K.N.

Srinivasan
 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
BY APPLICATION
• 1. DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
• 2.POWER TRANSFORMER
• 3.CURRENT TRANSFORMER
• 4.POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
• 5.FURNACE TRANSFORMER
• 6.BOOSTER TRANSFORMER
• 7.RECTIFIER TRANSFORMER
• 8.LOCOMOTIVE TRANSFORMER
• 9.MINING TRANSFORMER
• 10.PHASE SHIFTING TRANSFORMER
• 11.WELDING TRANSFORMER
• 12.HIGH VOLTAGE TESTING/SC TESTING TRF.
• 13.GROUNDING TRANSFORMERS
• 14.CONVERTER TRANSFORMER
Traceabllity
Accuracy
Precision
Probability
Std. deviation
Standards
Accreditation
•A MODERN TRANSFORMER IS A
COMPLEX ELECTROMAGNETIC
APPARATUS
•TRANSFORMERS SERVE FOR
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
•TRANSFORMERS (DISTRIBUTION)
ARE THE LAST MAJOR LINK
BETWEEN UTILITY & CONSUMER
•TRANSFORMERS ARE STATIC
ALTERNATING CURRENT MACHINES
•PRINCIPLE IS BASED ON MUTUAL
INDUCTION BETWEEN WINDINGS
THROUGH A COMMON CORE
•OIL-IMMERSED AND DRY TYPES
•POWER AND DISTRIBUTION TYPES
•SPECIAL TYPES
 V1

I’2 I1

I0

I2

E2 E = - 4.44 φmf N
 R1 + R’2 X1 + X’2

I0 I’2

V1 X0 E’2=E1
X1 + X’2

Iw Iµ

R0
IEC-76 , IS 2026 and IS 1180 specify the
routine, type & special tests for power
transformers
 Measurement of winding resistance
 Measurement of voltage ratio
 Polarity test
 Measurement of no-load loss & no-load current
 Measurement of load-loss & short-circuit
impedance
 Measurement of insulation resistance
 Dielectric tests
 Measurement of winding resistance
 Measurement of voltage ratio
 Polarity test
 Measurement of no-load loss & no-load
current
 Measurement of load-loss & short-circuit
impedance
 Measurement of insulation resistance
 Dielectric tests
 Temperature-rise test
 Dielectric test
 Short-circuit test
 Measurement of zero-sequence
impedance of three phase transformers
 Measurement of acoustic noise level
 Measurement of harmonics of the no-
load current
 Measurement of power taken by the
fans & oil pumps
• Separate source voltage withstand test

• Induced over voltage withstand test

• Impulse voltage withstand test

Terminals of windings under test connected to HV
terminal of the source . All other windings, core,
frame and tank are earthed.
Duration of test is 60 secs.
Highest system voltage(kV) Power frequency voltage(kV)
1.1 3
3.6 10
7.2 20
12 28
24 50
36 70
52 95
72.5 140
• This test is useful in determining
layer insulation and inter turn
insulation of windings.

• HV is kept open & twice the

rated voltage at twice the rated
frequency is applied to the LV for
a duration of 60 secs.
Testing facilities
• Impulse generator
• Discharge circuit
• Recording system
• Voltage divider for measurement

Standard Impulse wave

Wave shape
• Standard wave shape of impulse
voltage is 1.2/50µsec.
• t1 is the rise time = 1.2µsecs.
•t2 is the tail time = 50 µ secs.
•Tolerance on t1 is ±30% & ±20% on
t 2.

Impulse generator
• Impulse wave is generated by
discharge of capacitors charged in
parallel into a wave shaping circuit.
Connection
Oscilograms
Oscilograms contd.
Oscilograms contd.
• MINOR INSULATION -conductor turns, layers
•enamel, paper
•oil ducts, paper cylinders
• MAJOR INSULATION- winding, core
•press board cylinders, oil ducts
•BUSHINGS - porcelain , condenser
Power & distribution transformers must be
constructed to withstand mechanical
stresses caused by external faults. These
stresses are produced due to
electromagnetic forces as a result of very
high current in the windings during short-
circuits.
 • Prior to the short-circuit, transformer
is subjected to routine tests.
Asymmetrical current
• The peak current that transformer is
required to withstand = Isc(peak)=K
Isc
Value of K :
x/r 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 >14

K 1.51 1.64 1.76 1.95 2.09 2.19 2.27 2.38 2.46 2.55
 Short-circuit may be
a) Preset or
b) Post set
Duration of each test
being 0.5 sec. ( > 5 MVA 0.25 sec)

For 1φ Transformers
No. of tests = Three
one test with tap at highest voltage ratio, one test
in principal taping & one test in
lowest voltage ratio
 3φ Transformers
• No. of tests = Nine
• Three tests with tap at highest voltage
ratio, three tests in principal taping &
three tests in lowest voltage ratio

Tolerances on
• Asymmetrical current = ±5 %
• Symmetrical current = ±10 %
• Test duration = ±10 %
Oscillogram of dynamic short-circuit test on
3Phase 11/0.433kV 500kVA Distribution
transformer
 SC Test contd.

 All the routine tests shall be repeated

 Dielectric test shall be at 75%
 Transformer shall be untanked
 Reactance measured after s.c. test
shall not differ by more than 2% for
circular coils & 7.5% for non-circular
coils.
 This is to ascertain that transformer & its
cooling arrangements are effectively designed
so that temp. rise of winding & cooling medium
does not exceed the permissible limits.
Temp. rise limits for Dry type transformers
Class of insulation Temp. rise °C
A 50
E 65
B 70
F 90
H 115
C 140
Temp. rise limits for oil immersed transformers

Part Temp. rise °C

External cooling medium
Air Water
Winding 55 60
(temp.rise by resistance method)

Top oil 50 55
(temp.rise by thermometer method)
 a) Direct loading
b) Back-to-Back method
c) Short-circuit method

Duration of test
Top oil temperature-rise does not vary more than
10C/hour during 4 consecutive hourly readings
Partial Discharge Tests
100pC
500pC
 Noise Level

Sound pressure level 20 log10 d/0.00002 dB

d Newton per square meter

Noise contd.
meter
 Standards
IEC 76-1 (1993) Power Transformers, General
IEC 76-2 (1993) Power Transformers, Temperature rise
IEC 76-3 (1980) Power Transformers, Insulation levels & Dielectric
tests
IEC 76-3-1 (1980) Power Transformers, Insulation levels & Dielectric
tests,
External Clearances in Air,
IEC 76-4 (1976) Power Transformers, Tapping & Connections
IEC 76-5 (1976) Power Transformers, Ability to withstand short circuit
IEC 606 (1978) Application Guide for Power Transformers
IEC 616 (1978) Terminal & tapping markings for Power Transformers
IEC 214 (1976) On-load tap changers
IEC 722 (1982) Guide to the Lighting Impulse & Switching Impulse
Testing of Power Transformers & Reactors
IEC 726 (1982) Dry type Power Transformers
IEC 742 (1983) Isolating transformers & Safety isolating transformers
Requirements

IEEE C57.12.00-1993 IEEE Standard General Requirements for Liquid

Immersed Distribution, Power & Regulating Transformers
Highest voltage Rated short duration Rated
for equipment power frequency lightning impulse
Um withstand voltage withstand voltage
kV kV kV
(r.m.s. value) (r.m.s. value) (peak value) Standard
3.6 10 20 insulation levels
40

7.2 20 40
60

12 28 60
75
95

17.5 38 75
95

24 50 95
125
145

36 70 145
170

52 95 250

72.5 140 325

123 (185) 450

230 550

145 (185) (450)

230 550
275 650

170 (230) (550)

275 650
325 750

245 (275) (650)

(325) (750)
360 850
395 950
460 1050
 contd
Highest Standard switching impulse withstand voltage Standard
voltage for --------------------------------------------------------- lightning impulse
equipment Longitudinal Phase-to-earth Phase-to-phase withstand voltage
Um Insulation (ratio to the kV
kV (note 1) phase-to-earth (peak value)
(r.m.s. value) kV kV peak value)
(peak value) (peak value)

300 750 750 1,50 850

950

750 850 1,50 950

1050

362 850 850 1,50 950

1050

850 950 1,50 1050

1175

420 850 850 1,60 1050

1175

950 950 1,50 1175

1300

950 1050 1,50 1300

1425

525 950 950 1,70 1175

1300

950 1050 1,60 1300

1425

950 1175 1,50 1425

1550

765 1175 1300 1,70 1675

1800

1175 1425 1,70 1800

1950

1175 1550 1,60 1950

2100

NOTES
1.Value of the impulse component of the relevant combined test.
The introduction of Um=550kV (instead of 525 kV), 800 kV (instead of 765 kV),