Cooling Load Estimation and Psychrometric Analysis 339

mR
cmmP

Room air
Ventilation air Cooling coil
34s

Fan [Itgr Ut

Figure 9.9 Air-conditioning system with ventilation air,

,
Coil surface temperature, 2*
lc)
supply temperature and ADP
are one and the same

lrr
E
E
aci
Dry-bulb temperature

Figure 9,10 Summer air-conditioning process with ventilation air and zero bypass factor,

119.1 Grand Sensible Heat Factor (GSHF)

.:n thrs section a summer air-conditioning system
with ventilation load and the cooling coil with
r")ass factor is assumed. The block diagram for this is the same as shown in Figure 9.9.
GSHF is the ratio of the total sensible cooling load (TSCL) to the grand total cooling load
,--TCL), which the cooling coil or the conditioning apparatus is required to handle.
TSCL : Total sensible cooling load : RSCL + OASCL
TLCL : Total latent cooling load : RLCL + OALCL
GTCL : RSCL + RLCL + (OASCL + OALCL)
;ffi:eIe
RSCL : room sensible cooling load
:
RLCL room latent cooling load
RICL : room total cooling load

TSCL TSCL RSCL + OASCL

V,III
r-\sE : -
GTCL TSCL + TLCL (RSCL + OASCL) + (RLCL + OALCL)
-:
 34O Refrtgeration and Air Conditioning

outside air sensible cooling load : OASCL :

0.0204 cmmo(To- rd kw
-QBt$dq"4iq-l,xtgpf conlig-,Ja3l.,G.th-*-dtrtnn;1ijo-wa;kw-'
Outside air total cooling load, OATCL : OASCL + OALCL
The outside air total heat can also be calculated from the following relation:
OATH : 0.02 cmmo(ho - ,d kW
where
cmmo : outside air or ventilation air in cubic metre per minute
To, Tn: dry-bulb temperature of outside air and room air respectively
in oC.
wo, wR: specific humidity of outside air and inside air in kg/kg
of dry air.
ho, ha: enthalpy of outside air and room air in kJ/kg of dry
air.
For economical operation of the air-conditioning plant, fresh
air from outside is mixed u,i::
the recirculated room air in a duct and this mixture is passed through
the cooling coil where :;
is cooled and dehumidified. This process can be represented on the psychrometric
chart sho*:
in Figure 9.1 l. Point o represents
the condition of the outside air, point R represents th;
condition of room air and point 3 represents the condition of mixture
air entering the cooln;
coil' The mixture while passing over the coil gets cooled and d,ehumidified. point
4 shows tL=
supply air or condition of air leaving the cooling coil. When point
3 is joined with point 4. :.
gives a grand sensible heat factor line (GSHF line). This iine, when produced
up to t::
saturation curve, gives the apparatus dew point (ADP). Point 4, as shown,
is the intersection ::
GSHF line and RSHF line. The GSHF line may be drawn on the psychrometric
chart in a simi.,r
way as discussed for the RSHF line.

s
h
lc)
la

r7fr
t?
p,)
E
ci
a
y-uull,temperalure
Dry-bulb temperature

Figure 9.11 ---; heat factor.

Grand sensible

9.19.2 Winter Air Conditioning

During winters the condition of air outside the room is much different
fuom that dui:;
otllrrlllt'jtsl
'Ir wrinte.. Ltlu ttrnperartrre or^ati 13 much lbwer (say, 5 to 10.C) and the humidin
content is also very low. Therefore, in order to maintain a thermal
comfort condition inside th=
room, supply air is to be heated so that temperafure of the order 24"C
is maintained in the room
 and Air Conditioning

9.20 EFFECTIVE ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR (ERSHR

ERSHF is the ratio of the effective room sensible cooling load to the effective roorn ::muu
load.

ERSCL ERSCL
ERSHF :
ERTCL ERSCL + ERLCL
where
ERSCL : efilective room sensible cooling load : RSCL + OASCL 'ffi
: RSH + 0.0204 cmmo(To- Til x BPF
ERLCL : effective room latent cooling load : RLCL + e{,el : tsi5
: RLH + 50 cmmo(wo - wa) BPF
ERTCL : effective room total cooling load : ERSCL + ERLCL
BPF : Bypass factor
The effective room sensible heat factor line (ERSHF line) is obtained by join,r,g
R andpoint 6, i.e. ADP as shown in Figure g.l3.It is slightly different from the F;
The ESHF line does not take into account the inefficiency of the cooling coil *-hir I
is taken into consideration in ERSHF line. From point 4, draw L4aparallel to
3-R li
from similar triangles 6-44a and 6-3-R,

BpF : Length 4-6 _ Length 4a-6

Length 3-6 Length R-6

l
I

It@
ffi
-/ suppryair
.=
Et
@1

-,9
;
.gt

a
)*': Zl|-d--\ RSHF rine
" o^l i )*.r, ,,n"
r-' '-lt-(1 - BPFl---+i
Line 4-4a is parallel
to line 2-3
i* er.'-- (1 - BPF)
Dry-bulb temperature

Figure 9.13 Effective -j

room sensible heat factor.
The bypass factor is also given by
->
: T4 - ADP
BPF = 4u _-ADP
& -ADP ZrR ADp
 Co okng Load E stimation and P sg chrometric Analy sis 343
) The mass of dehumidified air is given by

otal cool-:r$ Room tatal laad

r/17
h*-ho
,ry,mgre

hp: enthalpy of air at room condition

ha: enthalpy of supply air to room from the cooling coil.
BPF
l!r'C and a relative humidity not more than 600/o, a sensible heat load of 132 kW and
PF {-r lig,h of moisture has to be removed. Air is supplied to the auditorium at 15"C.
na) How ffiany kg of air per hour must be supplied?
*b) What is the dew point temperature of supply air and what is its relative humidity?
Solution:
r the p.,ur Given, inside temperature, Ta: 24oC, RH : 60yo,
I.SHF h Supply air to auditorium: Is: 15oC, Room sensible cooling load (RSCL): 132 kW
: the s:::t*
Theren:rr Room latent cooling load (RLCL1 : x 2444.9 f\Eat 24oC:2444.9 kJ/kgl
#
: 57.04 kW
: RSCL 132
:
RSHF 0.6982
(RSCL + RLCL) (132 + s7.04)

Draw the RSHF line as shown in Figure 9.14.

I

V
i

/,
RSHF
)
Draw parallelto line
A o.oga
l(E
lo
VI
lT
RSHF line
ADP 1
I SHF
l/ u) Scale

15 2425
Figure 9.14 Plotting the RSHF line-Exampte 9,4.

Room total cooling load :

RTCL : RSCL + RLCL : 189.04 kW
The supply air to the auditorium must remove this heat. Therefore, energy balance,
RTCL : mo(hn- hs)

(a) Mass of air per hour that must be supplied, mo

RTCL 189.04 : 14.54 kg/s
h* - hs 52.7 - 39.7
: 52.349 x 103 kg/tr Ans.
 Air lristriltttlittrt 5t7sft',tt .t,rtl l'ttcl I)r'sir/rr $ t I

,['5o cannot rull ill thc

syslcrr slrr\ry1 1r l;igurc 15.24 is rnorc advantagoous whotl lltc tltrcts
partitions .r. r:rlrlprrs. 'l'lrc pan or ptate rnay be ornalnented to harrnonise within the decorations

in the roo,-r. 'l'5is arrangement involves less capital and low running cost. lt is a useful
arrangement fbr single storey buildings.

Ventilation tYPe
and 15.26 where only
The inlets and outlets in the room may be located as shown in Figures 15.25
to avoid uncomfortable drafts'
ventilation is required. The incoming air must have a low velocity
for cooling'
The arrangement in Figure 15.25 is preferred for heating and that in Figure 15.26

Air outlets

// \f 0t\ \

Air
inlet
L',/tlt\\
Figure 15.25 Arrangement for heating.

Air
outlet

[t\- r//ll\
\:=ji,)
t.\
€'/ /

q-
-/

Figure 15.26 Arrangement for cooling'

Air-distribution sysfem for auditoriums

aff'
The central air-distribtrtion system is commonly used for auditoriums. The central
space through
distributitln systctn is provitL:d with a fan to blow air into the air-conditioned
tlucts antl inlct rlpcltitllls.
ILZ RefrigerationandAirConditioning

The central air-distribution system is further divided into three groups according to tho
direction of air flow from the air inlet into the room.
Upward flow system: In this type of air-distribution system, the air is brought into tho
1.
space through the inlets near the floor or through the pedestals of the chairs in the auditorium,
The air flows upwards as shown in Figure 15.27.
The exhaust air outlets are located in the side walls near the ceiling or in the ceiling itsclli
This air-distribution system is used in rooms where there is a marked tendency of air bcing
heated by the occupants. The upward flow carries with it the vitiating products from the bodior
of the occupants.

/, I
Barcony'/) \
\

Fan

Figure 15.27 Upward air-distribution system for auditoriums.

The major difficulties faced in the design of this system are avoidance of drafts and nun=
uniform heating of the space. Hence this air-distribution system is not satisfactory for summer
air-conditioning purposes where the supply air temperature has to be less than the room uir
temperature.
2. Downward flow or overhead system: This system is generally preferred when lhcr
ceiling is not free from obstructions. In this type of the air-distribution system, the air is
introduced at the ceiling and over the balcony and is removed through the grills located on thc
main floor and from an exhaust chamber below the balcony seats as shown in Figure 15.28. 'l'his
system is more suitable for installation wherein the ceiling is not free from obstructions. Suclr
a downward air-distribution system is designed to spread the incoming air uniformly over lhc
occupied zone to secure uniform conditions within the air-conditioned space. The downward air-
distribution system is more satisfactory for theatres, auditoriums and movie halls. lt is a nruclr
better system for summer air-conditioning than the upward air-distribution system.
3. Ejector air-distribution system: This system is generally adopted when the ceilirrg is
free from obstructions. It is also a form of downward air-distribution system but the velocity ol'
air at the inlet is considerably higher than the air vclocity in thc orclinary typc o1'downward air-
distribution systom. Thc air is introduccd at a high vckrcily lhrough spccially rlcsigncd nozzlcs
 Air Distribution System and Duct Design 513

Air chamber

lnlet -->

IF}A'-',lr:lml
| |
iti--\
eatcony

Exit
duct
.
l5^,\ \\ \\ \\
lnlet-+ // //
duct
// / /
Floor

Exit <- +
duct
Air chamber

Figure 1S.2g Overhead air-distribution system (for downward flow of air) for auditoriums.

in Figure
at the rear of the building and is discharged well above the occupied zone as shown
15.Zg.The jet action of the incoming air causes abetter diffusion of fresh airwithinthe
space.

The outlets are located above the floor as shown in figure, so that the refurn air
flows uniformly
over the body of the occuPants.

\\

Grilled floor

Figure 15.29 Ejector air-distribution system for auditoriums.

With any of the above three types of the systems used, supplementary supply of air
from
the wall opcnings must be provided as the space in auditoriums is very large'
The locttion ul'thc return and exhaust inlets does not significantly affect the air
motion'
the comfort limits'
exccpt possihlv in tlrc: troa ncar the inlet where the velocities may exceed
air is avoiclctl'
Thc inlcts slrorrkl hc lot:rrrrrtl in such a way so that the short-circuiting of the supply
.l'lrc
exlrrrrrnl rrrlcln itr lrrrrs, kitchcns, lavttorics, tlining roonls, club rotlnrs, ctc. sltottltl [rc