(PANELLING):- These is another cross section of the structure with provides us
with the following :

 Thickness of the floor slab.

 The complete dimension of the floor slab.
 The paneling details of the floor slab.
 The dimension of the beams supporting the floor.
 The dimension of the columns supporting the beams.

Eventually, all the drawings mentioned above are guided by a rule known as thumb
rule and scales.
Thumb Rule.

This is the minimum acceptable and reasonable dimension adopted or assumed in

the absence of Design information. For example in naming of panels and beams,
naming of panels starts from

Left to right of the structure, and is from top to bottom. While naming of beams
start from top to Bottom and left to right as shown in the structural drawings.

3.6 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SOLID SLAB.

Solid slab: this is the most common slab type especially in residential areas and
offices. They are generally employed when the span does not exceed 6.0m.
because experience has shown that. When the span exceed 6.0m deflection may be
problematic or unnecessarily heavy slab thickness.

Results. Solid slab can be in the form of simply supported, continuous or

cantilever. In other Words, solid slab may span in one or two direction and they
may be supported on monolithic .Concrete beams, steel beams, wall, or columns.

For One Way Slab

1. Calculate Aspect Ratio

Aspect Ratio > 2 = Longer span/Shorter span

2. Calculation of approximate depth from deflection criteria (Cl 23.2.1)

L/d < k1Xk2Xk3Xk4XBasic Value

Where,

k1 = Depends upon span (above 10m)

K2 = Depends on % of tension steel

K3 = Depends upon % of Compression steel

K4 = Depends on ratio of web width and flange width

3. Calculate D (Overall Depth)

4. Calculate effective span (Cl 22.2)

Check for Aspect Ratio

5. Calculation of load

W = Self weight of slab+Floor Finish+Live Load

Live Load from IS 875 Part - 2.

Floor Finish from IS 875 Part - 1.

Self weight of slab = Unit weigh of R.C.C X Overall Depth of slab.

Calculate Sagging and hogging bending moment based on supporting condition (Cl
22.5)

6. Calculate the depth requirement for strength criteria for bending moments.

Follow Cl 38.1, Annexure G, G-1.1

7. Calculate Pt from value of bending moment from the formula.

8. Calculate Ast

9. Check minimum steel requirement

10. Provide spacing as per provided reinforcement

11. Provide distribution reinforcement

12. Provide reinforcement detailing.

For Two way slab

Only calculation of moments has different procedure.

Conditions for spanning direction.

If Ly/Lx > 2 → one way spanning slab

If Ly/Lx ≤ 2 → two way spanning slab

Where Ly and Lx are longer and shorter distances of the slab respectively.

ASSUMPTIONS:

This is done prior to loading and design of any structural member, unless the
materials provided for the project are tested in the laboratory.

fcu = 20 N/mm2

f
y = 410 N/mm2

f
yv = 250 N/mm2

Ø
main =12 mm (taken as minimum)

Cc = 20mm

h = 150mm (slab thickness)

Unit weight of concrete 24kN/m3

LOADING

Dead load (Gk ): This is the load due to the weight of the structure itself.

2
Gk =þx h =24x0.15 = 3.6KN/m

Assumed movable partition allowance = 1.2 kN/m2

Finishes /services = 1.2 kN/m2

 = 6.0 kN/m2

Live load(Qk ) : this depends on the structure’s intended purpose.

For residential building; Qk = 1.5kN/m2.

Design load n = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk =1.4 X 6.0 +1.6 X 1.5 = 10.80 kN/m2

Panel 1 is designed manually while the other critical panels are designed using
RCD software.

6000mm

End conditions of panel 1:

Two adjacent edges discontinuous.

Effective depth d = 150 – 20 - 1⁄2 X 12 =124

Ratio of Ly/Lx =6000/4615 = 1.30

Bending moment coefficients:

Mid span BM coefficients: βsx+, βsy+,

Support BM coefficients: βsx_ βsy_

The moment in each direction is calculated as Ms = β s n Lx2

Where βs are bending moment coefficients gotten from BS 8110 table.

N is the design load on the slab.

Lx is the shorter length of the slab.

Span bending momentsMid short span bending moment ( Msx+) = 0.042 X 10.80 X
4.6152 = 9.66 kNm

Mid long span bending moment (Msy+) = 0.034 X 10.80 X 4.6152 = 7.82 kNm

For Mid short span:

𝑀 9.66 𝑋 106
k= = = 0.031
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1000 𝑋 124 2 𝑋 20

𝑘 0.031
Lever arm La = 0.5+√0.25 − = 0.5 +√0.25 − = 0.9643
0.9 0.9

But La ≯ 0.95; Adopt La = 0.95Z =La x d = 0.95 x 124 = 117.8 mm

𝑀 9.66 𝑋 106
Ast req = = = 210.54 mm2
0.95𝑓𝑦𝑧 0.95 𝑋 410 𝑋 117.8

Provide Y12 @ 300 𝑐⁄𝑐 B (77 mm2)

Similarly; For Mid long span with M = 7.82 kN/m;

Ast req =170.43 mm2

Provide Y12 @ 300 𝑐⁄𝑐 B (377 mm2)

Support bending moments

Short edge bending moment (Msx_) = 0.056 X 10.80 X 4.6152 =12.88 kNm
Long edge bending moment (Msy_) = 0.045 X 10.80 X 4.6152 = 9.35 kNm

For short edge support moment :

𝑀 12.88 𝑋 106
k= = = 0.042
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1000 𝑋 124 2 𝑋 20

𝑘 0.042
Lever arm La = 0.5+√0.25 − = 0.5 +√0.25 − = 0.7033
0.9 0.9

But La ≯ 0.95: adopt La = 0.95

Z =La x d = 0.95 x 124 = 117.8 mm

𝑀 12.88 𝑋 106
Ast req = = = 280.71 mm2
0.95𝑓𝑦𝑧 0.95 𝑋 410 𝑋 117.8

Provide Y12 @ 300 𝑐⁄𝑐 B (377 mm2)

Similarly; For long support moment with M = 9.35 kN/m;

Ast req =203.78 mm2

Provide Y12 @ 300 𝑐⁄𝑐 B (377 mm2)

Deflection checking:

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞 280

fs = 2⁄3 fy = 2⁄3 X 410 X = 203.01 and
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 377

( 477 −𝑓𝑠 ) ( 477 −203.01)

m.f = 0.55 + = 0.55 + 𝑋 106⁄
=1.95
120 (0.9+𝑀⁄ 2 ) 120 (0.9+ 12.88 )
𝑏𝑑 1000 𝑋 124 2

Allowable stress (s/d) = m.f x span effective depth coefficient = 1.95 X 26 = 50.7

Actual stress = Lx/d = 4615/124 = 36

Since actual < Allowable; therefore deflection is O.K

Eventually, some critical slabs where designed using reinforced concrete design
(RCD) software

SLAB ANALYSIS AND DESIGN - BS 8110

Job Ref: SIWES REPORT Date: OCTOBER 2018

Designe: by; RAYMOND ALIYUDA Checked: ENGR. SANI H.
fcu = 20. 0N/sq. mm.
fy = 410.0N/sq. mm.
Panel 10 of 2
Panel No. P10 Type: Two Way Case 4
Sketch: Depth: 150.00 mm
lx = 5489.mm. ly = 6000.mm. ly/lx = 1.10
Short Span Coeff. -0.056 & 0.042 Long Span Coeff. -0.047 & 0.035
Uniformly Distributed Load = 10.860kN/m.
SHORT SPAN
Section Moment (kN.m) Steel (sq. mm) PROVIDE
Span 9.16 198.09 Y12. @ 250.mm c/c B
Cont. Edge 12.21 264.08 Y12. @ 250.mm c/c T
Equivalent Udl on Beam = 16.254 kN/m
LONG SPAN
Section Moment (kN.m) Steel (sq. mm) PROVIDE
Span 7.66 186.57 Y12. @ 250.mm c/c B
Cont. Edge 10.29 250.53 Y12. @ 250.mm c/c T
Equivqlent Udl on Beam = 18.082 kN/m
*Torsional Bars. If any. Is 375.000 sq. mm
Provide Y12. @ 250.mm c/
DEFLECTION
 Span/Depth = 23.0 %As = 0.16 Fs = 273.5 Mod. Factor = 1.69
Effective Depth of slab Reqd. = 115.4mm

3.7 DETAILING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENT

After design of the reinforced concrete member to attain safe, economical

workable structure the next step is the detailing that is, representation of structural
design in a workable form, showing arrangement of bars (Reinforcement), their
respective shape, spacing and position in the member.

3.7.1 DETAILING OF SLAB

Slab has two main reinforcement known as the bottom, they are arranged
vertically and horizontally along the spans (one along the short span and the other
along the long span) which are represented with a solid continuous line. The other
bars are support bars which are placed across the support, the length is taken as
0.25 of the slab it is supporting ,we also have distribution bars placed beneath the
crank and on top of support to help distribute the load at intervals. The crank is
taken as o.16L according to BS8110.All other bars apart from the main
reinforcement (Bottom) are known as top and are represented with a dashed
continuous line.