Arduino

Arduino is an open source computer

hardware and software company, project,
and user community that designs and
manufactures single-board
microcontrollers and microcontroller kits
for building digital devices and interactive
objects that can sense and control objects
in the physical and digital world. The
project's products are distributed as open-
source hardware and software, which are
licensed under the GNU Lesser General
Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General
Public License (GPL),[1] permitting the
manufacture of Arduino boards and
software distribution by anyone. Arduino
boards are available commercially in
preassembled form, or as do-it-yourself
(DIY) kits.
Arduino

Arduino Uno SMD R3

Developer arduino.cc

Manufacturer Many

Type Single-board
microcontroller
Operating system None

CPU Atmel AVR (8-bit),

ARM Cortex-M0+ (32-
bit),
ARM Cortex-M3 (32-bit),

I lQ k ( 86) (32
 Intel Quark (x86) (32-
bit)
Memory SRAM
Storage Flash, EEPROM
Website arduino.cc

Arduino board designs use a variety of

microprocessors and controllers. The
boards are equipped with sets of digital
and analog input/output (I/O) pins that
may be interfaced to various expansion
boards or Breadboards (shields) and other
circuits. The boards feature serial
communications interfaces, including
Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some
models, which are also used for loading
programs from personal computers. The
microcontrollers are typically programmed
using a dialect of features from the
programming languages C and C++. In
addition to using traditional compiler
toolchains, the Arduino project provides an
integrated development environment (IDE)
based on the Processing language project.

The Arduino project started in 2003 as a

program for students at the Interaction
Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy,[2]
aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way
for novices and professionals to create
devices that interact with their
environment using sensors and actuators.
Common examples of such devices
intended for beginner hobbyists include
simple robots, thermostats, and motion
detectors.

The name Arduino comes from a bar in

Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of
the project used to meet. The bar was
named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the
margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of
Italy from 1002 to 1014.[3]

History
The Arduino project started at the
Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in
Ivrea, Italy.[2] At that time, the students
used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a
cost of $50, a considerable expense for
many students. In 2003 Hernando
Barragán created the development
platform Wiring as a Master's thesis
project at IDII, under the supervision of
Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas, who are
known for work on the Processing
language. The project goal was to create
simple, low cost tools for creating digital
projects by non-engineers. The Wiring
platform consisted of a printed circuit
board (PCB) with an ATmega168
microcontroller, an IDE based on
Processing and library functions to easily
program the microcontroller.[4] In 2003,
Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis, another
IDII student, and David Cuartielles, added
support for the cheaper ATmega8
microcontroller to Wiring. But instead of
continuing the work on Wiring, they forked
the project and renamed it Arduino.[4]

The initial Arduino core team consisted of

Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom
Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis,[2]
but Barragán was not invited to
participate.[4]

Following the completion of the Wiring

platform, lighter and less expensive
versions were distributed in the open-
source community.[5]

Adafruit Industries, a New York City

supplier of Arduino boards, parts, and
assemblies, estimated in mid-2011 that
over 300,000 official Arduinos had been
commercially produced,[6] and in 2013 that
700,000 official boards were in users'
hands.[7]

In October 2016, Federico Musto, Arduino's

former CEO, secured a 50% ownership of
the company. In April 2017, Wired reported
that Musto had "fabricated his academic
record.... On his company's website,
personal LinkedIn accounts, and even on
Italian business documents, Musto was
until recently listed as holding a PhD from
the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. In some cases, his biography
also claimed an MBA from New York
University." Wired reported that neither
University had any record of Musto's
attendance, and Musto later admitted in
an interview with Wired that he had never
earned those degrees.[8]

Around that same time, Massimo Banzi

announced that the Arduino Foundation
would be "a new beginning for Arduino."[9]
But a year later, the Foundation still hasn't
been established, and the state of the
project remains unclear.[10]

The controversy surrounding Musto

continued when, in July 2017, he
reportedly pulled many Open source
licenses, schematics, and code from the
Arduino website, prompting scrutiny and
outcry.[11]

In October 2017, Arduino announced its

partnership with ARM Holdings (ARM).
The announcement said, in part, "ARM
recognized independence as a core value
of Arduino ... without any lock-in with the
ARM architecture.” Arduino intends to
continue to work with all technology
vendors and architectures.[12]

Trademark dispute

In early 2008, the five cofounders of the

Arduino project created a company,
Arduino LLC,[13] to hold the trademarks
associated with Arduino. The manufacture
and sale of the boards was to be done by
external companies, and Arduino LLC
would get a royalty from them. The
founding bylaws of Arduino LLC specified
that each of the five founders transfer
ownership of the Arduino brand to the
newly formed company.
At the end of 2008, Gianluca Martino's
company, Smart Projects, registered the
Arduino trademark in Italy and kept this a
secret from the other cofounders for about
two years. This was revealed when the
Arduino company tried to register the
trademark in other areas of the world (they
originally registered only in the US), and
discovered that it was already registered in
Italy. Negotiations with Gianluca and his
firm to bring the trademark under control
of the original Arduino company failed. In
2014, Smart Projects began refusing to
pay royalties. They then appointed a new
CEO, Federico Musto, who renamed the
company Arduino SRL and created the
website arduino.org, copying the graphics
and layout of the original arduino.cc. This
resulted in a rift in the Arduino
development team.[14][15][16]

In January 2015, Arduino LLC filed a

lawsuit against Arduino SRL.[17]

In May 2015, Arduino LLC created the

worldwide trademark Genuino, used as
brand name outside the United States.[18]

At the World Maker Faire in New York on

October 1, 2016, Arduino LLC co-founder
and CEO Massimo Banzi and Arduino SRL
CEO Federico Musto announced the
merger of the two companies.[19]
By 2017 Arduino AG owned many Arduino
trademarks. In July 2017 BCMI, founded
by Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, David
Mellis and Tom Igoe, acquired Arduino AG
and all the Arduino trademarks. Fabio
Violante is the new CEO replacing Federico
Musto, who no longer works for Arduino
AG.[20][21]

Hardware

Arduino-compatible R3 UNO board made in China with

no Arduino logo, but with identical markings, including
"Made in Italy" text

Arduino is open-source hardware. The

hardware reference designs are distributed
under a Creative Commons Attribution
Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available
on the Arduino website. Layout and
production files for some versions of the
hardware are also available.

Although the hardware and software

designs are freely available under copyleft
licenses, the developers have requested
the name Arduino to be exclusive to the
official product and not be used for
derived works without permission. The
official policy document on use of the
Arduino name emphasizes that the project
is open to incorporating work by others
into the official product.[22] Several
Arduino-compatible products
commercially released have avoided the
project name by using various names
ending in -duino.[23]

An early Arduino board[24] with an RS-232 serial

interface (upper left) and an Atmel ATmega8
microcontroller chip (black, lower right); the 14 digital
I/O pins are at the top, the 6 analog input pins at the
lower right, and the power connector at the lower left.

Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel

8-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8,[25]
ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280,
ATmega2560) with varying amounts of
flash memory, pins, and features.[26] The
32-bit Arduino Due, based on the Atmel
SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012.[27] The
boards use single or double-row pins or
female headers that facilitate connections
for programming and incorporation into
other circuits. These may connect with
add-on modules termed shields. Multiple
and possibly stacked shields may be
individually addressable via an I²C serial
bus. Most boards include a 5 V linear
regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator
or ceramic resonator. Some designs, such
as the LilyPad, run at 8 MHz and dispense
with the onboard voltage regulator due to
specific form-factor restrictions.

Arduino microcontrollers are pre-

programmed with a boot loader that
simplifies uploading of programs to the
on-chip flash memory. The default
bootloader of the Arduino UNO is the
optiboot bootloader.[28] Boards are loaded
with program code via a serial connection
to another computer. Some serial Arduino
boards contain a level shifter circuit to
convert between RS-232 logic levels and
transistor–transistor logic (TTL) level
signals. Current Arduino boards are
programmed via Universal Serial Bus
(USB), implemented using USB-to-serial
adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232.
Some boards, such as later-model Uno
boards, substitute the FTDI chip with a
separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial
firmware, which is reprogrammable via its
own ICSP header. Other variants, such as
the Arduino Mini and the unofficial
Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial
adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other
methods. When used with traditional
microcontroller tools, instead of the
Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-system
programming (ISP) programming is used.

An official Arduino Uno R2 with descriptions of the I/O

locations

The Arduino board exposes most of the

microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other
circuits. The Diecimila,[a] Duemilanove,[b]
and current Uno[c] provide 14 digital I/O
pins, six of which can produce pulse-width
modulated signals, and six analog inputs,
which can also be used as six digital I/O
pins. These pins are on the top of the
board, via female 0.1-inch (2.54 mm)
headers. Several plug-in application
shields are also commercially available.
The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-
compatible Bare Bones Board[29] and
Boarduino[30] boards may provide male
header pins on the underside of the board
that can plug into solderless breadboards.

Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-

derived boards exist. Some are
functionally equivalent to an Arduino and
can be used interchangeably. Many
enhance the basic Arduino by adding
output drivers, often for use in school-level
education, to simplify making buggies and
small robots. Others are electrically
equivalent but change the form factor,
sometimes retaining compatibility with
shields, sometimes not. Some variants
use different processors, of varying
compatibility.

Official boards

The original Arduino hardware was

produced by the Italian company Smart
Projects.[31] Some Arduino-branded boards
have been designed by the American
companies SparkFun Electronics and
Adafruit Industries.[32] As of 2016, 17
versions of the Arduino hardware have
been commercially produced.
Arduino RS232[33]
(male pins)

Arduino Diecimila[34]
Arduino Duemilanove[35]
(rev 2009b)

Arduino Uno R2[36][37]

Arduino Uno SMD R3[38]

Arduino Leonardo[39]
Arduino Pro[40]
(No USB)

Arduino Mega[41]
Arduino Nano[42]
(DIP-30 footprint)

Arduino LilyPad 00[43]

(rev 2007) (No USB)
Arduino Robot[44]

Arduino Esplora[45]
Arduino Ethernet[46]
(AVR + W5100)

Arduino Yun[47]
(AVR + AR9331)
 Arduino Due[48]
(ARM Cortex-M3 core)

Shields

Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards

use printed circuit expansion boards called
shields, which plug into the normally
supplied Arduino pin headers.[49] Shields
can provide motor controls for 3D printing
and other applications, Global Positioning
System (GPS), Ethernet, liquid crystal
display (LCD), or breadboarding
(prototyping). Several shields can also be
made do it yourself (DIY).[50][51][52]
Multiple shields can be stacked. In this
example the top shield contains a
solderless breadboard.

Dragino Lora Shield allows the user to

send data and reach extremely long
ranges at low data-rates.
Screw-terminal breakout shield in a wing-
type format
Adafruit Motor Shield with screw terminals
for connection to motors

Adafruit Datalogging Shield with a Secure

Digital (SD) card slot and real-time clock
(RTC) chip
Software
Arduino Software IDE

Screenshot of Arduino IDE showing Blink program

Developer(s) Arduino Software

Stable release 1.8.5 / 29 September

2017[53]

Repository https://github.com/arduino/Arduino

Written in Java, C, C++

Operating system Windows, macOS, Linux

Platform IA-32, x86-64, ARM

Type Integrated development

environment
License LGPL or GPL license

Website www.arduino.cc/en
/Main/Software

A program for Arduino hardware may be

written in any programming language with
compilers that produce binary machine
code for the target processor. Atmel
provides a development environment for
their 8-bit AVR and 32-bit ARM Cortex-M
based microcontrollers: AVR Studio (older)
and Atmel Studio (newer).[54][55][56]

IDE
The Arduino integrated development
environment (IDE) is a cross-platform
application (for Windows, macOS, Linux)
that is written in the programming
language Java. It originated from the IDE
for the languages Processing and Wiring. It
includes a code editor with features such
as text cutting and pasting, searching and
replacing text, automatic indenting, brace
matching, and syntax highlighting, and
provides simple one-click mechanisms to
compile and upload programs to an
Arduino board. It also contains a message
area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons
for common functions and a hierarchy of
operation menus. The source code for the
IDE is released under the GNU General
Public License, version 2.[57]

The Arduino IDE supports the languages C

and C++ using special rules of code
structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a
software library from the Wiring project,
which provides many common input and
output procedures. User-written code only
requires two basic functions, for starting
the sketch and the main program loop,
that are compiled and linked with a
program stub main() into an executable
cyclic executive program with the GNU
toolchain, also included with the IDE
distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the
program avrdude to convert the executable
code into a text file in hexadecimal
encoding that is loaded into the Arduino
board by a loader program in the board's
firmware.

Sketch

A program written with the Arduino IDE is

called a sketch.[58] Sketches are saved on
the development computer as text files
with the file extension .ino. Arduino
Software (IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches with
the extension .pde.
A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consist
of only two functions:[59]

setup() : This function is called once

when a sketch starts after power-up or
reset. It is used to initialize variables,
input and output pin modes, and other
libraries needed in the sketch.[60]
loop() : After setup() function
exits (ends), the loop() function is
executed repeatedly in the main
program. It controls the board until the
board is powered off or is reset.[61]
Blink example
Power LED (red) and User LED (green) attached to pin
13 on an Arduino compatible board

Most Arduino boards contain a light-

emitting diode (LED) and a current limiting
resistor connected between pin 13 and
ground, which is a convenient feature for
many tests and program functions.[62] A
typical program used by beginners is
"blink," which repeatedly blinks the on-
board LED integrated into the Arduino
board. This program uses the functions
pinMode() , digitalWrite() , and
 delay() , which are provided by the
internal libraries included in the IDE
environment.[63][64][65] This program is
usually loaded into a new Arduino board by
the manufacturer.

#define LED_PIN 13 // Pin number attached to LED.

void setup() {
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // Configure pin 13 to be a digital output.
}

void loop() {
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); // Turn on the LED.
delay(1000); // Wait 1 second (1000 milliseconds).
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); // Turn off the LED.
delay(1000); // Wait 1 second.
}

Libraries

The open-source nature of the Arduino

project has facilitated the publication of
many free software libraries that other
developers use to augment their projects.

Applications
Arduboy, a handheld game console
based on Arduino
Arduino Motion Control Rig[66]
Arduinome, a MIDI controller device that
mimics the Monome
ArduinoPhone, a do-it-yourself
cellphone[67][68]
Ardupilot, drone software and hardware
ArduSat, a cubesat based on Arduino.
Automatic titration system based on
Arduino and stepper motor[69]
C-STEM Studio, a platform for hands-on
integrated learning of computing,
science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics (C-STEM) with robotics.
DC motor control using Arduino and H-
Bridge[70]
Data loggers for scientific
research[71][72][73][74]
Gameduino, an Arduino shield to create
retro 2D video games[75]
Homemade CNC using Arduino and DC
motors with close loop control by
Homofaciens[76]
 Impedance sensor system to detect
bovine milk adulteration[77]
Low cost data glove for virtual reality
applications[78]
OBDuino, a trip computer that uses the
on-board diagnostics interface found in
most modern cars
Water quality testing platform[79]
Xoscillo, an open-source oscilloscope[80]

Recognitions
The Arduino project received an honorary
mention in the Digital Communities
category at the 2006 Prix Ars
Electronica.[81]
See also
Comparison of single-board computers
List of Arduino boards and compatible
systems
List of open-source hardware projects

Notes
a. Diecimila means "ten thousands" in
Italian
b. Duemilanove means "two thousands
nine" in Italian
c. Uno means "one" in Italian

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(CIVEMSA): 55–59.
doi:10.1109/CIVEMSA.2013.6617395 .
79. Bas Wijnen, G. C. Anzalone and Joshua
M. Pearce, Open-source mobile water
quality testing platform., Journal of Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene for Development,
4(3) pp. 532–537 (2014).
doi:10.2166/washdev.2014.137 open
access
80. "xoscillo – A software oscilloscope that
acquires data using an arduino or a parallax
(more platforms to come). – Google Project
Hosting" . Code.google.com. Retrieved
2013-01-18.
81. "Ars Electronica Archiv" . Retrieved
2015-03-27.

Further reading
Getting Started with Arduino; Massimo
Banzi, Michael Shiloh; 262 pages; 2014;
ISBN 1-4493-6333-4.
Make: Sensors; Tero Karvinen, Kimmo
Karvinen, Ville Valtokari; 400 pages;
2014; ISBN 978-1-4493-6810-4.
Arduino For Dummies; John Nussey; 446
pages; 2013; ISBN 978-1118446379.
Programming Arduino Next Steps: Going
Further with Sketches; Simon Monk;
2013; ISBN 978-0071830256.
Exploring Arduino: Tools and Techniques
for Engineering Wizardry; Jeremy Blum;
384 pages; 2013; ISBN 978-
1118549360.
Arduino Workshop: A Hands-On
Introduction with 65 Projects; John
Boxall; 392 pages; 2013; ISBN 978-
1593274481.
Beginning C for Arduino: Learn C
Programming for the Arduino and
Compatible Microcontrollers; Jack
Purdum; 280 pages; 2012; ISBN 978-
1430247760.
Programming Arduino: Getting Started
With Sketches; Monk Simon; 162 pages;
 2011; ISBN 978-0071784221.
Arduino: A Quick Start Guide; Maik
Schmidt; Pragmatic Bookshelf; 276
pages; 2011; ISBN 978-1-934356-66-1.
Make: Electronics (Learning by
Discovery); Charles Platt; 352 pages;
2009; ISBN 978-0596153748.

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Arduino.

Official website
Evolution tree for Arduino
Arduino Cheat Sheet
Arduino Dimensions and Hole Patterns
Arduino Board Pinout Diagrams: Due ,
Esplora , Ethernet , Fio , Leonardo ,
LilyPad , Mega , Micro , Mini , Nano ,
Pro , Pro Micro , Pro Mini , Uno , Yun
Software
Arduino IDE That works with all boards
and is cloud based.
Historical
Arduino - The Documentary (2010):
IMDb , Vimeo
Massimo Banzi interviews: Triangulation
110 , FLOSS 61
Untold History of Arduino - Hernando
Barragán
 Lawsuit documents from Arduino LLC
vs. Arduino S.R.L. et al - United States
Courts Archive

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