Microprocessor & Microcontroller Lab

LABORATORY MANUAL
PROGRAMME: B.Tech
SEMESTER /YEAR: 3rd year 5th Semester
SUBJECT CODE: CS592
SUBJECT NAME: Microprocessor & Microcontroller Lab
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

&
ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
& MANAGEMENT
Sector-V, Salt Lake Electronics Complex
Kolkata - 700 091, West Bengal, India
Microprocessor & Microcontroller Lab Manual (CS592)
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR 8085 3
Aim 3
Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor 3
PIN Description 4
In Enter Program into Trainer Kit 7
How to Execute Program 7
Result 7
2 8085 INSTRUCTION SET 8
Implied Addressing 8
Register Addressing 8
Immediate Addressing 8
Direct Addressing 8
Register Indirect Addressing 8
Combined Addressing Modes 8
Timing Effects of Addressing Modes 9
Instruction Naming Conventions 9
Stack Control Instructions 11
The I/O instructions 11
Machine Control instructions 11
3 LIST OF INSTRUCTIONS (WITH OPCODE AND DESCRIPTION) OF 8085 12
MICROPROCESSOR
4 LIST OF EXEPRIMENTS 15
Addition of Two 8-Bit Numbers 15
Subtraction of Two 8 Bit Numbers 17
Addition of Two 16 Bit Numbers 19
Subtraction of Two 16 Bit Numbers 21
Multiplication of Two 8 Bit Numbers 23
Division of Two 8 Bit Numbers 25
Ascending Order 28
Largest in Array 30
Fibonacci Series 32
Sum of Series of Data 34
Factorial of 8 Bit Number Using Subroutine 37
1’s Complement of An 8 Bit Number 40
2’s Complement of An 8 Bit Number 41
Block Transfer Program 43
Sum of Two BCD Numbers 45
2
INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR 8085

 Aim
To study the microprocessor 8085
 Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor
a) General purpose registers
It is an 8 bit register i.e. B, C, D, E, H, and L. The combination of 8 bit register is known as
register pair, which can hold 16 bit data. The HL pair is used to act as memory pointer is
accessible to program.
b) Accumulator
It is an 8 bit register which hold one of the data to be processed by ALU and stored the result
of the operation.
c) Program counter (PC)
It is a 16 bit pointer which maintains the address of a byte entered to line stack.
d) Stack pointer (SP)
It is a 16 bit special purpose register which is used to hold line memory address for line next
instruction to be executed.
e) Arithmetic and logical unit
It carries out arithmetic and logical operation by 8 bit address it uses the accumulator content
as input the ALU result is stored back into accumulator.
f) Temporary register
It is an 8 bit register associated with ALU hold data, entering an operation, used by the
microprocessor and not accessible to programs.
g) Flags
Flag register is a group of fire, individual flip flops line content of line flag register will
change after execution of arithmetic and logic operation. The line states flags are
i) Carry flag (C)
ii) Parity flag (P)
iii) Zero flag (Z)
iv) Auxiliary carry flag (AC)
v) Sign flag (S)
h) Timing and control unit
Synchronous all microprocessor, operation with the clock and generator and control signal
from it necessary to communicate between controller and peripherals.
3
i) Instruction register and decoder

Instruction is fetched from line memory and stored in line instruction register decoder the
stored information.
j) Register Array
These are used to store 8 bit data during execution of some instruction.
 PIN Description
a) Address Bus
1. The pins Ao – A15 denote the address bus.
2. They are used for most significant bit.
b) Address / Data Bus
1. AD0 – AD7 constitutes the address / Data bus.
2. These pins are used for least significant bit.
c) ALE: (Address Latch Enable)
The signal goes high during the first clock cycle and enables the lower order address bits.
4
d) IO / M
1. This distinguishes whether the address is for memory or input.
2. When these pins go high, the address is for an I/O device.
e) S0 – S1
S0 and S1 are status signal which provides different status and functions.
f) RD
1. This is an active low signal.
2. This signal is used to control READ operation of the microprocessor.
g) WR
1. WR is also an active low signal.
2. Controls the write operation of the microprocessor.
h) HOLD
1. This indicates if any other device is requesting the use of address and data bus.
i) HLDA
1. HLDA is the acknowledgement signal for HOLD.
2. It indicates whether the hold signal is received or not.
j) INTR
1. INTE is an interrupt request signal.
2. IT can be enabled or disabled by using software.
k) INTA
1. Whenever the microprocessor receives interrupt signal
2. It has to be acknowledged.
l) RST 5.5, 6.5, 7.5
1. These are nothing but the restart interrupts.
2. They insert an internal restart junction automatically.
m) TRAP
1. Trap is the only non-maskable interrupt.
2. It cannot be enabled (or) disabled using program.
n) RESET IN
1. This pin resets the program counter to 0 to 1 and results interrupt enable and HLDA flip
flops.
o) X1, X2
These are the terminals which are connected to external oscillator to produce the necessary
and suitable clock operation.
5
p) SID
This pin provides serial input data
q) SOD
This pin provides serial output data
r) VCC and VSS
1. VCC is +5V supply pin
2. VSS is ground pin
s) Specifications
1. Processors
Intel 8085 at E144 MHz clock
2. Memory
Monitor RAM: 0000 – IFFF
EPROM Expansion: 2000 – 3FFF’s
0000 – FFF
System RAM: 4000 – 5FFF
Monitor data area 4100 – 5FFF
RAM Expansion 6000 – BFFF
3. Input / Output
Parallel: A8 TTL input timer with 2 number of 32-55 only input timer available in
4. Serial: Only one number RS 232-C, Compatible, crucial interface using 8281A
5. Timer: 3 channels-16 bit programmable units, using 8253 channel ‘0’ used for no band
late.
6. Clock generator: Channel ‘1’ is used for single stopping used program.
7. Display: 6 digits – 7 segments LED display with filter 4 digit for adder display and 2
digits for data display.
8. Key board: 21 keys, soft keyboard including common keys and hexa decimal keys.
RES: Reset keys allow terminating present activity and retaining to its on initialize state.
INT: Maskable interrupt connect to CPU’s RST 7.5 interrupt.
DEC: Decrement the adder by 1.
EXEC: Execute line particular value after selecting address through go command.
NEXT: Increment the address by 1 and then display its content.
9. System Power Consumption
Micro BSEB2 MICRO SSEB
+5V @ 1Amp +5V@ 800 mA
+12V @ 200 mA
- 12V @ 100 mA EE0310-Microprocessor & Microcontroller Lab
6
10. Power Supply Specification

MICRO SSEM
230V, AC @ 80 Hz
+5V @ 600 mA
 In Enter Program into Trainer Kit
1. Press ‘RESET’ key
2. Sub (key processor represent address field)
3. Enter the address (16 bit) and digit in hex
4. Press ‘NEXT’ key
5. Enter the data
6. Again press “NEXT”
7. Again after taking the program, are use HLT instructions its Hex code
8. Press “NE
 How to Execute Program
1. Press “RESET”
2. Press “GO”
3. Enter the address location in which line program was executed
4. Press “Execute” key
 Result
Thus 8085 microprocessor was studied successfully.
7
8085 INSTRUCTION SET

Instructions can be categorized according to their method of addressing the hardware registers
and/or memory.
 Implied Addressing
The addressing mode of certain instructions is implied by the instruction’s function. For
example, the STC (set carry flag) instruction deals only with the carry flag, the DAA (decimal
adjust accumulator) instruction deals with the accumulator.
 Register Addressing
Quite a large set of instructions are call for register addressing. With these instructions, you must
specify one of the registers A through E, H or L as well as the operation code. With these
instructions, the accumulator is implied as a second operand. For example, the instruction CMP
E may be interpreted as 'compare the contents of the E register with the contents of the
accumulator.
 Immediate Addressing
Instructions that use immediate addressing have data assembled as a part of the instruction itself.
For example, the instruction CPI 'C' may be interpreted as ‘compare the contents of the
accumulator with the letter C. When assembled, this instruction has the hexadecimal value FE43.
Hexadecimal 43 is the internal representation for the letter C. When this instruction is executed,
the processor fetches the first instruction byte and determines that it must fetch one more byte.
The processor fetches the next byte into one of its internal registers and then performs the
compare operation.
 Direct Addressing
Jump instructions include a 16-bit address as part of the instruction. For example, the instruction
JMP 1000H causes a jump to the hexadecimal address 1000 by replacing the current contents of
the program counter with the new value 1000H.Instructions that include a direct address require
three bytes of storage: one for the instruction code, and two for the 16-bit address.
 Register Indirect Addressing
Register indirect instructions reference memory via a register pair. Thus, the instruction MOV M,
C moves the contents of the C register into the memory address stored in the H and L register
pair. The instruction LDAX B loads the accumulator with the byte of data specified by the
address in the B and C register pair.
 Combined Addressing Modes
Some instructions use a combination of addressing modes. A CALL instruction, for example,
combines direct addressing and registers indirect addressing. The direct address in a CALL
instruction specifies the address of the desired subroutine; the register indirect address is the
stack pointer. The CALL instruction pushes the current contents of the program counter into the
memory location specified by the stack pointer.
8
 Timing Effects of Addressing Modes

Addressing modes affect both the amount of time required for executing an instruction and the
amount of memory required for its storage. For example, instructions that use implied or register
addressing, execute very quickly since they deal directly with the processor’s hardware or with
data already present in hardware registers. Most important, however is that the entire instruction
can be fetched with a single memory access. The number of memory accesses required is the
single greatest factor in determining execution timing. More memory accesses therefore require
more execution time. A CALL instruction for example, requires five memory accesses: three to
access the entire instruction and two more to push the contents of the program counter onto the
stack.
 Instruction Naming Conventions
The mnemonics assigned to the instructions are designed to indicate the function of the
instruction. The instructions fall into the following functional categories:
 Data Transfer Group
The data transfer instructions move data between registers or between memory and registers.
MOV Move
MVI Move Immediate
LDA Load Accumulator Directly from Memory
STA Store Accumulator Directly in Memory
LHLD Load H & L Registers Directly from Memory
SHLD Store H & L Registers Directly in Memory
An 'X' in the name of a data transfer instruction implies that it deals with a register pair(16- bits).
LXI Load Register Pair with Immediate data
LDAX Load Accumulator from Address in Register Pair
STAX Store Accumulator in Address in Register Pair
XCHG Exchange H & L with D & E
XTHL Exchange Top of Stack with H & L
 Arithmetic Group
The arithmetic instructions add, subtract, increment, or decrement data in registers or memory.
ADD Add to Accumulator
ADI Add Immediate Data to Accumulator
ADC Add to Accumulator Using Carry Flag
ACI Add Immediate data to Accumulator Using Carry
SUB Subtract from Accumulator
SUI Subtract Immediate Data from Accumulator
SBB Subtract from Accumulator Using Borrow (Carry) Flag
SBI Subtract Immediate from Accumulator Using Borrow (Carry) Flag
INR Increment Specified Byte by One
9
DCR Decrement Specified Byte by One

INX Increment Register Pair by One
DCX Decrement Register Pair by One
DAD Double Register Add; Add Content of Register Pair to H & L Register Pair
 Logical Group
This group performs logical (Boolean) operations on data in registers and memory and on
condition flags.
The logical AND, OR, and Exclusive OR instructions enable you to set specific bits in the
accumulator ON or OFF.
ANA Logical AND with Accumulator
ANI Logical AND with Accumulator Using Immediate Data
ORA Logical OR with Accumulator
ORI Logical OR with Accumulator Using Immediate Data
XRA Exclusive Logical OR with Accumulator
XRI Exclusive OR Using Immediate Data
The Compare instructions compare the content of an 8-bit value with the contents of the
accumulator.
CMP Compare
CPI Compare Using Immediate Data
The rotate instructions shift the contents of the accumulator one bit position to the left or right.
RLC Rotate Accumulator Left
RRC Rotate Accumulator Right
RAL Rotate Left Through Carry
RAR Rotate Right Through Carry
Complement and carry flag instructions:
CMA Complement Accumulator
CMC Complement Carry Flag
STC Set Carry Flag
 Branch Group
The branching instructions alter normal sequential program flow, either unconditionally or
conditionally. The unconditional branching instructions are as follows:
JMP Jump
CALL Call
RET Return
Conditional branching instructions examine the status of one of four condition flags to determine
whether the specified branch is to be executed. The conditions that may be specified are as
follows:
10
NZ Not Zero (Z = 0)
Z Zero (Z = 1)
NC No Carry (C = 0)
C Carry (C = 1)
PO Parity Odd (P = 0)
PE Parity Even (P = 1)
P Plus (S = 0)
M Minus (S = 1)
Thus, the conditional branching instructions are specified as follows:
Jumps Calls Returns
JC CC RC (Carry)
JNC CNC RNC (No Carry)
JZ CZ RZ (Zero)
JNZ CNZ RNZ (Not Zero)
JP CP RP (Plus)
JM CM RM (Minus)
JPE CPE RPE (Parity Even)
JP0 CPO RPO (Parity Odd)
Two other instructions can affect a branch by replacing the contents or the program counter:
PCHL Move H & L to Program Counter
RST Special Restart Instruction Used with Interrupts
 Stack Control Instructions
The following instructions affect the Stack and/or Stack Pointer:
PUSH Push Two bytes of Data onto the Stack
POP Pop Two Bytes of Data off the Stack
XTHL Exchange Top of Stack with H & L
SPHL Move content of H & L to Stack Pointer
 The I/O instructions
IN Initiate Input Operation
OUT Initiate Output Operation
 Machine Control instructions
EI Enable Interrupt System
DI Disable Interrupt System
HLT Halt
NOP No Operation
11
LIST OF INSTRUCTIONS (WITH OPCODE AND DESCRIPTION) OF 8085

MICROPROCESSOR
----------------------------------------------------------------
|Mnemonic |Op| Description | Notes |
|---------+--+-----------------------------------+-------------|
|ACI n |CE| Add with Carry Immediate |A=A+n+CY |
|ADC r |8F| Add with Carry |A=A+r+CY(21X)|
|ADC M |8E| Add with Carry to Memory |A=A+[HL]+CY |
|ADD r |87| Add |A=A+r (20X) |
|ADD M |86| Add to Memory |A=A+[HL] |
|ADI n |C6| Add Immediate |A=A+n |
|ANA r |A7| AND Accumulator |A=A&r (24X) |
|ANA M |A6| AND Accumulator and Memory |A=A&[HL] |
|ANI n |E6| AND Immediate |A=A&n |
|CALL a |CD| Call unconditional |-[SP]=PC,PC=a|
|CMA |2F| Complement Accumulator |A=~A |
|CMC |3F| Complement Carry |CY=~CY |
|CMP r |BF| Compare |A-r (27X) |
|CMP M |BF| Compare with Memory |A-[HL] |
|CNC a |D4| Call on No Carry |If CY=0(18~s)|
|CNZ a |C4| Call on No Zero |If Z=0 (18~s)|
|CP a |F4| Call on Plus |If S=0 (18~s)|
|CPE a |EC| Call on Parity Even |If P=1 (18~s)|
|CPI n |FE| Compare Immediate |A-n |
|CPO a |E4| Call on Parity Odd |If P=0 (18~s)|
|CZ a |CC| Call on Zero |If Z=1 (18~s)|
|DAA |27| Decimal Adjust Accumulator |A=BCD format |
|DAD B |09| Double Add BC to HL |HL=HL+BC |
|DAD D |19| Double Add DE to HL |HL=HL+DE |
|DAD H |29| Double Add HL to HL |HL=HL+HL |
|DAD SP |39| Double Add SP to HL |HL=HL+SP |
|DCR r |3D| Decrement |r=r-1 (0X5) |
|DCR M |35| Decrement Memory |[HL]=[HL]-1 |
|DCX B |0B| Decrement BC |BC=BC-1 |
|DCX D |1B| Decrement DE |DE=DE-1 |
|DCX H |2B| Decrement HL |HL=HL-1 |
|DCX SP |3B| Decrement Stack Pointer |SP=SP-1 |
|DI |F3| Disable Interrupts | |
|EI |FB| Enable Interrupts | |
|HLT |76| Halt | |
|IN p |DB| Input |A=[p] |
|INR r |3C| Increment |r=r+1 (0X4) |
|INR M |3C| Increment Memory |[HL]=[HL]+1 |
|INX B |03| Increment BC |BC=BC+1 |
|INX D |13| Increment DE |DE=DE+1 |
|INX H |23| Increment HL |HL=HL+1 |
|INX SP |33| Increment Stack Pointer |SP=SP+1 |
|JMP a |C3| Jump unconditional |PC=a |
|JC a |DA| Jump on Carry |If CY=1(10~s)|
|JM a |FA| Jump on Minus |If S=1 (10~s)|
|JNC a |D2| Jump on No Carry |If CY=0(10~s)|
|JNZ a |C2| Jump on No Zero |If Z=0 (10~s)|
|JP a |F2| Jump on Plus |If S=0 (10~s)|
|JPE a |EA| Jump on Parity Even |If P=1 (10~s)|
|JPO a |E2| Jump on Parity Odd |If P=0 (10~s)|
|JZ a |CA| Jump on Zero |If Z=1 (10~s)|
12
|LDA a |3A| Load Accumulator direct |A=[a] |

|LDAX B |0A| Load Accumulator indirect |A=[BC] |
|LDAX D |1A| Load Accumulator indirect |A=[DE] |
|LHLD a |2A| Load HL Direct |HL=[a] |
|LXI B,nn |01| Load Immediate BC |BC=nn |
|LXI D,nn |11| Load Immediate DE |DE=nn |
|LXI H,nn |21| Load Immediate HL |HL=nn |
|LXI SP,nn|31| Load Immediate Stack Ptr |SP=nn |
|MOV r1,r2|7F| Move register to register |r1=r2 (1XX) |
|MOV M,r |77| Move register to Memory |[HL]=r (16X) |
|MOV r,M |7E| Move Memory to register |r=[HL] (1X6) |
|MVI r,n |3E| Move Immediate |r=n (0X6) |
|MVI M,n |36| Move Immediate to Memory |[HL]=n |
|NOP |00| No Operation | |
|ORA r |B7| Inclusive OR Accumulator |A=Avr (26X) |
|ORA M |B6| Inclusive OR Accumulator |A=Av[HL] |
|ORI n |F6| Inclusive OR Immediate |A=Avn |
|OUT p |D3| Output |[p]=A |
|PCHL |E9| Jump HL indirect |PC=[HL] |
|POP B |C1| Pop BC |BC=[SP]+ |
|POP D |D1| Pop DE |DE=[SP]+ |
|POP H |E1| Pop HL |HL=[SP]+ |
|POP PSW |F1| Pop Processor Status Word |{PSW,A}=[SP]+|
|PUSH B |C5| Push BC |-[SP]=BC |
|PUSH D |D5| Push DE |-[SP]=DE |
|PUSH H |E5| Push HL |-[SP]=HL |
|PUSH PSW |F5| Push Processor Status Word |-[SP]={PSW,A}|
|RAL |17| Rotate Accumulator Left |A={CY,A}<- |
|RAR |1F| Rotate Accumulator Right |A=->{CY,A} |
|RET |C9| Return |PC=[SP]+ |
|RC |D8| Return on Carry |If CY=1(12~s)|
|RIM |20| Read Interrupt Mask |A=mask |
|RM |F8| Return on Minus |If S=1 (12~s)|
|RNC |D0| Return on No Carry |If CY=0(12~s)|
|RNZ |C0| Return on No Zero |If Z=0 (12~s)|
|RP |F0| Return on Plus |If S=0 (12~s)|
|RPE |E8| Return on Parity Even |If P=1 (12~s)|
|RPO |E0| Return on Parity Odd |If P=0 (12~s)|
|RZ |C8| Return on Zero |If Z=1 (12~s)|
|RLC |07| Rotate Left Circular |A=A<- |
|RRC |0F| Rotate Right Circular |A=->A |
|RST z |C7| Restart (3X7) |-[SP]=PC,PC=z|
|SBB r |9F| Subtract with Borrow |A=A-r-CY |
|SBB M |9E| Subtract with Borrow |A=A-[HL]-CY |
|SBI n |DE| Subtract with Borrow Immediately |A=A-n-CY |
|SHLD a |22| Store HL Direct |[a]=HL |
|SIM |30| Set Interrupt Mask |mask=A |
|SPHL |F9| Move HL to SP |SP=HL |
|STA a |32| Store Accumulator |[a]=A |
|STAX B |02| Store Accumulator indirect |[BC]=A |
|STAX D |12| Store Accumulator indirect |[DE]=A |
|STC |37| Set Carry |CY=1 |
|SUB r |97| Subtract |A=A-r(22X) |
|SUB M |96| Subtract Memory |A=A-[HL] |
|SUI n |D6| Subtract Immediate |A=A-n |
|XCHG |EB| Exchange HL with DE |HL<->DE |
|XRA r |AF| Exclusive OR Accumulator |A=Axr(25X)|
13
|XRA M |AE| Exclusive OR Accumulator |A=Ax[HL] |

|XRI n |EE| Exclusive OR Immediate |A=Axn |
|XTHL |E3| Exchange stack Top with HL |[SP]<->HL |
|---------------------+--------------------------------------|
| A B C D E H L |Registers (8-bit) |
| BC DE HL |Register pairs (16-bit) |
| PC |Program Counter register (16-bit) |
| PSW |Processor Status Word (8-bit) |
| SP |Stack Pointer register (16-bit) |
|---------------------+--------------------------------------|
| a nn |16-bit address/data (0 to 65535) |
| n p |8-bit data/port (0 to 255) |
| r |Register (X=B,C,D,E,H,L,M,A) |
| z |Vector (X=0H,8H,10H,18H,20H,28H,30H,38H) |
|---------------------+--------------------------------------|
| + - |Arithmetic addition/subtraction |
| & ~ |Logical AND/NOT |
| v x |Logical inclusive/exclusive OR |
| <- -> |Rotate left/right |
| <-> |Exchange |
| [ ] |Indirect addressing |
| [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect address auto-inc/decrement |
| { } |Combination operands |
| (X) |Octal op code where X is a 3-bit code |
| If (~s) |Number of cycles if condition true |
14
LIST OF EXEPRIMENTS
ADDITION OF TWO 8-BIT NUMBERS
Aim: Write 8085 assembly language program for addition of two 8-bit numbers.
Instruments Required: 1. 8085 Microprocessor Kit

2. +5V Power supply
Theory : Consider the first number 42H is stored in memory location 8000H and the second
number 35H is stored in memory location 8001H. The result after addition of two numbers is to
be stored in the memory location 8002 H. Assume program starts from memory location 8500H.
Algorithm
1. Initialize the memory location of first number in HL register pair
2. Move first number/data into accumulator
3. Increment the content of HL register pair to initialize the memory location of second data
4. Add the second data with accumulator
5. Store the result in memory location 8003H
Program
Memory
Machine Codes Mnemonics Comments
address
8500 21 LXI H, 8000 H Address of first number in H-L
8501 00 register pair.
8502 80
8503 7E MOV A,M Transfer first number in accumulator.
8504 23 INX H Increment content of H-L register pair
8505 66 ADD M Add first number and second number
8506 32 STA 8003H Store sum in 8003 H
8507 03
8508 80
8509 76 HLT Halt
Experimental Results
Input Data Result

Memory location Data Memory location Data
8000 42H 8003 77H
8001 35H
15
Calculation
Data 1: 42 - 0100 0010
Data 2: 35 - 0011 0101
Sum: 77 – 01110111
Carry: 00
Conclusion
The addition of two 8-bit numbers is performed using 8085 microprocessor where sum is 8-bit.
Precautions
1. Properly connect the 8085 microprocessor kit with power supply terminals.
2. Switch on the power supply after checking connections.
3. Handle the Trainer kit carefully.
Viva-Voice Questions
1. What is the function of LXI H, 8000 H instruction?
2. How you can store a data in a memory location?
3. How you can read a data from a memory location?
4. What are flags available in 8085?
5. What is the function of RESET key of an 8085 microprocessor kit?
16
SUBTRACTION OF TWO 8 BIT NUMBERS

Aim: Write 8085 assembly language program for subtraction of two 8-bit numbers.

2. +5V Power supply
Theory : Consider the first number 55H is stored in memory location 8000H and the second
number 32H is stored in memory location 8001H. The result after subtraction of two numbers is
to be stored in the memory location 8002H. Assume program starts from memory location
8500H.
Algorithm
1. Initialize the memory location of first number in HL register pair
2. Move first number/data into accumulator
3. Increment the content of HL register pair to initialize the memory location of second data
4. Subtract the second data with accumulator
Program
Memory
address
8500 21 LXI H, 8000 H Address of first number in H-L register
8501 00 pair.
8502 80
8503 7E MOV A,M Transfer first number in accumulator.
8504 23 INX H Increment content of H-L register pair
8505 66 SUB M Subtract first number and second number
Memory
address
8506 32 STA 8003H Store sum in 8003 H
8507 03
8508 80
8509 76 HLT Halt
Input Data Result
Memory location Data Memory location Data
8000 55H 8003 23H
8001 32H
17
Calculation
Data 1: 55 -0101 0101
Data 2: 32 -0011 0010
Difference: 23 -0010 0011
Borrow: 00
Conclusion
Subtraction of two 8-bit numbers is performed using 8085 microprocessor where sum is 8-bit.
Precautions
1. What is the function of LXI H, 8000 H instruction?
5. What is the function of RESET key of an 8085 microprocessor kit?
18
ADDITION OF TWO 16 BIT NUMBERS

Aim: To write an assembly language program for adding two 16 bit numbers using 8085 micro
processor kit.
Instruments required: 1. 8085 Microprocessor Kit

2. +5V Power supply
Theory: Consider the first number 4283H is stored in memory location 8000H and 8001H; the
second number 2931H is stored in memory location 8002H and 8003H. The result after addition
of two numbers is to be stored in the memory location 8004H and 8005H. Assume program starts
from memory location 8500H.
Algorithm
1. Start the microprocessor
2. Get the 1st 8 bit in ‘C’ register (LSB) and 2nd 8 bit in ‘H’ register (MSB) of 16 bit number.
3. Save the 1st 16 bit in ‘DE’ register pair
4. Similarly get the 2nd 16 bit number and store it in ‘HL’ register pair.
5. Get the lower byte of 1st number into ‘L’ register
6. Add it with lower byte of 2nd number
7. Store the result in ‘L’ register
8. Get the higher byte of 1st number into accumulator
9. Add it with higher byte of 2nd number and carry of the lower bit addition.
10. Store the result in ‘H’ register
11. Store 16 bit addition value in ‘HL’ register pair
12. Stop program execution
Program
Memory
Label Mnemonics Hex Code Comments
address
8500 MVI C,00 0E C = 00H
8501 00
8502 LHLD 8000 2A HL – 1st No.
8503 00
8504 80
8505 XCHG EB HL – DE
8506 LHLD 8002 2A HL – 2nd No.
8507 02
8508 80
8509 DAD D 19 Double addition DE + HL
850A JNC Ahead D2 If Cy = 0, G0 to 850E
850B 0E
19
Memory
address
850C 85
850D INR C 0C C = C + 01
850E AHEAD SHLD 8004 22 HL –8004 (sum)
850F 04
8510 80
8511 MOV C,A 79 Cy – A
8512 STA 8006 32 Cy – 8006
8513 06
8514 80
8515 HLT 76 Stop execution
Input Data Result

Memory location Value Memory location Value
8000 83 (addend) 8004 B4 (sum)
8001 42 (addend) 8005 6B (sum)
8002 31 (augend)
8006 00 (carry)
8003 29 (augend)
Calculation
Lower Byte of Data1: (83)16 1000 0011 Higher Byte of Data1: (42)16 0100 0010
Lower Byte of Data2: (31)16 0011 0001 Higher Byte of Data2: (29)16 0010 1001
Lower Byte of Sum: (B4)16 1011 0100 Higher Byte of Sum: (6B)16 0110 1011
Carry: 00
Conclusion
Addition of two 16-bit numbers is performed using 8085 microprocessor where sum is 16-bit.
Precautions
1. What is the function of XCHG instruction?
5. What is the function of DAD, LHLD and SHLD instructions of 8085 microprocessor?
20
SUBTRACTION OF TWO 16 BIT NUMBERS

Aim: To write an assembly language program for subtracting two 16 bit numbers using 8085
microprocessor kit.
2. +5V Power supply
Theory: Consider the first number 4398H is stored in memory location 8000H and 8001H; the
second number 4621H is stored in memory location 8002H and 8003H. The result after
subtraction of two numbers is to be stored in the memory location 8004H and 8005H. Assume
program starts from memory location 8500H.
Algorithm
2. Get the 1st 16 bit in ‘HL’ register pair
3. Save the 1st 16 bit in ‘DE’ register pair
4. Get the 2nd 16 bit number in ‘HL’ register pair
5. Get the lower byte of 1st number
6. Get the subtracted value of 2nd number of lower byte by subtracting it with lower byte of
1st number
7. Store the result in ‘L’ register
8. Get the higher byte of 2nd number
9. Subtract the higher byte of 1st number from 2nd number with borrow
10. Store the result in ‘HL’ register
11. Stop the program execution
Program
Memory address Label Mnemonics Hex Code Comments
8500 MVI C,00 0E C = 00H
8501 00
8502 LHLD 8000 2A L – 1st No.
8503 00
8504 80
8505 XLHG EB HL – DE
8506 LHLD 8002 2A HL – 2nd No.
8507 02
8508 80
8509 MOV A,E 7B LSB of ‘1’ to ‘A’
850A SUB L 95 A–A–L
850B STA 8004 32 A – memory
850C 04
850D 80
850E MOV A,D 7A MSB of 1 to A
850F SBB H 9C A- A – H
21

8510 STA 8005 32 A – memory
8511 05
8512 80
Input Data Result
8000 98 8004 22
8001 43 8005 55
8002 21
8006 00 (Borrow)
8003 46
Calculation
Lower Byte of Data 1: 43 0100 0011
Lower Byte of Data 2: 21 0010 0001
Lower Byte of Difference: 22 00100010
Higher Byte of Data1: 98 1001 1000
Higher Byte of Data 2: 46 0100 0110
Higher Byte of Difference: 55 01010101
Borrow: 00
Conclusion
The subtraction of two 16-bit numbers is performed using 8085 microprocessor where result is
16-bit.
Precautions
1. What is the function of XLHG instruction?
5. What is the function of SBB, LHLD instructions of 8085 microprocessor?
22
MULTIPLICATION OF TWO 8 BIT NUMBERS

Aim: To write an assembly language for multiplying two 8 bit numbers by using 8085 micro
processor kit.
2. +5V Power supply
Theory: Consider the first number 03H is stored in accumulator directly; the second number
05H is stored in memory location 8001H. The result after multiplication of two numbers is to be
stored in the memory location 8001H and 8002H. Assume program starts from memory location
8500H.
Algorithm
2. Get the 1st 8 bit numbers
3. Move the 1st 8it number to a register
4. Get the 2nd 8 bit number
5. Move the 2nd 8 bit number to another register
6. Initialize the accumulator as zero
7. Initialize the carry as zero
8. Add both register value as accumulator
9. Jump on if no carry
10. Increment carries by 1 if there is
11. Decrement the 2nd value and repeat from step 8, till the 2nd value becomes zero.
12. Store the multiplied value in accumulator
13. Move the carry value to accumulator
14. Store the carry value in accumulator
Program

8500 MVI A, 03 3E
A = 00H
8501 03
8502 MOV E,A 5F E = A.
8503 MVI D, 00 16 Get the first number in
8504 00 DE register pair
8505 LDA 8000 3A
Store the content of
8506 00
memory location into A
8507 80
8508 MOV C,A 4F Initialize counter
8509 LXI H, 0000 21
850A 00 Result = 0
850B 00
850C BACK DAD D 19 Result = Result + first
number
23

850D DCR C 0D Decrement counter
850E JNZ BACK C2
850F 0C If count 0 repeat
8510 85
8511 SHLD 8001 22
8512 01 Store result
8513 80
Input Data Result

8000 05 8001 0F
Accumulator 03 8002 00
Calculation
05 - 0000 0101
+ 05 -0000 0101
----- 0A - 0000 1010
+ 05 -0000 0101
= 0F - 0000 1111
Conclusion
The multiplication of two 8-bit numbers is performed using 8085 microprocessor where result is
16-bit.
Precautions
1. What is the function of DAD instruction?
5. What is the function of SHLD instruction of 8085 microprocessor?
24
DIVISION OF TWO 8 BIT NUMBERS
Aim: To write an assembly language program for dividing two 8 bit numbers using
microprocessor kit.

2. +5V Power supply
Theory: Consider the first number 09H is stored in memory location 8000H AND the second
number 02H is stored in memory location 8001H. The result after division of two numbers is to
be stored in the memory location 8002H (quotient) and 8003H (remainder). Assume program
starts from memory location 8500H.
Algorithm
2. Initialize the Quotient as zero
3. Load the 1st 8 bit data
4. Copy the contents of accumulator into register ‘B’
5. Load the 2nd 8 bit data
6. Compare both the values
7. Jump if divisor is greater than dividend
8. Subtract the dividend value by divisor value
9. Increment Quotient
10. Jump to step 7, till the dividend becomes zero
11. Store the result (Quotient) value in accumulator
12. Move the remainder value to accumulator
13. Store the result in accumulator
Program
Memory
address
8500 MVI C, 00 0E Initialize Quotient as
8501 00 zero
8502 LDA 8000 3A
Get the first number in
8503 00
Accumulator
8504 80
8505 MOV B,A 47 Copy the 1st data into
register B
25
Memory
address
8506 LDA 8001 3A Get the second number
8507 01 in Accumulator
8508 80
8509 CMP B B8 Compare the 2 values
850A JC LOO DA
P1 Jump if dividend lesser
850B 12 than divisor
850C 85
850D LOOP2 SUB B 90 Subtract the 1st value
by 2nd value
850E INR C 0C Increment Quotient

850F JMP C3 Jump to Loop 1 till the
8510 0D value of dividend
8511 85 becomes zero
8512 LOOP1 STA 8002 32

8513 02 Store result
8514 80
8515 MOV A,C 79 Move the value of
remainder to
accumulator
8516 STA 8003 32 Store the remainder

8517 03 value in accumulator
8518 80
8519 HLT Stop execution
Input Data Result
8000 09 8002 04 (quotient)
8001 02 8003 01 (reminder)
Calculation
1001
0010 – I
------
0111
0010 – II
------
0101
0010 – III
26
------
0011
0010 – IV
------
0001 – carry
Quotient - 04
Carry - 01
Conclusion
The division of two 8-bit numbers is performed using 8085 microprocessor where result is 8 bit
number quotient and 8 bit number remainder.
Precautions
1. What is the function of CMP instruction?
5. What is the function of JMP and JC instructions of 8085 microprocessor?
27
ASCENDING ORDER
Aim: To write a program to sort given ‘n’ numbers in ascending order

2. +5V Power supply
Theory: A series of five words 04, AB, BC, 01,0A in memory locations from 8000 to 8004 and
number of words is stored in memory location 17B3:0300. Arrange the above words in
Descending Order.
Algorithm

2. Accumulator is loaded with number of values to sorted and it is saved
3. Decrement 8 register (N-1) Repetitions)
4. Set ‘HL’ register pair as data array
5. Set ‘C’ register as counter for (N-1) repetitions
6. Load a data of the array in accumulator
7. Compare the data pointed in ‘HL’ pair
8. If the value of accumulator is smaller than memory, then jump to step 10.
9. Otherwise exchange the contents of ‘HL’ pair and accumulator
10. Decrement ‘C’ register, if the of ‘C’ is not zero go to step 6
11. Decrement ‘B’ register, if value of ‘B’ is not zero, go step 3
Program
Memory
address
8500 LDA 8000 3A
8501 00 Load the number of values
8502 80
8503 MOV B,A 47 Move it ‘B’ register
8504 DCR B 05 For (N-1) comparisons
8505 Loop 3 LXI H, 8000 21
8506 00 Set the pointer for array
8507 80
8508 MOV C,M 4E Count for (N-1) comparisons
8509 DCR C 0D For (N-1) comparisons
850A INX H 23 Increment pointer
850B Loop 2 MOV A,M 7E Get one data in array ‘A’
850C INX H 23 Increment pointer
850D CMP M BE Compare next with accumulator
28
Memory
address
850E JC Loop1 DA
850F 16 If content less memory go ahead
8510 85
8511 MOV D,M 56 If it is greater than interchange it
8512 MOV M,A 77 Memory content
8513 DCX H 2B Exchange the content of memory
pointed by ‘HL’ by previous location
8514 MOV M,D 72 One in by ‘HL’ and previous location
8515 INX H 23 Increment pointer
8516 Loop 1 DCR C 0D Decrement ‘C’ register
8517 JNZ Loop 1 C2
8518 0B Repeat until ‘C’ is zero
8519 85
851A DCR B 05 Decrement in ‘B’ values
851B JNZ Loop 2 C2
851C 05 Repeat till ‘B’ is zero
851D 80
851E HLT 76 Stop the program execution
Input Data Result

Input Address Value Output Address Value
8000 04 8000 04
8001 AB 8001 01
8002 BC 8002 0A
8003 01 8003 AB
8004 0A 8004 BC
Conclusion
The above assembly language program for sorting numbers in ascending order was executed by
microprocessor kit and this program is stored into memory 8500 to 851E.
Precautions
1. What do you mean by ascending order?
2. What is the function of CMP, LXI instructions?
3. How you can store the smallest number in memory?
29
LARGEST IN ARRAY
Aim: To find the largest element in an array of size ‘n’ using 8085 Microprocessor.

2. +5V Power supply
Theory: Find the largest number in a block of data. The length of the block is in memory
location 8000H and the block itself starts from memory location 8001H. Store the maximum
number in memory location 8050H. Assume that the numbers in the block are all 8 bit unsigned
binary numbers.
Algorithm
1. Initialize counter
2. Maximum = Minimum possible value = 0
3. Initialize pointer
4. Is number> maximum
5. Yes, replace maximum
6. Decrement counter by one
7. Go to step 4 until counter = 0
8. Store maximum number
9. Terminate program execution
Program
Memory
address
8500 LDA 8000 3A
8501 00 Load the number of values
8502 80
8503 MOV C,A 79 Initialize counter
8504 XRA A AF Clear Accumulator
8505 LXI H, 8001 21
8506 01 Set the pointer for array
8507 80
8508 BACK CMP M BD Is number> maximum
8509 JNC SKIP D2 No, jump to SKIP
850A 0D
850B 85
850C MOV A,M 7E replace maximum
850D SKIP INX H 23 Increment pointer
850E DCR C 0D Decrement counter by one
850F JNZ BACK C2
8510 08 Go to next iteration
8511 85
30
Memory
address
8512 STA 8050 32
8513 50 Store maximum number
8514 80
8515 HLT 76 Terminate program execution
Input Data Result

8000 04 8050 A9
8001 34
8002 A9
8003 78
8004 56
Conclusion
Program to find the smallest element in an array of size ‘n’ using 8085 Microprocessor has been
executed.
Precautions
1. What do you mean by XRA A?
2. What is the function of CMP, LXI, JNC, JNZ instructions?
3. How you can store the largest number in memory?
31
FIBONACCI SERIES
Aim: To write an assembly language program to display ‘n’ elements of the Fibonacci series
using 8085 Microprocessor.

2. +5V Power supply
Theory: Find the Fibonacci series, where the length of the series is in memory location 8000H
and the series itself starts from memory location 8001H.
Algorithm
2. Load the length of series in the accumulator and decrement it by 2
3. Move the value to register ‘D’
4. Load the starting value of data value address
5. Initialize the 1st number as 00
6. Move the pointer to 2nd data and initialize them as ‘01’
7. Move the pointer to next position for next data
8. Initialize B as ‘00’ and C as ‘01’ for calculations
9. Copy the contents of ‘B’ to accumulator
10. Add the content of ‘C’ register to accumulator
11. Move the content ‘C’ to ‘B’ and ‘A’ to C
12. Now store the result to memory pointed by ‘HL’ pair
13. Move the pointer to next pointer
14. Decrement 0 by 1 for counter
15. If ‘D’ is not zero, go to step 9
16. If ‘D’ is zero, end the program
Program
Memory
address
8500 LDA 8000 3A
8501 00 Store the length of series in ‘A’
8502 80
8503 SUI 02 D6
Decrement ‘A’ by 02
8504 02
8505 MOV D,A 57 Move ‘A’ to ‘D’ (counter)
8506 LXI H, 8001 21
8507 01 Load the starting address of array
8508 80
8509 MVI M,00 36
Initialize 8001 as ‘00’
850A 00
32
Memory
address
850B INX H 23 Increment pointer
850C MVI M, 01 36
Initialize 2nd as ‘01’
850D 01
850E INX H 23 Increment pointer
850F MVI B,00 06
Initialize ‘B’ as ‘00’
8510 00
8511 MVI, C, 01 0E
Initialize ‘C’ as ‘01’
8512 01
8513 Loop MOV A,B 78 Move B to A
8514 ADD C 81 Add ‘A’ and ‘C’
8515 MOV B,C 41 Move C to B
8516 MOV C,A 4F Move A to C
8517 MOV M,A 77 Move the result to memory
8518 INX H 23 Increment pointer
8519 DCR D 15 Decrement counter
851A JNZ Loop C2
851B 13 If D = 0, jump to loop
851C 80
851D HLT 76 Stop the program
Input Data Result
8000 05 8001 00
8002 01
8003 01
8004 02
8005 03
Conclusion
The assembly language for Fibonacci series was executed successfully using 8085
microprocessor kit.
Precautions
1. What do you mean by SUI?
2. What is the function of LXI, JNC, JNZ instructions?
3. How you can store the series in memory?
33
SUM OF SERIES OF DATA

Aim: To write an assembly language program to calculate the sum of data using 8085
microprocessor kit.

2. +5V Power supply
Theory: This program finds the sum of series of data stored from 8001H on wards, where length
of series is stored in memory location 8000H. The sum is stored in memory location 8050H and
carry is stored in 8051H memory location.
Algorithm
2. Load the number of values in series in accumulator and move it to register C and load the
starting address of array
3. Initialize the value of A as ‘00’
4. Move the value of ‘A’ to ‘B’ register
5. Add the content of accumulator with the data pointed by ‘HL’ pair
6. If there exists a carry, increment ‘B’ by 1, if not continue
7. Increment the pointer to next data
8. Decrement the value of ‘C’ by 1, which is used as counter
9. If ‘C’ is equal to zero, go to step 10 if not go to step 5.
10. Store the value of ‘A’ to memory, it shows the result
11. Move the content of B to A
12. Store the value of A to memory
13. Stop the program
Program
Memory
address
8500 LDA 8000 3A
8501 00 Load accumulator with number of values
8502 80
8503 MOV B,A 4F Move it from A to C
8504 LXI H, 8001 21
8505 01 Load the starting address of data array
8506 80
8507 SUB A 97 Initialize ‘A’ as 00
8508 MOV B,A 47 Initialize ‘B’ as 00
8509 Loop ADD M 86 Add the previous sum with next data
34
Memory
address
850A JNC Skip D2
850B 0E Jump on if no carry
850C 85
850D INR B 04 Increment carry by one
850E Skip INX H 23 Increment pointer for next data
850F DCR C 0D Decrement ‘C’ by one
8510 JNZ Loop C2
8511 09 Jump if not zero
8512 85
8513 STA 8050 32
8514 50 Store the sum in accumulator
8515 80
8516 MOV A,B 78 Move the value of carry to A from B
8517 STA 8051 32
8518 51 Store the carry in memory
8519 80
851A HLT 76 End of program
Input Data Result

8000 04 8050 17
8001 07 8051 00
8002 09
8003 03
8004 04
Calculation
07 + 09 + 03 + 04 = 23
= 17 (in Hexa decimal)
(0F + 8 = 233)
0F = 0000 1111
08 = 0000 1000
---------------
0001 0111
17
35
Conclusion
The assembly language program for sum of data was executed successfully using 8085
microprocessor kit.
Precautions
1. What do you mean by carry?
2. What is the function of LXI, JNC, JNZ instructions?
3. How you can store the series in memory?
36
FACTORIAL OF 8 BIT NUMBER USING SUBROUTINE
Aim: To write a program to calculate the factorial of a number (between 0 to 8)

2. +5V Power supply
Theory: This program finds the factorial of a number stored in 8000H memory location. The
result is stored in memory location 8050H.
Algorithm:
1. Initialize the stack pointer

2. Get the number in accumulator
3. Check for if the number is greater than 1. If no, store the result otherwise go to next step.
4. Load the counter and initialize result
5. Now factorial program in sub-routine is called.
6. In factorial, initialize HL RP with 0. Move the count value to B
7. Add HL content with Rp.
8. Decrement count (for multiplication)
9. Exchange content of Rp (DE) with HL.
10. Decrement counter (for factorial) till zero flag is set.
11. Store the result
12. Halt
Program
Memory Address Label Hex Code Mnemonics Comments
8500 3A LDA 8000 Get the number in
8501 00 accumulator
8502 80
8503 FE CPI 02H Compare data with 2 and
8504 02 check it is greater than 1
8505 DA JC Loop 1 If cy =1 jump to loop 1
8506 17 If cy = 0 proceed
8507 85
8508 5F MOV E,A Move content of A to E
8509 16 MVI D,00 Load this term as a result
850A 00
850B 3D DCR A Decrement accumulator by 1
850C 4F MOV C,A Move ‘A’ content to ‘C’
(counter 1 less than A)
37

850D CD CALL Facto Call sub routine program
850E 00 Facto
850F 86
8510 EB XCHG Exchange (DE) – (HL)
8511 22 SHLD 8050 Store content of HL in
8512 50 specified memory location
8513 80
8514 C3 JMP Loop 3 Jump to Loop 3
8515 1D
8516 85
8517 Loop1 21 LXI H,0001H HL is loaded with data 01
8518 00
8519 01
851A 22 SHLD 8050 Store the result in memory
851B 50
851C 80
851D Loop3 76 HLT Terminate the program
Sub Routine
8600 Facto 21 LXI H,0000 Initialize HL pair
8601 00
8602 00
8603 41 MOV B,C Content of ‘C’ is moved to B
8604 Loop2 19 DAD D Content of DE is added with
HL
8605 05 DCR B ‘B’ is decremented
8606 C2 JNZ Loop 2 Multiply by successive
8607 04 addition till zero flag is set
8608 86
EB XCHG [DE] – [HL]
0D DCR C Decrement counter value
C4 CNZ Facto Call on no zero to facto (i.e
00 repeat process till zero flag for
46 c = 1)
C9 RET Return to main program
Input Data Result

8000 04 8050 18
38
Conclusion
The assembly language program for factorial of 8 bit number was executed successfully using
8085 microprocessor kit.
Precautions
1. What do you mean by CALL?

2. What is the function of SHLD, CNZ instructions?
3. How subroutine is executed?
39
1’s COMPLEMENT OF AN 8 BIT NUMBER

Aim: Write 8085 assembly language program for one’s complement of an 8-bit numbers
2. +5V Power supply
Theory: The number is stored in memory location 8050H and one’s complement of number will
be stored in location 8051H. Assume the program memory starts from 8000H.
Algorithm
1. Load memory location of data 8000H in H-L registers pair.
2. Move data into accumulator
3. Complement accumulator
Program
Memory Address Hex Code Mnemonics Comments

8500 21 LXI H,8000H
Load address of number in H-L
8501 00 register pair
8502 80
8503 7E MOV A,M Move number into accumulator
8504 3F CMA Complement accumulator
8505 32 STA 8050H
8506 50 Store the result in 8050H
8507 80
8508 76 HLT Stop Execution
Input Data Result
8000 F0H 8050 0FH
Conclusion
The one’s complement of an 8-bit numbers is performed using 8085 microprocessor.
Precautions
Viva-Voice Questions:
1. Define one’s complement of an 8-bit numbers.
2. What is the function of CMA instruction?
40
2’s COMPLEMENT OF AN 8 BIT NUMBER
Aim: Write 8085 assembly language program for two’s complement of an 8-bit numbers

2. +5V Power supply
Theory: The number is stored in memory location 8000H. The two’s complement will be stored
in 8050H. The program is written from memory location 8500H.
Algorithm
1. Transfer the content of memory location 8500H to accumulator.
2. Complement the content of accumulator
3. Add 01H with accumulator to get two’s complement of number
Program
Memory Address Hex Code Mnemonics Comments

8500 21 LXI H,8000H
Load address of number in H-L
8501 00 register pair
8502 80
8503 7E MOV A,M Move number into accumulator
8504 3F CMA Complement accumulator
8505 C6 ADI 01 Add 01H with accumulator to
8506 01 01 find two’s complement of
number
8507 32 STA 8050H
8508 50 Store the result in 8050H
8509 80
850A 76 HLT Stop Execution
Input Data Result

8000 F0H 8050 10H
Conclusion:
The two’s complement of an 8-bit numbers is performed using 8085 microprocessor.
41
Precautions
1. Define two’s complement of an 8-bit numbers.
2. What is the function of CMA instruction?
3. Why ADI 01H is used in two’s complement of an 8-bit number.
42
BLOCK TRANSFER PROGRAM

Aim: Write 8085 assembly language program to transfer block of 16 bytes data from source to
destination.
2. +5V Power supply
Theory: The block of 16 byte data stored in memory locations 8000H onwards and transfers this
data to another memory locations and store from 8050 onwards.
Algorithm
1. Initialize counter
2. Initialize source memory pointer
3. Initialize destination memory pointer
4. Get byte from source memory block
5. Store byte in the destination memory block
6. Decrement source memory pointer
7. Decrement destination memory pointer
8. Decrement counter
9. If counter 0 repeat
10. Stop execution
Program
Memory Hex Code Label Mnemonics Comments
Address
8500 21 LXI H,8000H
Load address of number in
8501 00 H-L register pair
8502 80
8503 11 LXI D,8050H
Load address of number in
8504 50
D-E register pair
8505 80
8506 0E MVI C, 0F
Initialize the counter C
8507 0F
8508 7E Loop MOV A,M Move number into
accumulator
8509 12 STAX D Data transfer from source to
destination
850A C6 INX H Increment source pointer
850B 01 INX D Increment destination pointer
850C 0D DCR C Decrement counter
850D C2 JNZ Loop
Go to the loop staring location
850E 08
if z= 0
850F 85
8510 76 HLT Stop Execution
43
Input Data Result

8000 00 8050 00
8001 01 8051 01
8002 02 8052 02
8003 03 8053 03
8004 04 8054 04
8005 05 8055 05
8006 06 8056 06
8007 07 8057 07
8008 08 8058 08
8009 09 8059 09
800A 0A 805A 0A
800B 0B 805B 0B
800C 0C 805C 0C
800D 0D 805D 0D
800E 0E 805E 0E
800F 0F 805F 0F
Conclusion:
The block transfer is performed using 8085 microprocessor.
Precautions
1. Define block transfer.
2. What is the function of STAX instruction?
3. Why INX H and INX D is used?
44
SUM OF TWO BCD NUMBERS
Aim: To perform addition of two 8-bit BCD numbers using 8085 microprocessor.

2. +5V Power supply
Theory: The two numbers in BCD are stored in memory locations 8000H and 8001H
respectively. This program adds these two BCD numbers and stores the results in memory
locations 8003H and 8004H.
Algorithm
1. Load Data 1 into Accumulator
2. Move Accumulator contents to B
3. Load Data 2 into accumulator
4. Add Data1 and Data2 and store into Accumulator
5. Convert the accumulator value to BCD value
6. Store Accumulator content (Result) to memory
Program
Memory Hex Code Label Mnemonics Comments

Address
8500 3A LDA 8000
8501 00 Load Data 1 into Accumulator
8502 80
8503 47 MOV B,A Move Accumulator contents to B
8504 3A LDA 8001
8505 01 Load Data 2 into accumulator
8506 80
8507 0E MVI C, 00
Clear C to account for Carry
8508 00
8509 86 ADD B Add Data 2 to Data 1 and store in
Accumulator
850A 27 DAA Convert the accumulator value to
BCD value
850B D2 JNC Next
850C 0F If carry==0 , go to Next
850D 85
850E 0C INR C If carry==1, Increment C by 1
850F 32 Next STA 8003
Store Accumulator content (Result)
8510 03
to memory
8511 80
45
Memory
Hex Code Label Mnemonics Comments
Address
8512 79 MOV A,C Move contents of C to Accumulator
8513 32 STA 8004
Store Register C (Carry) content to
8514 04
memory
8515 80
8516 76 HLT End of program
Input Data Result

8000 13 (Input1) 8003 63
8001 4A (Input2) 8004 0
Calculation
Input 1: 13 0001 0011
Input22: 4A 0100 1010
Gives 0101 1101
After adding 06 0000 0110
Result: 63 0110 0011
Carry: 00
Note: If hexadecimal number is in units place 06 is added, if hexadecimal is in tens place 60 is

added to sum by the DAA command.
Conclusion:
The BCD addition is performed using 8085 microprocessor successfully.
Precautions
1. How BCD number store in memory?
2. What is the function of DAA instruction?
3. How you can store the results in memory?
46

Microprocessor & Microcontroller Lab

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Microprocessor & Microcontroller Lab

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LABORATORY MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR 8085

i) Instruction register and decoder

10. Power Supply Specification

8085 INSTRUCTION SET

 Timing Effects of Addressing Modes

DCR Decrement Specified Byte by One

LIST OF INSTRUCTIONS (WITH OPCODE AND DESCRIPTION) OF 8085

|LDA a |3A| Load Accumulator direct |A=[a] |

|XRA M |AE| Exclusive OR Accumulator |A=Ax[HL] |

Instruments Required: 1. 8085 Microprocessor Kit

Input Data Result

SUBTRACTION OF TWO 8 BIT NUMBERS

Instruments Required: 1. 8085 Microprocessor Kit

ADDITION OF TWO 16 BIT NUMBERS

Instruments required: 1. 8085 Microprocessor Kit

Input Data Result

SUBTRACTION OF TWO 16 BIT NUMBERS

Memory address Label Mnemonics Hex Code Comments

MULTIPLICATION OF TWO 8 BIT NUMBERS

Memory address Label Mnemonics Hex Code Comments

Memory address Label Mnemonics Hex Code Comments

Input Data Result

DIVISION OF TWO 8 BIT NUMBERS

Instruments required: 1. 8085 Microprocessor Kit

850E INR C 0C Increment Quotient

8512 LOOP1 STA 8002 32

8516 STA 8003 32 Store the remainder

Aim: To write a program to sort given ‘n’ numbers in ascending order

1. Start the microprocessor

Input Data Result

Instruments required: 1. 8085 Microprocessor Kit

Input Data Result

Instruments required: 1. 8085 Microprocessor Kit

SUM OF SERIES OF DATA

Instruments required: 1. 8085 Microprocessor Kit

Input Data Result

FACTORIAL OF 8 BIT NUMBER USING SUBROUTINE

Aim: To write a program to calculate the factorial of a number (between 0 to 8)

Instruments required: 1. 8085 Microprocessor Kit

1. Initialize the stack pointer

Memory Address Label Hex Code Mnemonics Comments

Input Data Result

1. What do you mean by CALL?

1’s COMPLEMENT OF AN 8 BIT NUMBER

Memory Address Hex Code Mnemonics Comments

2’s COMPLEMENT OF AN 8 BIT NUMBER

Instruments Required: 1. 8085 Microprocessor Kit

Memory Address Hex Code Mnemonics Comments

Input Data Result

BLOCK TRANSFER PROGRAM

Input Data Result

SUM OF TWO BCD NUMBERS

Instruments Required: 1. 8085 Microprocessor Kit

Memory Hex Code Label Mnemonics Comments

Input Data Result

Note: If hexadecimal number is in units place 06 is added, if hexadecimal is in tens place 60 is

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