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Week 1: Introduction to Scaling Networks

Module 001 Introduction to Scaling Networks

In this chapter we will be discussing how properly design a highly functional network, such as
the hierarchical network design model, the Cisco Enterprise Architecture, and correct device
selections.
Objectives
 Understanding the hierarchical network used in small business.
 Recommendations for designing a network that is scalable.
 Necessary features in switch hardware to support small- to medium-sized business network
requirements.
 Types of routers that are available for small- to medium-sized business networks.
 Understanding device management for cisco devices.
 Basic configuration settings for a Cisco IOS device.

Introduction
As today’s business grows and so with the technology requirements, this means this goes with the
networking requirements. Todays businesses rely heavily on the network infrastructure on both
internet and corporate network to provide mission-critical services. Network down events can result in
lost revenue and lost customers even in a little amount of time.

Scaling Computer Networks

● Today’s businesses can grow,along with their needs in terms of users, uptime, and as well as speed.
Their nework must be capable to deliver and support these requirements.

● A computer network designed to cater and capable to support the needs for growth is called scalable.

● Enterprise networks needs enterprise hardware,specifically designed to provide reliability through

redundancy and failover though nothing can replace a properly designed network.

● First thing to do in properly design network. The traffic must be controlled and organized so that it
doesn't unnecessarily propagate through the network at the cost of bandwitdth.

● We can achieve this goal through a hierarchical design: Access, Distribution, Core. Each layer has a
specific function.

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Hierarchical Network Design

● The Access Layer is responsible in providing a connection to the final users in a local network.

● The Distribution Layer forwards traffic from/to different local networks.

● The Core Layer is a high speed backbone of the network between dispersed network.

● Usually user traffic starts at the access layer and it's not passed to the upper layer unless their
functionality is required.

● In smaller enteprise networks or corporate network such as stores or small offices, Core and
distribution Layers can be combined into a single one, reducing cost and complexity.

Figure 1-1
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Even though the hierarchical model has three layers, some smaller network setup might implement a
two-tier hierarchical design. In a two-tier hierarchical design, the core and distribution layers are
collapsed combined into one layer, reducing cost and complexity, as shown in Figure 1-2.

Fig 1-2

Cisco Enterprise Architecture

● Cisco advices this network design principle that divides networks into modular components, Its
modules are Enterprise Campus, Enterprise Edge, Service Provider Edge, and Remote.

● The Enteprise Campus includes Access, Distribution and Core Layers. The entire enterprise
infrastructure belongs to this module.

● For Access Layer,L2/L3 switches provides port density and links/trunks to the distribution layer of
the building.

● The Distribution layer aggregates these links/trunks with L3 devices that provides routing, access
control and QoS.

● The Core Layer provides high speed connectivity between distribution layer modules and the
Enterprise Edge modules.

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Figure 1-3

The Cisco Enterprise Architecture divides the network into functional components while still
maintaining the core, distribution, and access layers. As shown above in Figure 1-3, the primary
Cisco Enterprise Architecture modules compose of:

A. Enterprise Campus
B. Enterprise Edge
C. Service Provider Edge
D. Remote
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Enterprise Campus

The Enterprise Campus compose of the entire campus infrastructure, to include the 3 layers such as
access, distribution, and core layers. The access layer module contains Layer 2 or Layer 3 switches
to provide the required port density. Implementation of VLANs and trunk links to the building
distribution layer occurs here. Redundancy to the building distribution switches is important. The
distribution layer module aggregates building access using Layer 3 devices. Routing, access control,
and QoS are performed at this distribution layer module. The core layer module provides high-speed
interconnectivity between the distribution layer modules, data center server farms, and the enterprise
edge. Where fast convergence, fault tolerance and redundancy are the main focus of the design in
this module.

In addition to these modules, the Enterprise Campus can include other submodules such as

 Server Farm and Data Center Module: This section provides high-speed connectivity and
protection for servers. It is critical to provide redundancy, fault tolerance and security as well.
The network management systems monitor performance by monitoring device and network
availability.
 Services Module: This section provides access to all services, such as IP Telephony
services, wireless controller services, and unified services.

Enterprise Edge

The Enterprise Edge compose of Internet, VPN, and WAN modules connecting the enterprise with
the service provider’s network. This said module extends the enterprise services to remote sites and
enables the enterprise to use Internet and partner resources. It gives QoS, policy reinforcement,
service levels, and security.

Service Provider Edge

The Service Provider Edge provides Internet, Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), and
WAN services.

All data that enters or exits the Enterprise Composite Network Model (ECNM) passes through an
edge device.This is the area where all packets can be examined and a decision made whether the
packet should be allowed on the enterprise network.Intrusion detection systems(IDS) and intrusion
prevention systems (IPS) can also be configured at the enterprise edge to protect against malicious
activity.

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Cisco Enterprise Architecture

● Enterprise Campus can have additional submodules, such as Server Farm module, Data Center
module, Service Module.

● These submodules provided network monitoring and unified control of services such as wireless
controlling or telephony services.

● The Enterprise Edge includes modules that connect the enterprise to remote resources through the
service provider network: Internet connectivity, VPN tunnels and WAN.

● The Service Provider Edge provides services through a service provider such as internet
connection and phone lines.

● Each of these services has a corresponding edge device in the Enterprise Edge that examines all
packet and decides whether it should be allowed on the enterprise network.

Failure Domains
● A failure domain is the area of the network that is impacted by a problem or failure.

● The impact of a failure domain is determined by the functionality provided by the faulty device.

● If in case a problem occurs, smaller failure domains reduce the impact of the problem to the whole
network, and it simplify repair and thus decrease downtime.

● Reducing of down events in the core layer is expensive, so designer concentrate on prevention
such as redundancy and failovers. Making sure network errors affect a smaller area in the distribution
layer is easier.

● Distribution device (L3 switches or routers) are usually deployed in pair, with access devices evenly
distributed. This is called a switch block. Switch blocks act independently of the others.
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Failure Domains

Figure 1-4

Tips for Scalability

● Use modular devices than can easily expands their capabilities. Some device are more easily
deployable in clusters that simplify management and configuration.

● Use these modular devices in a 3-layer network design.

● Think about an IPv4 or IPv6 addressing strategy that will accomodate future users

● Use routers and L3 switches to limit broadcast and filter traffic to the core.

● Use redundant links between network devices. Link aggregation (such as Cisco's EtherChannel)
methods increase bandwidth without more expensive media channels and reduce downtime.

● Using scalable routing protocol that minimizes the size of the routing table.

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Tips for Redundancy

For most corporate network nowadays, availability of the network is essential in supporting business
needs. Redundancy is an integral part of network design for preventing disruption of network services
by minimizing the possibility of a single point of failure. One solution of implementing redundancy is
by installing duplicate equipment and providing failover services for critical devices.

Another method of implementing redundancy is using redundant paths, as shown below :

Figure 1-5 LAN Redundancy

Redundant paths offer alternate physical paths for data to traverse the network. Redundant paths in a
switched network support high availability. However,redundant paths in a switched Ethernet network
can cause logical Layer 2 loops. For this reason, Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) must be
implemented.

STP allows for the redundancy required for reliability but eliminates the switching loops. It does this
by providing a mechanism for disabling redundant paths in a switched network until the path is
necessary, such as when failures occur. STP is an open standard protocol, used in a switched
environment to create a loop-free logical topology.
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Increasing Bandwidth
Bandwidth demand continues to grow as users increasingly access video content and migrate to IP
phones. An EtherChannel implementation can add more bandwidth capacity to a connection.

Implementing EtherChannel

In hierarchical network design, some links between access and distribution switches might need to
process a greater amount of traffic than other links. As traffic from multiple links converges onto a
single, outgoing link, it is possible for that link to become a bottleneck. Using Link
aggregation allows an administrator to increase the amount of bandwidth between devices by
creating one logical link made up of several physical links. EtherChannel is a form of link aggregation
used in switched networks, as shown below in Figure 1-6.

Figure1-6: Advantages of Etherchannel

EtherChannel

● Multiple traffic links between access and distribution switches will need to converge in a single
outgoing link that could becomen a bottleneck.

● It is possible to tie multiple physical links together in a single logical one, increasing the available
bandwidth. This is called link aggregation.

● EtherChannel is a Cisco protocol that use ports of the existing switches to create a logical
EtherChannel interface.

● All configuration is done on the EtherChannel interface, ensuring consistency between ports.

● EtherChannel implementations can do load balancing between the links that are part of the
EtherChannel interface, using several methods.
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Wireless Connectivity
● Wireless connectivity is crucial in expanding a network, because it increases flexibility without
excessive costs.

● Implementing wireless connectivity require at the very minimum

1. A wireless NIC for end devices

2. An access point (AP) or wireless router

● Things to be considered in Wireless implementation:

1. Types of devices
2. Coverage
3. Interference
4. Security
5. Speed and protocols

Figure 1-7: Wireless LANs

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Fine-tuning Routing Protocols

Routing protocol configuration is usually rather straightforward though to take full advantage of a
protocol’s feature set, it is advantageous to adjust the configuration.

Managing the Routed Network

Enterprise networks and ISPs often use more advanced protocols, such as link-state protocols,
because of their hierarchical design and ability to scale for large networks.

Link-state routing protocols such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), as shown below, this work
well for larger hierarchical networks, where fast convergence is necessary.

Figure 1-8: Single-Area OSPF

OSPF routers establish and maintain neighbor adjacency or adjacencies with other connected OSPF
routers. When routers initiate an adjacency with neighbors, an exchange of link-state updates begins.
Routers reach a FULL state of adjacency when they have synchronized views on their link-state
database. With OSPF, link-state updates are sent when network changes occur.

Additionally, OSPF supports a two-layer hierarchical design, or multiarea OSPF, as shown in Figure
1-9.

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Figure 1-9: Multi-Area OSPF

All OSPF networks begin with Area 0, also called the backbone area. As the network is expanded,
other nonbackbone areas can be created. All nonbackbone areas must directly connect to area 0.
Chapter 6, “Multiarea OSPF,” introduces the benefits, operation, and configuration of multiarea
OSPF.

Another popular routing protocol for larger networks is Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol (EIGRP). Cisco developed EIGRP as a proprietary distance vector routing protocol with
enhanced capabilities. Although configuring EIGRP is relatively simple, the underlying features and
options of EIGRP are extensive and robust. For example, EIGRP uses multiple tables to manage the
routing process using Protocol Dependent Modules (PDM).

EIGRP contains many features that are not found in any other routing protocols. It is an excellent
choice for large, multiprotocol networks that employ primarily Cisco devices.

Switch Platforms
Cisco has 5 categories for enterprise switches: Campus LAN switches, Cloud-Managed switches,
Data Center switches, Service Provider switches, and Virtual Networking switches.

Enterprise switches comes in several form factor:

1. Fixed or Modular configuration

2. Stackable or Non-Stackable

For switches that are mounted in racks, thickness is important. It is measured in rack units(RU).

These are the most commons parameters that need to be evaluated when choosing a switch solution:
cost, port density, power specifications, reliability, port speed, frame buffers, scalability.

5 categories of switches for enterprise networks, as shown in Figure 1-10:

 Campus LAN Switches: To scale network performance in an enterprise LAN, there are core,
distribution, access, and compact switches. These switch platforms vary from fanless switches
with eight fixed ports to 13-blade switches supporting hundreds of ports. Campus LAN switch
platforms include the Cisco 2960, 3560, 3750, 3850, 4500, 6500, and 6800 Series.
 Cloud-Managed Switches: The Cisco Meraki cloud-managed access switches enable virtual
stacking of switches. They monitor and configure thousands of switch ports over the web,
without the intervention of onsite IT staff.
 Data Center Switches: A data center should be built based on switches that promote
infrastructure scalability, operational continuity, and transport flexibility. The data center switch
platforms include the Cisco Nexus Series switches and the Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series
switches.
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 Service Provider Switches: Service provider switches fall under two categories: aggregation
switches and Ethernet access switches. Aggregation switches are carrier-grade Ethernet
switches that aggregate traffic at the edge of a network. Service provider Ethernet access
switches feature application intelligence, unified services, virtualization, integrated security,
and simplified management.
 Virtual Networking: Networks are becoming increasingly virtualized. Cisco Nexus virtual
networking switch platforms provide secure multitenant services by adding virtualization
intelligence technology to the data center network.

Figure 1-10 Switch Platforms

When selecting switches, network administrators must determine the switch form factors. This
includes the fixed configuration shown in Figure 1-11, the modular configuration shown in Figure
1-12, the stackable configuration shown in Figure 1-13, or the nonstackable configuration.

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Figure 1-11 Fixed Configuration Switches

Figure 1-12 Modular Configuration Switches

Figure 1-13 Stackable Configuration Switches

The height of the switch, which is expressed in the number of rack units, is also important for
switches that are mounted in a rack. For example, the fixed configuration switches shown in Figure 1-
13 are all one rack unit (1U) high.

In addition to these considerations, the following list highlights other common business considerations
when selecting switch equipment:

 Cost: The cost of a switch will depend on the number and speed of the interfaces, supported
features, and expansion capability.
 Port Density: Network switches must support the appropriate number of devices on the
network.
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 Power: It is now common to power access points, IP phones, and even compact switches
using Power over Ethernet (PoE). In addition to PoE considerations, some chassis-based
switches support redundant power supplies.
 Reliability: The switch should provide continuous access to the network.
 Port Speed: The speed of the network connection is of primary concern to end users.
 Frame Buffers: The ability of the switch to store frames is important in a network where there
might be congested ports to servers or other areas of the network.
 Scalability: The number of users on a network typically grows over time this means the switch should
provide the opportunity for growth.

Port Density
● Port density is the number of port available on a single switch.High-port density switches allow
better use of space and power.Consider a single 48-ports vs dual 24-ports switches, than scale the
advantages to networks made of 1000+ end devices.Modular switches can support extremely high
port density through multiple expansion cards. Catalyst 6500 switches can support more than 1000
ports. Link aggregation reduces available ports, something less of an impact with modular switches.

Figure 1-14: Port Densities

Forwarding Rates
Forwarding rates define the processing capabilities of a switch by rating how much data the switch
can process per second. Switch product lines are classified by forwarding rates, as shown in Figure
1-15.

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Figure 1-15 Forwarding Rate

Entry-level switches have lower forwarding rates than enterprise-level switches. Forwarding rates are
important to consider when selecting a switch. If the switch forwarding rate is too low, it cannot
accommodate full wire-speed communication across all of its switch ports. Wire speed is the data
rate that each Ethernet port on the switch is capable of attaining. Data rates can be 100 Mb/s, 1 Gb/s,
10 Gb/s, or 100 Gb/s.

Such as, a typical 48-port gigabit switch operating at full wire speed generates 48 Gb/s of traffic. If the
switch only supports a forwarding rate of 32 Gb/s, it cannot run at full wire speed across all ports
simultaneously. Fortunately, access layer switches typically do not need to operate at full wire speed,
because they are physically limited by their uplinks to the distribution layer. This means that less
expensive, lower-performing switches can be used at the access layer, and more expensive, higher-
performing switches can be used at the distribution and core layers, where the forwarding rate has a
greater impact on network performance.

Power over Ethernet

Power over Ethernet (PoE) allows the switch to deliver power to a device over the existing Ethernet
cabling. This feature can be used by IP phones and some wireless access points, as shown below
in Figure 1-16.
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Figure 1-16 Power over Ethernet

PoE allows more flexibility when installing wireless access points and IP phones, allowing them to be
installed anywhere that there is an Ethernet cable. A network administrator should ensure that the
PoE features are required, because switches that support PoE are expensive.

The relatively new Cisco Catalyst 2960-C and 3560-C Series compact switches support PoE pass-
through, as shown in Figure 1-17.

Figure 1-17 PoE Pass-Through

PoE pass-through allows a network administrator to power PoE devices connected to the switch, as
well as the switch itself, by drawing power from certain upstream switches.

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Multilayer Switching
Multilayer switches are often deployed in the core and distribution layers of an organization’s
switched network. Multilayer switches are characterized by their ability to build a routing table,
support a few routing protocols, and forward IP packets at a rate close to that of Layer 2 forwarding.
Multilayer switches often support specialized hardware, such as application-specific integrated
circuits (ASIC). ASICs, along with dedicated software data structures, can streamline the forwarding
of IP packets independent of the CPU.

Before switches were first used in networks, none of them supported routing; now, almost all switches
support routing. It is likely that soon all switches will incorporate a route processor because the cost
of doing so is decreasing relative to other constraints. Eventually the term multilayer switch will be
redundant.

As shown in Figure 1-18, the Catalyst 2960 switches illustrate the migration to a pure Layer 3
environment.

Figure 1-18 Cisco Catalyst 2960 Series Switches

With IOS versions prior to 15.x, these switches supported only one active switched virtual interface
(SVI). The Catalyst 2960 also supports multiple active SVIs. This means that the switch can be
remotely accessed through multiple IP addresses on distinct networks.

Router Requirements
Routing is an essential component of the distrubution layer. Without a routing process packets cannot
leave the LAN.
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Routers provides several functions:

 Selection of the appropriate path for the traffic.

 Translation between different media types/protocols.
 Broadcast containment
 Connect remote location
 Group users logically
 Provides enhanced security

There are 3 categories of Cisco routers:

1. Branch Routers (for local routing and WAN access),

2. Network Edge Routers (boundary routers designed for multi-WAN deployment),
3. Service Provider Routers (designed for Service providers who wants to differentiate
their services).

Router Hardware
Routers also come in many form factors, as shown in Figure 1-19. Network administrators in an
enterprise environment should be able to support a variety of routers, from a small desktop router to a
rack-mounted or blade model.

Figure 1-19 Routing Devices

Routers can also be categorized as fixed configuration or modular. With the fixed configuration, the
desired router interfaces are built in. Modular routers come with multiple slots that allow a network
administrator to change the interfaces on the router. As an example, a Cisco 1841 router comes with
two Fast Ethernet RJ-45 interfaces built in and two slots that can accommodate many different
network interface modules. Routers come with a variety of different interfaces, such as Fast Ethernet,
Gigabit Ethernet, Serial, and Fiber-Optic.

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Managing Devices
Cisco Routers and switches comes with Cisco IOS Software. Network administrators are responsible
for managing these devices. This includes initial configuration, verification, and troubleshooting tasks
as well as maintaining up-to-date images and backing up the configuration files.

Managing IOS Files and Licensing

When selecting or upgrading a Cisco IOS device, it is important to choose the proper IOS image with
the correct feature set and version. IOS refers to the package of routing, switching, security, and
other internetworking technologies integrated into a single multitasking operating system. When a
new device is shipped, it comes preinstalled with the software image and the corresponding
permanent licenses for the customer-specified packages and features.

For routers, beginning with Cisco IOS Software Release 15.0, Cisco modified the process to enable
new technologies within the IOS feature sets, as shown in Figure 1-21.

Figure 1-21 Cisco IOS Software 15 Release Family

● Cisco has a single operating system, IOS, for most of their products.

● IOS comes in many versions, and for a single version it has many different images with different
feature sets.

● This feature sets are customizable by the user when a product is purchased.

● A new device is shipped with an image pre-installed that corresponds to the customer-specified
packages, and with a permanent license for it.

In-Band Versus Out-of-Band Management

Regardless of the Cisco IOS network device being implemented, there are two methods for
connecting a PC to that network device for configuration and monitoring tasks. These methods
include out-of-band and in-band management, as shown in Figure 1-22.
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Figure 1-22 In-Band Versus Out-of-Band Configuration Options

Out-of-band management is used for initial configuration or when a network connection is

unavailable. Configuration using out-of-band management requires

 Direct connection to console or AUX port

 Terminal emulation client

In-band management is used to monitor and make configuration changes to a network device over a
network connection. Configuration using in-band management requires

 At least one network interface on the device to be connected and operational

 Telnet, SSH, or HTTP to access a Cisco device

Basic Router CLI Commands

The basic router configuration includes the host name for identification, passwords for security,
assignment of IP addresses to interfaces for connectivity, and basic routing. Assuming that the
physical interfaces are connected to the network, The Example 1-1 below shows the commands
entered to enable a router with OSPF. Verify and save configuration changes using the copy
running-config startup-config command or copy run start.

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Example 1-1 Enabling a Router with OSPF

Router# configure terminal

Router(config)# hostname R1
R1(config)# enable secret class
R1(config)# line con 0
R1(config-line)# password cisco
R1(config-line)# login
R1(config-line)# exec-timeout 0 0
R1(config-line)# line vty 0 4
R1(config-line)# password 123cisco
R1(config-line)# login
R1(config-line)# exit
R1(config)# service password-encryption
R1(config)# banner motd $ Authorized Person Only! $
R1(config)# interface GigabitEthernet0/0
R1(config-if)# description Link to LAN 1
R1(config-if)# ip address 172.16.100.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)# no shutdown
R1(config-if)# interface Serial0/0/0
R1(config-if)# description Link to R2
R1(config-if)# ip address 172.18.30.1 255.255.255.252
R1(config-if)# clock rate 256000
R1(config-if)# no shutdown
R1(config-if)# interface Serial0/0/1
R1(config-if)# description Link to R3
R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.40.5 255.255.255.252
R1(config-if)# no shutdown
R1(config-if)# router ospf 10
R1(config-router)# router-id 1.1.1.1
R1(config-router)# network 172.16.100.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R1(config-router)# network 172.18.30.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
R1(config-router)# network 192.168.40.4 0.0.0.3 area 0
R1(config-router)# end
R1# copy running-config startup-config
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Example 1-2 shows the results of the configuration commands that were entered in Example 1-1. To
clear the router configuration, use the erase startup-config or erase start command and then
the reload command.

Example 1-2 Router Running Configuration

R1# show running-config

Building configuration...

Current configuration : 1242 bytes

!
Version 15.1
Service timestamps debug datetime msec
Service timestamps log datetime msec
Service password-encryption
!
hostname R1
!
enable secret class
!
<output omitted>
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
description Link to LAN 1
ip address 172.16.100.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
!
interface Serial0/0/0
description Link to R2
ip address 172.18.30.1 255.255.255.252
clock rate 256000
no shutdown
!
interface Serial0/0/1
description Link to R3

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ip address 192.168.200.5 255.255.255.252

no shutdown
!
router ospf 10
router-id 1.1.1.1
network 172.16.100.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 172.18.30.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
network 192.168.40.4 0.0.0.3 area 0
!
banner motd ^C Authorized Person Only! ^C
!
line console 0
password 123cisco
login
exec-timeout 0 0
Line aux 0
line vty 0 4
password cisco
login

Basic Router show Commands

Here are some of the most commonly used IOS commands to display and verify the operational
status of the router and related network functionality. These commands are divided into several
categories.

The following show commands are related to routing:

 show ip protocols: As shown in Example 1-3, this command displays information about the
routing protocols configured. If OSPF is configured, this includes the OSPF process ID, the
router ID, networks the router is advertising, the neighbors the router is receiving updates from,
and the default administrative distance, which is 110 for OSPF.

Example 1-3 show ip protocols Command

R1# show ip protocols

Routing Protocol is "ospf 10"

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Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set

Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID 1.1.1.1
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
172.16.100.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
172.18.30.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
192.168.40.4 0.0.0.3 area 0
Passive Interface(s):
GigabitEthernet0/0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
1.1.1.1 110 00:11:48
2.2.2.2 110 00:11:50
3.3.3.3 110 00:11:50
Distance: (default is 110)

 show ip route: As shown below in Example 1-4, this command displays routing table
information, including routing codes, known networks, administrative distance and metrics,
how routes were learned, next hop, static routes, and default routes.

Example 1-4 show ip route Command

R1# show ip route

Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

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172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 3 masks

C 172.16.100.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L 172.16.100.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
O 172.16.2.0/24 [110/65] via 172.16.3.2, 01:43:03, Serial0/0/0
C 172.18.30.0/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
L 172.18.30.1/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
O 192.168.40.0/24 [110/65] via 192.168.10.6, 01:43:03, Serial0/0/1
192.168.200.0/24 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
C 192.168.200.4/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
L 192.168.200.5/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
O 192.168.200.8/30 [110/128] via 172.16.3.2, 01:43:03, Serial0/0/0
[110/128] via 192.168.10.6, 01:43:03, Serial0/0/1

 show ip ospf neighbor: This command displays as shown in Example 1-5 about OSPF
neighbors that have been learned, including the Router ID of the neighbor, the priority, the
state (Full = adjacency has been formed), the IP address, and the local interface that learned
of the neighbor.

Example 1-5 show ip ospf neighbor Command

R1# show ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface

2.2.2.2 0 FULL/ - 00:00:34 172.16.3.2 Serial0/0/0
3.3.3.3 0 FULL/ - 00:00:34 192.168.10.6 Serial0/0/1

The following show commands are related to interfaces:

 show interfaces This command displays interfaces with line (protocol) status, bandwidth,
delay, reliability, encapsulation, duplex, and I/O statistics as shown in Example 1-6. If specified
without a specific interface designation, all interfaces will be displayed. If a specific interface is
specified after the command, information about that interface only will be displayed.

Example 1-6 show interfaces Command

R1# show interfaces

GigabitEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
Hardware is CN Gigabit Ethernet, address is 00e0.8fb2.de01 (bia 00e0.8fb2.de01)
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Description: Link to LAN 1

Internet address is 172.16.100.1/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1000000 Kbit, DLY 10 usec,
reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
<output omitted>
Serial0/0/0 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
Hardware is HD64570
Description: Link to R2
Internet address is 172.18.30.1/30
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec,
reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
Last input never, output never, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
<output omitted>
Serial0/0/1 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
Hardware is HD64570
Description: Link to R3
Internet address is 192.168.40.5/30
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec,
reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
Last input never, output never, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never

 show ip interfaces: As shown in Example 1-7, this command displays interface information,
including protocol status, IP address, whether a helper address is configured, and whether an
ACL is enabled on the interface. If specified without a specific interface designation, all
interfaces will be displayed. If a specific interface is specified after the command as shown in
Example 1-7, information about that interface only will be displayed.

Example 1-7 show ip interface Command

R1# show ip interface gigabitEthernet 0/0

GigabitEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet address is 172.16.100.1/24

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Broadcast address is 255.255.255.255

Address determined by setup command
MTU is 1500 bytes
Helper address is not set
Directed broadcast forwarding is disabled
Multicast reserved groups joined: 224.0.0.5 224.0.0.6
Outgoing access list is not set
Inbound access list is not set
Proxy ARP is enabled
Local Proxy ARP is disabled
Security level is default
Split horizon is enabled
ICMP redirects are always sent
ICMP unreachables are always sent
ICMP mask replies are never sent
IP fast switching is enabled
IP fast switching on the same interface is disabled
IP Flow switching is disabled
IP CEF switching is enabled
IP CEF switching turbo vector
IP multicast fast switching is enabled
IP multicast distributed fast switching is disabled
IP route-cache flags are Fast, CEF
Router Discovery is disabled
IP output packet accounting is disabled
IP access violation accounting is disabled
TCP/IP header compression is disabled
RTP/IP header compression is disabled
Policy routing is disabled
Network address translation is disabled
BGP Policy Mapping is disabled
Input features: MCI Check
IPv4 WCCP Redirect outbound is disabled
IPv4 WCCP Redirect inbound is disabled
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IPv4 WCCP Redirect exclude is disabled

 show ip interface brief: This command displays all interfaces with IP addressing information
and interface and line protocol status. As shown in Example 1-8.

Example 1-8 show ip interface brief Command

R1# show ip interface brief

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status
Protocol
GigabitEthernet0/0 172.16.100.1 YES manual up up
GigabitEthernet0/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
Serial0/0/0 172.18.30.1 YES manual up up
Serial0/0/1 192.168.40.5 YES manual up up
Vlan1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

 show protocols: This command displays information about the routed protocol that is
enabled and the protocol status of interfaces. As shown in Example 1-9.

Example 1-9 show protocols Command

R1# show protocols

Global values:
Internet Protocol routing is enabled
GigabitEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet address is 172.16.100.1/24
GigabitEthernet0/1 is administratively down, line protocol is down
Serial0/0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet address is 172.18.30.1/30
Serial0/0/1 is up, line protocol is up
Internet address is 192.168.40.5/30
Vlan1 is administratively down, line protocol is down

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Other connectivity-related commands include the show cdp neighbors command shown in Example
1-10.

Example 1-10 show cdp neighbors Command

R1# show cdp neighbors

Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge
S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater, P - Phone
Device ID Local Intrfce Holdtme Capability Platform Port ID
S1 Gig 0/0 126 S 2960 Gig 1/1
R2 Ser 0/0/0 136 R C1900 Ser 0/0/0
R3 Ser 0/0/1 133 R C1900 Ser 0/0/0

This command displays information on directly connected devices, including Device ID, local interface
that the device is connected to, capability (R = router, S = switch), platform, and Port ID of the remote
device. The details option includes IP addressing information and the IOS version.

Basic Switch CLI Commands

The Basic switch configuration includes the host name for identification, passwords for security, and
assignment of IP addresses for connectivity. In-band access requires the switch to have an IP
address. Example 1-11 shows the commands entered to enable a switch.

Example 1-11 Enable a Switch with a Basic Configuration

Switch# enable
Switch# configure terminal
Switch(config)# hostname S1
S1(config)# enable secret class
S1(config)# line con 0
S1(config-line)# password cisco123
S1(config-line)# login
S1(config-line)# line vty 0 4
S1(config-line)# password cisco123
S1(config-line)# login
S1(config-line)# service password-encryption
S1(config)# banner motd $ Authorized Access Only! $
S1(config)# interface vlan 1
S1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.100.5 255.255.255.0
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S1(config-if)# no shutdown
S1(config-if)# ip default-gateway 192.168.100.1
S1(config)# interface fa0/2
S1(config-if)# switchport mode access
S1(config-if)# switchport port-security
S1(config-if)# end
S1# copy running-config startup-config

Example 1-12 shows the results of the configuration commands that were entered in Example 1-11.

Example 1-12 Switch Running Configuration

S1# show running-config

<some output omitted>
version 15.0
service password-encryption
!
hostname S1
!
enable secret 4 06YFDUHH61wAE/kLkDq9BGho1QM5EnRtoyr8cHAUg.2
!
interface FastEthernet0/2
switchport mode access
switchport port-security
!
interface Vlan1
ip address 192.168.100.5 255.255.255.0
!
ip default-gateway 192.168.100.1
!
banner motd ^C Authorized Access Only ^C
!
line con 0
exec-timeout 0 0
password 7 1511021F0725

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login
line vty 0 4
password 7 1511021F0725
login
line vty 5 15
login
!
end

Verify and save the switch configuration using the copy running-config startup-config command.
To clear the switch configuration, use the erase startup-config command and then
the reload command. It might also be necessary to erase any VLAN information using the delete
flash:vlan.dat command. When switch configurations are in place, view the configurations using
the show running-config command.

Basic Switch show Commands

Switches make use of common IOS commands for configuration, to check for connectivity, and to
display current switch status. Below are some examples.

 show port-security interface: Displays any ports with security activated. To examine a
specific interface, include the interface ID, as shown in Example 1-13. Information included in
the output: the maximum addresses allowed, current count, security violation count, and action
to be taken.

Example 1-13 show port-security interface Command

S1# show port-security interface fa0/3

Port Security : Enabled
Port Status : Secure-up
Violation Mode : Shutdown
Aging Time : 0 mins
Aging Type : Absolute
SecureStatic Address Aging : Disabled
Maximum MAC Addresses : 1
Total MAC Addresses : 1
Configured MAC Addresses : 0
Sticky MAC Addresses : 0
Last Source Address:Vlan : 0024.50d1.9502:1
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Security Violation Count : 0

 show port-security address: This command displays all secure MAC addresses configured
on all switch interfaces as shown in Example 1-14.

Example 1-14 show port-security address Command

S1# show port-security address

Secure Mac Address Table
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vlan Mac Address Type Ports Remaining Age
(mins)
---- ----------- ---- ----- -------------
1 0024.50d1.9502 SecureDynamic Fa0/3 -
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Addresses in System (excluding one mac per port) : 0
Max Addresses limit in System (excluding one mac per port) : 1536

 show interfaces: As shown in Example 1-15, this command displays one or all interfaces with
line (protocol) status, bandwidth, delay, reliability, encapsulation, duplex, and I/O statistics.

Example 1-15 show interfaces Command

S1# show interfaces fa0/3

FastEthernet0/3 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
Hardware is Fast Ethernet, address is 001e.14cf.eb04 (bia 001e.14cf.eb04)
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 100000 Kbit/sec, DLY 100 usec,
reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 2/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set
Keepalive set (10 sec)
Full-duplex, 100Mb/s, media type is 10/100BaseTX
input flow-control is off, output flow-control is unsupported
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input 00:00:08, output 00:00:00, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
Input queue: 0/85/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0
Queueing strategy: fifo

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Output queue: 0/40 (size/max)

5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 2000 bits/sec, 3 packets/sec
60 packets input, 11108 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 60 broadcasts (60 multicasts)
0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored
0 watchdog, 60 multicast, 0 pause input
0 input packets with dribble condition detected
896 packets output, 162982 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 1 interface resets
0 unknown protocol drops
0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred
0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier, 0 pause output
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out

 show mac-address-table: This command displays all MAC addresses that the switch has
learned, how those addresses were learned (dynamic/static), the port number, and the VLAN
assigned to the port. As shown in Example 1-16.

Like the router, the switch also supports the show cdp neighbors command.

The same in-band and out-of-band management techniques that apply to routers also apply to switch
configuration.

References and Supplementary Materials:

 http://ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/9781587133442/samplepages/158713344X.pdf 04/23/2017
 https://hlcs.it/files/HCNA_ReS/3/Modulo%203%20Chapter%201%20-
%20Introduction%20To%20Scaling%20Networks.pdf 04/24/2017