Tutorial – I

(Air, Fuel and Actual Cycle)

1. In this example let assume an Otto cycle with compression ratio of CR = 9:1. The
intake air is at 100 kPa = 1 bar, 20 °C, and the volume of the chamber is 500 cm³
prior to the compression stroke. The temperature at the end of adiabatic
expansion 800 K.
Specific heat capacity at constant pressure of air at atmospheric pressure and
room temperature: cp = 1.01 kJ/kgK.
Specific heat capacity at constant volume of air at atmospheric pressure and
room temperature: cv = 0.718 kJ/kg.K.
ʏ = cp/cv = 1.4
Calculate:
1. the mass of intake air
2. the temperature T3
3. the pressure p3
4. the amount of heat added by burning of fuel-air mixture
5. the thermal efficiency of this cycle
6. the MEP

2. Following data are obtained for a four stroke petrol engine,

Cylinder bore = 14 cm
Stroke length = 15 cm
Clearance volume = 231 cm3
Determine;
 The ratio of clearance volume and swept volume
 Compression ratio
 Thermal efficiency

3. An ideal air-standard Otto cycle engine has a compression ratio of 8. At the

beginning of the compression process, the working fluid is at 100 kPa, 27°C (300
K), and 800 kJ/kg heat is supplied during the constant volume heat addition
process. Neatly sketch the pressure-volume [P-v] diagram for this cycle, and
using the specific heat values for air at a typical average cycle temperaure of
900K determine:
a) Temperature and pressure of the air at the end of each process
b) Network output/cycle [kJ/kg], and
c) Thermal efficiency [ηth] of this engine cycle.

4. The compression ratio of an air-standard Otto cycle is 9.5. Prior to the isentropic
compression process, the air is at 100kPa, 35oC, and 600 cm3 isentropic
compression process, the air is at 100kPa, 35 C, and 600 cm. The temperature
at the end of the isentropic expansion process is 800 K. Determine the highest
 temperature and pressure in the cycle; the amount of heat supplied per cycle (in
kJ); the thermal efficiency; and the mean effective pressure.

5. Let assume the Diesel cycle with compression ratio of CR = 20 : 1 and cut-off
ratio α = 2. The air is at 100 kPa = 1 bar, 20 °C (293 K), and the volume of the
chamber is 500 cm³ prior to the compression stroke. Specific heat capacity at
constant pressure of air at atmospheric pressure and room temperature: cp =
1.01 kJ/kgK. Specific heat capacity at constant volume of air at atmospheric
pressure and room temperature: cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK. ʏ = cp /cv = 1.4
Calculate:
1. Mass of intake air
2. Temperature T2
3. Pressure p2
4. Temperature T3
5. Amount of heat added by burning of fuel-air mixture
6. Thermal efficiency of this cycle
7. MEP

6. A SI engine working on Otto cycle has compression ratio 8. The suction

conditions are 1 bar and 300k. The amount of heat added in the cycle is 2.2
MJ/kg. (a) Determine the work output per kg of air. (b) Also determine the extra
work developed by the engine if the air expands upto ambient pressure of 1 bar.
(c) Also find out the % increase in the cycle efficiency if the condition (b) is
followed by the engine.

7. An engine working on diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 16 and the cut off
takes place at 8% of the stroke. Determine its air std. efficiency.

8. Following data are given for a for stroke diesel engine,

Cylinder bore = 14 cm
Stroke length = 25 cm
Clearance volume = 350 cm3
Determine the air std. efficiency, if the fuel injection takes place at
constant pressure of 5% of the stroke.

9. An engine with bore of 8 cm and stroke of 12 cm has a compression ratio of 6.

To increase the compression ratio 1.5 mm is machined off the cylinder head
face. Determine the new compression ratio.

10. The pressure volume and temperature at the beginning of the compression of a
constant volume cycle are 101 kN/m2, 0.003 m3 and 18 0C, respectively. The
compression ratio of the cycle is 9. The cycle is repeated 3000 times per minute.
Determine for the cycle,
i. Thermal efficiency
ii. Theoretical output in kilowatts
 Tutorial – II
(Engine Characteristics)

1. A single cylinder engine operating at 2000 rpm develops a torque of 8 N-m. The
indicated power of the engine is 2.0 kW. Find loss due to friction as the
percentage of brake power.

2. A diesel engine consumes fuel at the rate of 5.5 gm/sec. and develops a power
of 75 kW. If the mechanical efficiency is 85%. Calculate bsfc and isfc. The lower
heating value of the fuel is 44 MJ/kg.

3. A single cylinder engine running at 180 rpm develops a torque of 8 Nm. The
indicated power of the engine 1.8 kW. Find the loss due to friction power as the
percentage of brake power.

4. A diesel engine consumes 5 grams fuel per second and develops a brake power
75 kW. It has a mechanical efficiency of 85%. Find (a) Brake specific fuel
consumption in kg/hWhr, (b) Indicated specific fuel consumption.

5. A six-cylinder, gasoline engine operates on the four-stroke cycle. The bore of

each cylinder is 80 mm and the stroke is 100 mm. The clearance volume per
cylinder is 70 cc. At the speed of 4100 rpm, the fuel consumption is 5.5 gm/sec.
[or 19.8 kg/hr.) and the torque developed is 160 Nm.
Calculate : (i) Brake power, (ii) The brake mean effective pressure,
(iii) Brake thermal efficiency if the calorific value of the fuel is 44000
kJ/kg and (iv) The relative efficiency on a brake power basis
assuming the engine works on the constant volume cycle r = 1.4 for
air.
6. A single cylinder and 4-stroke cycle I.C. engine when tested, the following
observations available : Area of indicator diagram = 3 sq.cm, Length of indicator
diagram = 4 cm, Spring constant = 10 bar/cm, Speed of engine = 400 rpm, Brake
drum diameter = 120 cm, Dead weight on brake = 380 N, Spring balance reading
= 50 N, Fuel consumption = 2.8 kg/hr., Cv = 42000 kJ/kg, Cylinder Diameter = 16
cm, Piston stroke = 20 cm. Find :
(i) F.P.,
(ii) Mechanical efficiency,
(iii) bsfc, and
(iv) Brake thermal efficiency.

7. Obtain cylinder dimension of a twin cylinder, 2-s IC engine from the following
data,
Engine speed = 4000 rpm,Volumetric efficiency = 77%,
 Mechanical efficiency = 75%,
Fuel consumption = 10 ltr/hr, Specific gravity of fuel = 0.73, A/F = 18,
Piston speed = 600 m/min, Imep = 5 bar,
0
Barometric pressure = 101325 N/m2, air temp = 25 C

8. A two stroke diesel engine was motored when the meter reading was 1.5 kW.
Then the test on the engine was carried out for one hour and the following
observations were recorded: Brake torque = 120 Nm; Speed = 600 rpm; Fuel
used = 2.5 kg; calorific value of fuel = 40.3 MJ/kg; Cooling water used = 818 kg;
Rise in temperature of cooling water = 10°C. Exhaust gas temperature = 345°C.
Room temperature = 25°C; A/F = 32:1. Determine :
(i) bp,
(ii) ip,
(iii) Mechanical efficiency,
(iv) Indicated thermal efficiency, and
(v) Draw heat balance sheet on minute basis and also in percentage.

9. During trial of a single cylinder, 4 stroke oil engine the following results were
obtained;
Cylinder bore = 200 mm, stroke = 400 mm, Mep = 6 bar, Torque = 407 Nm,
Speed = 250 RPM, Oil consumption = 4 kg/hr, CV of fuel = 43 MJ/kg, Cooling
water rate = 4.5 kg/min, Air used per kg of fuel = 30 kg, Rise in cooling water
0 0 0
temp = 45 C, Temp of exhaust gases = 420 C, Room Temp. = 20 C, Mean
specific heat of exhaust gases = 1kJ/kgK, Specific heat of water = 4.18 kJ/kgK,
Barometric pressure = 1.01325 bar.
Find IP, BP and draw up heat balance sheet in kJ/hr .

10. During a test of a 4 stroke oil engine the following results were obtained;
Mean height indicator diagram = 21mm, indicator spring number/stiffness =
27kN/m2/mm, swept volume = 14 liter, effective brake load = 77kg, effective
brake radius = 0.7m, speed = 6.6 rev/s, fuel consumption = 0.002kg/s, CV of fuel
0
= 44 MJ/kg, Cooling water rate = 0.15 kg/s, water inlet temperature = 38 C,
0
cooling water outlet temperature = 71 C, Specific heat of water = 4.18 kJ/kgK,
energy carried by exhaust gases = 33.6 Kj/s. Determine IP,BP and mechanical
efficiency and draw up heat balance sheet in KJ/s and %.

11. A 4 cylinder 4 stroke SI engine has a bore of 5.7cm and stroke 9 cm. Its rated
speed is 2800 RPM and it is tested at the speed against a brake which has a
torque arm of 356 mm. The net brake load is 155 N and fuel consumption is 6.74
lit/hr, specific gravity of petrol is 0.735 and CV is 44200kJ/kg. A Morse test is
carried out and cylinder are cut off in order of 1, 2, 3 and 4 with corresponding
brake loads of 111, 106.5, 104.2, and 111 N. Determine engine torque, bmep,
brake thermal efficiency, sfc, mechanical efficiency and imep.
12. During a trial of a 4 cylinder 4 stroke SI engine running at 50 rev/s, the brake load
was 267 N when all cylinder were working. When each cylinder was cut off in turn
and speed returned to same 50 rev/s, the following results were obtained; brake
reading were 178, 187, 182, and 182N. Determine BP, IP and Mechanical
efficiency of the engine, for brake BP = F.N/455 Kw, where F is brake load in
Newtons and N rev/s. The following results were obtained,
Fuel consumptions = 0.568 lit in 30 seconds, SG of fuel = 0.72, CV = 43000
0
kj/kg, A/F ratio = 14:1, Exhaust temp = 760 C, Cpg = 1.015kj/kg, Water inlet
0 0
temperature = 18 C and outlet temp = 56 C, water flow rate = 0.28 kg/s, Ambient
0
temp = 21 C. Draw heat balance sheet in kJ/s.

13. The following observation were recorded during a trial on a 4-stroke diesel
engine,
Power absorbed by non firing engine when
Driven by an electric motor = 10 kW
Speed of the engine = 1750 rpm
Brake torque = 327.4 Nm
Fuel used = 15 kg/hr
Calorific value of fuel = 42000 kJ/kg
Air supplied = 4.75 kg/min
Cooling water circulated = 16 kg/min
Outlet temperature of cooling water = 65.80 C
Temperature of exhaust gas = 4000 C
Room temperature = 20.80C
Specific heat of water = 4.19 kJ/kg.K
Specific heat of exhaust gas = 1.25 kJ/kg.K