Centrifugal Force

A force directed away from the center.

Whenever a body rotates about an axis at a speed of ω, there is a force called centrifugal inertia force directed
away from the axis of rotation.

W
CF = m2r since m = and  = v/r
g
W 2r Wv 2
CF = =
g gr
The tangential inertia force is given by the formula
Wr
T = mat =
g

Conical Pendulum

CF 2r v 2
tan  = = =
W g gr
g
cos  = 2
L
W
T=
cos 

Time to complete one revolution

h
t = 2
g
As the value of θ decreases, the value of h approaches the limiting value L so that the maximum time for a revolution
is:

L
t = 2
g

Rod of Uniform Mass of Length L Rotated About One End (rad/s)

Banking of Curves
 1. The maximum speed v that a car can round a highway curve without skidding is given by the relationship:

v2
tan( + ) =
gR
where :
 = angle of banking
 = angle of friction between the tires and the road surface
 = arctan 
R = radius of the curve, m
v = velocity in m / s

2. If the car is on the point of slipping down the plane because of insufficient speed:

v2
tan(  − ) =
gR

3. The ideal angle of banking is the angle θ such that the car has no tendency to slide up or down the road.
With this angle, there will be no shearing stress (or friction does not work) at the tires of the car, hence Φ =
0;

v2
tan  =
gR

v2
The ratio is also known as the impact factor or centrifugal ratio.
gR

Horizontal Rotating Platform

The maximum speed that the platform may be rotated so that the block will not slide is given by the formula:

2R v 2
tan  =  = =
g gR

Activity

1. A car travels on the horizontal unbanked circular track of radius r. Coefficient of friction between the tires
and the track is 0.3. If the car’s velocity is 10 m/s, what is the smallest radius it may travel without skidding?

33.98 m

2. If a car travels at 15 m/s and the track is banked 5º, what is the smallest radius it can travel so that friction
will not be necessary to resist sliding?
 262.16 m

3. A vertical bar of length L with a mass of 40 kg is rotated vertically about its one end at 40 rpm. Find the
length of the bar if it makes an angle of 45º with the vertical? (CE May 99)

1.58 m

4. Traffic travels at 65 mi/hr around a banked highway curve with a radius of 3000 ft. What banking angle is
necessary such that friction will not be required to resist the centrifugal force?

5.37º

. Work and Energy

Work-energy method is used particularly for solving problems involving force, displacement, and velocity.

Work = Force x distance

W= F.d

1 W 2
Kinetic energy, KE = mv2 = v
2 2g

Potential energy, PE = mgh = Wh

Work-Energy Equation for Constant Forces

If the forces acting on a body are constant

vA
A

f
s vB
h
B

KEi  Wh  Work = KEF

1. Energy may remain unchanged, if friction is negligible.

KEi + PEi = KEF + PEF

2. Energy may be reduced, if friction is significant.

KEi + PEi – f∆s = KEF + PEF

Example 1

Determine the work required to accelerate an 800-kg car from rest to 100 km/h on a level road.

Example 2

Find the work required to raise a 150-kg box to a height of 20 meters.

Example 3

A rock slides from the top of the hill whose height is 100 m. The slope of the hill is 30º. Find the velocity of the rock at
the foot of the hill if a) the slope is assumed to be frictionless; b) the coefficient of friction is 0.30.
a) 44.29 m/s b) 30.70 m/s

Activity

1. A fisherman reels in 15 m of line while pulling in a fish that exerts a constant resisting force of 20 N. If the fish
is pulled at a constant velocity, how much work is done on it.

2. A force of 200 lb acts on a block at an angle of 28 0 with respect to horizontal. The block is pushed 2 feet
horizontally. What is the work done by this force?

3. A 10 kg block is raised vertically 3 meters. What is the change in potential energy?

4. What is the kinetic energy of a 4000-lb automobile, which is moving at 44 ft/s?

5. A block of ice with a mass of 2 kg slides 0.7 m down the smooth inclined plane that slopes downward at an
angle of 300 below the horizontal. If the block of ice starts from rest, what is its final speed?

6. A 6 kg dictionary is pushed up a frictionless ramp inclined upward at 300 above the horizontal. It is pushed 2
m along the incline by a constant 100 N force parallel to the ramp. If the dictionary’s speed at the bottom is
1.6 m/s, what is its speed at the top?
9. Impulse and Momentum

Problems involving force, velocity, and time are conveniently solved by means of the impulse-momentum method.

Impulse = Force x time

I = Ft

Momentum = a quantity that expresses the motion of body and its resistance to slowing down. It is equal to the
product of the body’s mass and velocity.

W
Momentum, p = mv = v
g

Impulse-Momentum Equation

When a body of weight W moving with an initial velocity vo changes its velocity to vf over a period of t along a straight
line,

W
 Positive Im pulse −  Negative Im pulse = ( vf − vo )
g

Positive impulse = impulse in the same direction with motion.

Negative impulse = impulse in the opposite direction with motion.

Law of Conservation of Momentum

If the system is composed of particles of mass m A, mB, etc., having velocities v 1A, v1B, etc., and after mutual reaction
between the particles they possess new velocities v2A, v2B, etc., the condition that the momentum of the system be
constant may be expressed as:

mAv1A + mBv1B + … = mAv2A + mBv2B + …

v1A v1B v2A v2B

mA mB mA mB

Before collision After collision

The coefficient of restitution is defined as ratio of the relative velocities of colliding bodies after collision (impact) to
their relative velocities before collision. e is always positive.

Re lative velocity after collision

v 2B - v 2 A v
e = = separation
v1A - v1B vapproach

where: v1A = velocity of object A before collision

v1B = velocity of object B before collision

v2A = velocity of object A after collision

v2B = velocity of object B after collision

0<e<1

e = 1, for perfectly elastic collision

e = 0, for completely inelastic collision.

If a ball is dropped from a height of h upon pavement and rebounds to a height of h’, the coefficient of restitution
between the ball and the pavement is:

h'
e=
h

If a ball is thrown from an angle θ with the normal to a smooth surface and rebounds at an angle θ’,

tan 
e =
tan  '

If two masses m1 and m2 moving in opposite directions with velocities v 1 and v2 collide, the energy loss in direct central
impact is:

( m A mB ) (1 − e2 ) ( v1A − v1B )
2

Loss in KE =
2 ( m A + mB )

Example 1

What is the momentum of a 100-kg shell if the speed is 1,500 ft/s? Express your answer in metric unit.
Example 2

What is the momentum of a 1.5 N baseball which is dropped from the top of the 170-m Washington monument?

Example 3

A 1000 kg car strikes a tree at 30 km/h and comes to a stop in 0.15 s. Find its initial momentum and the average
force on the car while it is being stopped.

Example 4

Two balls A and B, weighing 49 N each, approach each other, with speeds of 20 m/s and 30 m/s respectively.
Determine their speeds after the collision (a) if the coefficient of restitution is 0.80, and

(b) if they are completely inelastic.

Example 5

A 16-gram is moving at 30 cm/s while a 4-gram mass is moving in an opposite direction at 50 cm/s. They collide head
on and stick together. What is their velocity after collision?

Example 6

A hunter has a rifle that can fire 60-g bullets with a speed of 900 m/s. A 40-kg leopard springs at him at 10 m/s. How
many bullets must the hunter fire into the leopard in order to stop him in his tracks?

Activity

1. A 50-kg ball with a speed of 20 m/s strikes and sticks to a 70-kg block resting on a frictionless surface. Find
the block’s velocity.

2. The 25 g bullet hits the 15 kg stationary block with a horizontal velocity of 600 m/s. The coefficient of friction
between the block and the horizontal surface is 0.25. Assuming that the bullet becomes embedded in the
block, calculate the (a) velocity of the block after impact, and (b) distance moved by the block after impact.

3. A bullet weighing 0.30 N is moving at 660 m/s, penetrates a 50 N block and emerges with a velocity of 180
m/s. What is the time will the block moves before it stops?

10. Power is the rate of doing work.

W Fd
P= = = Fv
t t
Activity

1. A force of 200 lbF acts on a block at an angle of 28º with respect to horizontal. The block is pushed 2 feet
horizontally. What is the work done by this force?

[1 Btu = 252 cal = 1,055 J = 1.055 kJ = 778 ft-lbF]

479 J

2. At her highest point, a girl on the swing is 7 feet above the ground, and at her lowest point, she is 3 feet above
the ground. What is her maximum velocity?

16 fps

3. An automobile has a power output of 1 hp. When it pulls a cart with a force of 300 N, what is the cart’s
velocity?

[1 hp = 746 W = 746 J/s = 550 ft-lbF/s = 0.707 Btu/s = 42.42 Btu/min = 2545 Btu/hr]

2.49 m/s

4. A 50-kg ball with a speed of 20 m/s strikes and sticks to a 70-kg block resting on a frictionless surface. Find
the block’s velocity and the loss in kinetic energy.

5. A 50-kg ball with a speed of 20 m/s strikes and sticks to a 70-kg block resting on a frictionless surface. Find
the block’s velocity and the loss in kinetic energy.

6. The 25g bullet hits the 15kg stationary block with a horizontal velocity of 600 m/s. The coefficient of friction
between the block and the horizontal surface is 0.25. Assuming that the bullet becomes embedded in the
block, calculate the (a) velocity of the block after impact, and (b) distance moved by the block after impact.

7. A bullet weighing 0.30 N is moving at 660 m/s, penetrates a 50N block and emerges with a velocity of 180
m/s. What is the time will the block moves before it stops?

8. The 12-Mg “jump jet” is capable of taking off vertically from the deck of a ship. If its jets exert a constant
vertical force of 150 kN on the plane, determine its velocity and how high it goes in t = 6s, starting from rest.
Neglect the loss of fuel during the lift.