Scalable Angular Application Architecture

28/09/2018 Scalable Angular Application Architecture
Scalable Angular Application Architecture

GFT Poland
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poland)
 10 min  18.07.2017
Currently, one of the most popular frameworks among the Web community is Angular (or
Angular 2 as some prefer). The main reason why we in GFT have decided to use it in our
projects, is its comprehensive character, and a strong push it gives towards consistent
project structure and architecture.
Unfortunately, even a framework as opinionated as Angular can only enforce the basics of
application architecture. That's su cient for small or medium applications, however, in GFT
we usually have to deal with big applications, composed of dozens of modules and lled with
complex data collections and complicated user ows. What is more, our projects are often
developed by a team scattered across di erent continents and time zones.
In order to maintain high quality of delivery and prevent technical debt from being created,
we had to agree to a series of guidelines and good practices of how to plan, structure and
write applications in Angular.
These architecture principles can be divided into three main categories:
1. Project structure – how to organize you project les, de ne and work with Angular
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2. Data ow architecture –devise a guide on how to de ne that way the data ows through
your application layers
3. State management – how to manage the state of GUI and propagate it between di erent
application parts
This article is a combination of community–inspired guidelines and the experience that we've
gathered working in our projects.
What is a scalable architecture ?
First of all, what does it mean that GUI application is scalable? GUI always runs as a single,
separate application for every user, so there is no "high number of users" challenge that is
typical for backend applications. Instead, GUI has to deal with the following scalability factors:
increasing size of data loaded to the application, growing complexity and size of the project,
usually followed by longer loading times.
There is also a part of the problem that is not visible from the outside, namely how an
application scales from the programmer’s point of view. An application with bad, or not
scalable architecture, tends to be very hard to develop after some time. Increasing complexity,
technical debt and simply code smell, has a direct impact on project estimates, costs and the
quality of the overall solution.
Good architecture does not guarantee that above problems will not occur in your application,
however, it gives the development team a powerful tool to reduce and even eliminate most of
the issues that they might encounter.
In short, well designed architecture should work equally good for small and big applications,
should provide very good user experience regardless of the application’s size and amount of
processed data. Additionally, it should provide a set of clear and easy to follow rules for
developers in order to sustain the quality of the project. And nally, it should be simple and
preferably based on widely accepted design patterns. We want to keep the learning curve of
our applications as small as possible.
Let's now take a walk through the principles of well-designed Angular applications.
Structure of the application
Usually, one of the rst things you do when you set up a new project is to de ne the structure
of the application. There are many possible ways to do that, but the one that is considered to
be o cially recommended, and the one that we've decided to follow in GFT, is the module-
oriented project structure.
In this approach, application modules are clearly visible in the le tree, as separate directories.
Every module directory contains all les (code, styles, templates etc.) that are related to a
given module. A very important element of this approach is isolation of modules. Simply
speaking, it means that every module is self-contained and does not refer to les from
di erent modules, so, theoretically, you can delete one of them from the application, and the
rest will work without any problems.
Obviously, it’s not possible to strictly follow this rule in the real world. At least some services
and components have to be reused across the whole application. Therefore, some parts of
application functionality are stored in "Core" and "Shared" modules. Now our application
structure looks like this:
As you can see, there are now three main modules in the project:
1. AppModule – the bootstrapping module, responsible for launching the application and
combining other modules together
2. CoreModule – core functionalities, mostly global services, that will be used in the whole
application globally. They should not be imported by other application modules
3. SharedModule – usually a set of components or services that will be reused in other

application modules, not applied globally. They can be imported by feature modules.
All remaining modules (so-called feature modules) should be isolated and independent. Such
a structure not only allows for clear concerns separation, but is also a convenient starting
point for implementing lazy loading functionality, another crucial step in preparing a scalable
application architecture.
Lazy Loading
One of the most visible performance problems that users may encounter is the loading time
of the application. As the codebase gets bigger, the size of the application bundle increases
as well. The bigger the bundle, the longer it takes for the browser to load and parse the
source code.
There are multiple ways in which we can reduce the size of the application bundle, however,
those are not within the subject matter of this article. Additionally, sooner or later, despite all
e orts, the bundle will be big enough to cause visible delay in the application’s start.
Fortunately, there is a pattern that is aimed to solve the loading time issue, that is lazy
loading. It allows to defer the loading of a particular part of the application until it's actually
needed (usually when the user wants to access a particular screen of the application).
Angular comes with a built-in Lazy Loading capability, you just have to properly de ne the
module route de nition, so that it points to a module le that will be lazy-loaded.
If you followed the previously described project structure, your feature modules can now all
be lazy loaded on demand, after the application is initialized. This vastly reduces the
initialization time of the application, improving overall user experience. What is more, this
solution scales with the application. When the application grows and more lazy loaded
modules are added, the application core bundle and, therefore, its starting time remain the
same.
If a default, load on demand approach is not su cient, it's possible to de ne so-called

preloading strategies that can be used to customize how the modules are loaded in a given
application.
Data ow and state management
Architecture is not only about the structure, les and modules. In complex GUI applications,
the biggest challenge we face is dealing with the problem of data and state information ow
that occurs through layers of an application. This is usually the part of the application that
gets complicated very quickly and the one that is frequently modi ed. Therefore, having a
well designed data and state management should be a crucial checkpoint on every architect's
to-do list.
Data ow
Let's start with data ow. Angular 2+, unlike its predecessor, prefers a one way data ow. This
kind of approach is much easier to maintain and follow than two-way data binding. It is more
obvious what is the source of data in a given module and how the change is propagated
through the system. In Angular, data ows from top to bottom. From the parent component
to the child component and from the component to the template.
Still, it's a good idea to add some additional set of rules over the basic data ow principles.
In our application we've introduced the idea of "smart" and "dummy" components. The smart
components are also called "Containers". The idea behind this division is to clearly de ne the
parts of the application that contain some logic, communicate with services and cause side
e ects (like service calls, state updates etc.). Every such action is implemented only in
Containers. On the contrary, "stupid" components have very little or no logic at all. All the
data they need is passed by @Input parameters. If a component wants to communicate with
the outside word, it has to emit an event (via @Output attribute).
Such architectural approach is intended to keep the number of Containers as small as possible. The more
components in the application are "dummy", the simpler is the data ow and the easier it is to work with
it. Deciding which component should take the role of a Container and which should be just a plain
component is not a trivial task and needs to be resolved per particular case. However, usually the rst
step we take is assuming that a main screen component should be the smart one, as in the example
below, when the container is marked with blue color and simple components are gray.
After that, it's a matter of nding a good balance between a small number of containers and
keeping the single responsibility principle.
A dashboard screen is a perfect example of multiple smart containers displayed on a single

screen. Every dashboard tile would be smart and responsible for its own behavior, data and
logic.
Such an approach to architecture is not only about readability of code and organized data
ow. Dummy component are much easier to test. Their state is entirely induced by the Input
they are provided with, they cause no side e ect and the result of any component action is
visible as a proper event being red.
What is more, such behavior nicely corresponds with performance optimization of Angular’s
change detection process. The change detection strategy for dummy components can be set
to "onPush" which will trigger the change detection process for the component only when the
input properties have been modi ed. It's an easy and very e cient method of optimizing
Angular applications.
State management
There is one special type of data that ows through the application, namely state. A GUI is all
about the state. Everything that the user sees on the screen is a re ection of the state of the
application. When they perform a certain action, some data is loaded, or any other event
occurs - application logic is executed and the GUI state is modi ed. Such modi cation usually
triggers the rendering process and the view is updated so the user can see the results of the
performed action.
Such a cycle occurs multiple times in an application’s lifetime and is basically the backbone of
all interactions in the GUI application.
While the process itself is fairly simple, complex applications su er from many issues related
to state management. This is caused by the fact the typical interaction goes through all layers
of an application, which makes it hard to follow and debug. A given state is usually shared and
information stored there a ects multiple components and even screens at once. As it was
already mentioned, state operations are also usually the most complicated ones and the ones
that are modi ed frequently.
Single store to rule them all
One of the ways to deal with those issues is to leverage the unidirectional data ow on an
application-wide level. The Angular community has widely adopted the Redux architecture
pattern, originally created for React applications.
The idea behind Redux is that the whole application state is stored in one single Store, the
object that represents the current state of the application. A Store is immutable, it cannot be
modi ed, every time a state needs to be changed, a new object has to be created.
One, single point of reference for the entire application state simpli es the problem of
synchronization between di erent parts of the application. You don't have to look for a given
piece of information in di erent modules or components, everything is available in the store.
Source: https://css-tricks.com/learning-react-redux/ (https://css-tricks.com/learning-react-redux/)

Actions and Reducers
A Store cannot be accessed and modi ed directly: the so called reducers are responsible for
creating a new state with modi ed data. A Reducer is usually a simple function that takes an
action as an argument, and based on the provided information, it returns a new state value.
State propagation
There are multiple implementations of Redux pattern available in the Angular ecosystem, one
of the most popular ones is de nitely ngrx/store. We will not go into details of this particular
implementation; what we are interested in is how the state is modi ed and propagated
through the application.
Once the modi cation to the store is applied, all subscribers are noti ed about the change.
Thanks to the fact that a state is immutable, you don’t have to perform any deep checking - if
the state has been modigiveed, the subscriber will receive a new object instance.
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Thanks to the centralized nature of this pattern, every state modi cation is properly
propagated to all parts of the application. The only rule you have to obey is to re ect all state
changes in the store, in order to avoid keeping them in isolated components.
State services
As with other kinds of logic that are not directly related to the view layer, it's a good practice
to encapsulate Store operations in dedicated services. Such services can then be reused
across the module or application, and our components do not have be aware of the details of
state operations.
Combining state management and data ow

The patterns described are really powerful when combined together. Redux-base state
management provides bullet proof synchronization between various parts of the application
and the idea of an immutable state. Unidirectional data ow and the idea of smart containers
provides well-de ned points of responsibility in the application and the pattern of how to
propagate upcoming state modi cations to the dummy components below. The immutable
nature of shared data nicely ts in the optimization patterns of Angular change detection
algorithms.
An application designed in this manner is composed of encapsulated, autonomous

components that synchronize their state and data through the central state management
system.
What next?
While this document describes high level architecture that we use in Angular applications
created at GFT, it still does not address all architecture details and challenges you may
encounter.
There are still pending discussions on the best approach to state management of lazy loaded
modules, details regarding the performance optimizations and tooling used in the
development process.
However, following the abovementioned rules will give you a very solid and scalable
foundation for any applications you will create.
Damian Sosnowski (https://www.linkedin.com/in/damian-sosnowski-6798aa28/)

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Scalable Angular Application Architecture

Uploaded by

Scalable Angular Application Architecture

Uploaded by

28/09/2018 Scalable Angular Application Architecture

Scalable Angular Application Architecture

These architecture principles can be divided into three main categories:

What is a scalable architecture ?

Structure of the application

3. SharedModule – usually a set of components or services that will be reused in other

If a default, load on demand approach is not su cient, it's possible to de ne so-called

Data ow and state management

A dashboard screen is a perfect example of multiple smart containers displayed on a single

Single store to rule them all

Source: https://css-tricks.com/learning-react-redux/ (https://css-tricks.com/learning-react-redux/)

Actions and Reducers

Combining state management and data ow

An application designed in this manner is composed of encapsulated, autonomous

Damian Sosnowski (https://www.linkedin.com/in/damian-sosnowski-6798aa28/)

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