Maktab Rendah Sains Mara

Kubang Pasu
2010
Manufacture Substance
In Industry

Name :Mohamad Aniff Bin Mohamad Najib

No. Matrix: 10696

Content…….
 Sulphuric Acid….
Use
1.Fertilisers
 iii) Burning of Fossil Fuel
ii) Metal Extraction
~ Sources:- i) Contact Process
Environmental Pollution
Sulphur Dioxide to Sulphuric Acid
Sulphur Trioxide is dissolved in concentration sulphuric acid to produce oleum. Stage 3
SO3(g)+H2SO4(l)H2S2O7(l)Oleum
H2S2O7(l)+ H2O(l)2H2SO4(aq)
Dilute the oleum with water to produce concentrated of sulphuric acid of about 98% in the
diluter
Sulphur Dioxide to Sulphur Trioxide
Past through the mixture a converter. Stage 2
2SO2(g)+O2(g) 2SO3(g)
Optimum condition use 450°C, 1 atm, Catalyse-Vanadium(V) oxide.
Produce 95% Sulphur Trioxide.
Sulphur to Sulphur Dioxide Stage 1
Burning metal sulphides
Mixed with excess air and dried.Then, purified to remove impurities.
S(s)+O2(g)SO2(g)
Manufacture
7.Plastics
6.Cleaning metals
5.Electrolyte in car betteries
4.Synthetic Fibre
3.Detergents
2.Paint Pigment
 iv) Volcanic Eruption

~ Way to Prevent:- i) Use low-sulphur fuels

ii) Remove sulphur dioxide from the waste
gas before emitted into the atmosphere.
iii) Neutralise the acidic soil and water by
treating them with calcium oxide,
calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate

Ammonia and Its Salts

Use
1. To manufacture nitrogenous fertilizers.
 2. Cooling agent in refrigerators.
3. To produce ammonium chloride use in electrolyte in dry cell.
4. To prevent the coagulation of latex.
5. To make synthetic fibres.
6. As smelling salts to revive people who have fainted.
7. Making of explosives.

Chemical properties
a) Ammonia gas dissolves in water to form a weak alkali.
NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

b) The presence of hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution to become

alkaline. Thus aqueous ammonia solution:
i. Turns red litmus paper blue.
ii. Reacts with acid to form only salt and waterin neutralization reaction.
NH3(aq) + HCI(aq)  NH4CI(aq)

2NH3 + H2SO4(aq)  (NH4)2SO4(aq)

iii. Reacts with solution of metallic cations to produce precipitates.

Fe²+(aq) + 2OH(aq)  Fe (OH)2(s)

(Form ammonia solution) Dirty green precipitate

Physicals Properties

Less dense than

Colourless Gas Alkaline gas
air

Very soluble in
Pungent smell
water

Manufacture of Ammonia in Industry.

Haber Process
1. Ammonia is manufacture on a large scale in industry through the haber process. In this process,
ammonia is formed form direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gas in the volume ratio 1:3.
2. The gas nitrogen obtain form the fractional distillation of liquefied air. The hydrogen gas is obtained
form the cracking of petroleum or from the catalysed reaction of natural gas, CH 4, with steam.

CH4(g) + H2O(g)  CO(g) + 3H2(g)

2. The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron catalyst under controlled optimum
condition as below to form ammonia gas.
i. Temperature: 450-500°C
ii. Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres
iii. Catalyst used: Iron fillings
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

3. Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture turn into ammonia gas. The
nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flow back over the catalyst again in the reactor
chamber.
4. The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it condenses into a liquid in the
cooling chamber.

AMMONIUM FERTILIZERS

1. Nitrogen is required in large amount by plant to make proteins which are necessary for growth
and cell repair.
2. Most plant are not able to get a nitrogen supply directly from the air although it is abundant in
the air (78%). Plants can only absorb soluble nitrogen compounds from soil through their roots.
3. The nitrogen compounds are usually soluble nitric salt, ammonia and ammonia salt which are
manufacture as chemical fertilizer.
4. Reactions of ammonia with acids produce ammonium fertilizers.

Alloys
Definition
 ~ A mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition in which
the major component in a metal.

Force

Metals are ductile

The shape of the

Force metal change

Matel are malleable

Physical Properties
1.Ductile- can be drawn into fine wire
2.Malleable- can be beaten into thin sheets without cracking
3.Lustrous- becomes shiny when polished
4.High density
5.High melting ang boiling point
6.Good conductor of electric and heat

Aim of making Alloy

1.To increase the strength and hardness of a pure metal

 ~During alloying, small amount of other metal is added into the molten pure
metal. When alloy become solid, the other particle is replace the pure metal
partical.(disrupts the orderly arrangement of atom)
~This reduce the layers of atoms from sliding over one another and making
Alloys harder ang stronger than pure metals.

2.To increase the resistance to corrosion of pure metal

~Most metal corrode readily when exposed to air. This is because they react
with oxygen and water vapor in air.(prevent metals from corrosion)

3.To improve the appearance of a pure metal

~Metals have lustrous surface – prevent from formation of oxide layers.

Composition, properties and uses of alloys.

 Alloy Composition Properties Uses
High carbon steel 99% iron Strong,hard and  Making of
1% carbon high wear cutting tools,
resistance hammers and
chisels
Stainless steel 80.6% iron Do not rust and  Making of
0.4% carbon tarnish, strong surgical
18%chromium and durable instrument,
1% nickel knives forks and
spoons
Brass 70% copper Hard, do not rust,  Making of
30% zinc bright appearance ornaments,
electrical wiring
and plug.
Bronze 90% copper Hard, do not  For casting
10% tin corrode easily bells, medals,
and durable swords and
statues
Pewter 90% tin Ductile and  Making of
2.5% copper malleable, white ornaments,
0.5% antimony silvery souvenirs and
appearance mugs
Duralumin 95% aluminium Light, strong and  Making part of
4% copper durable aircrafts and
1%magnesium racing cars
Cupronickel 75%copper Attractive, silvery  Making of silver
25%nickel appearance, hard coins
and tough
Composition, properties and uses of alloys

Synthetic Polymers
Definition

Polymers =Long chained molecules formed by joining up many identical repeating

sub-units called monomers.
Polymerisation =Process by which the monomers are joining together into chain-
Like big molecules knows as polymers.

Natural Exist in living things in

nature.
Polymers

Synthetic Man-made in
laboratory through
Polymers chemical process

How are synthetic polymers made?

1. Addition polymerisation
~ Involve monomer with carbon-carbon double between the carbon atoms
2. Condensation polymerization
~ Joining the monomers with the formation of other smaller and simple
Molecules

Some Common Addition Polymers

Name(s) Formula Monomer Properties Uses
Polyethylene –(CH2-CH2)n– ethylene soft, waxy solid film wrap,
 plastic
low density (LDPE) CH2=CH2
bags

electrical
Polyethylene ethylene insulation
–(CH2-CH2)n– rigid, translucent solid
high density (HDPE) CH2=CH2 bottles,
toys

similar to
atactic: soft, elastic solid
Polypropylene –[CH2- propylene LDPE
isotactic: hard, strong
(PP) different grades CH(CH3)]n– CH2=CHCH3 carpet,
solid
upholstery

pipes,
Poly(vinyl chloride) vinyl chloride
–(CH2-CHCl)n– strong rigid solid siding,
(PVC) CH2=CHCl
flooring

seat
Poly(vinylidene chloride) vinylidene chloride
–(CH2-CCl2)n– dense, high-melting solid covers,
(Saran A) CH2=CCl2
films

toys,
Polystyrene –[CH2- styrene hard, rigid, clear solid cabinets
(PS) CH(C6H5)]n– CH2=CHC6H5 soluble in organic solvents packaging
(foamed)

non-stick
Polytetrafluoroethylene tetrafluoroethylene surfaces
–(CF2-CF2)n– resistant, smooth solid
(PTFE, Teflon) CF2=CF2 electrical
insulation

lighting
Poly(methyl methyl
–[CH2- covers,
methacrylate) methacrylate hard, transparent solid
C(CH3)CO2CH3]n– signs
(PMMA, Lucite, Plexiglas) CH2=C(CH3)CO2CH3
skylights

Uses of synthetic polymers

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS IN DAILY LIFE

1. Synthetic polymers have many advantages over other type of materials:

a. They are cheap, light-weight and translucent.
b. They are easily coloured, easily moulded and shaped.
 c. They are non-corrosive, waterproof and good insulator.
d. They are durable and long lasting because they are resistant to decay,
rusting and chemical attacks.
2. There are disadvantage using synthetic polymer:
a. Most of the synthetic polymer are flammable. When a synthetic polymer
material catches fire, poisonous fumes are produce causing air pollution.
b. Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. When there are discharge,
they cause litter problem and pollute the environment.
c. Plastic container that are left aside in an open area collect rainwater
which becomes the breeding ground for mosquitoes.
d. There are limitation in recycle have to be separated out as the addition of
non-recyclable polymers in the mixture affect the properties of the
recycled polymers.
 Glass and Ceramics
WHAT ARE GLASS

1. Glass is one of the most useful but inexpensive materials in the world. Many
products are made from glass because of its specials properties.
2. Glass is:
a. Transparent, hard but brittle.
b. A heat and electric insulator.
c. Resistant to corrosion.
d. Chemical not reaction and therefore resistant to chemical attack.
e. Easy to maintain.

Type of glass Composition Properties Uses

Fused glass SiO2: 100%  Transparent  Lens
 High melting point  Telescope mirrors
 Good heat  Laboratory
insulator apparatus
Soda-lime glass SiO2: 75%  Low melting point,  Drinking glass,
Na2O:15% easily molded into bottles
CaO: 9% desired shape and  Electric bulbs
Other:1% size  Window glass
 Low resistant to
chemical attacks
 Brittle
Borosilicate glass SiO2: 78%  Resistant chemical  Cooking utensils
B2O3: 12% attack and durable  Laboratory
Na2O: 5%  High melting point glassware such as
CaO: 3%  Good insulator to conical flaks and
Al2O3:2% heat boiling tube
Lead crystal glass SiO2: 70%  High refractive  Lenses and prisms
(flint glass) Pbo/PbO2:20% index  Decorative
Na2O: 10%  High density glassware and art
 Attractive object
glittering  Imation jewellery
appearance
CERAMICS

1. Traditional silicate ceramics are made by heating aluminosilicate clay such as

kaolin to a vary high temperature.
2. Ceramics have many special properties that make them one of the most useful
materials in our everyday life. That:
a. Are hard, strong but brittle
b. Have high melting point and remain stable at high temperature
c. Are heat and electric instrument
d. Are resistant to corrosion and wear
e. Are chemically not reactive
f. Do not readily deform under stress
3. Ceramic play important role in our daily life. They are uses as
a. Construction materials
i. Ceramic are strong and hard, uses to make roof tiles, bricks cement,
sinks, and toilet bowls.
ii. They are also used to make refractory bricks because high resistant to
heat.
b. Decorative items
i. To make pottery, china plates, and porcelain vases since they do not
tarnish easily and are durable.
ii. They are used to make bathroom fixture such as floor and wall tiles.
c. Electrical insulator
i. Ceramic are used to make electrical insulator in electrical items such as
toasters, fridges and electrical plug.

Materials Melting point/ Density/G cm-3 Elastic Hardness/ mohs

°
C modulus/ GPa
Oxide ceramic
Alumina,AL2O3 2054 3.97 380 9
Beryllia, BeO 2574 3.01 370 8
Zirconia, ZiO 2710 5.68 210 8
Non-oxide
ceramics
Boron 2350 2.50 280 9
carbide,B4C3 2830 3.16 400 9
Silicon nitride,
Si3, n4 1900 3.17 310 9
Metals
Aluminium 660 2.70 70 3
Steel 1515 7.86 205 5
 Composite Materials
WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS

1. A composite materials (or composite) is a structure of materials that is formed

by two or more different substances such as metal, glass, ceramic and
polymer.
2. Some common composite materials are:
a. Reinforces concrete
b. Superconductor
c. Fibre optic
d. Fibre glass
e. Photochromic glass

REINFORCES CONCRETE

1. Concrete is hard, fireproof, waterproof, comparatively cheap and easy to

maintain. It is more important construction materials.
2. The reinforces is a combination of concrete and steel.

SUPERCONDUCTOR

1. Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of electricity, but
20% of the electric energy is lost in the form of heat during transmission.
2. Super conductor are materials that have no resistance to the flow of electricity
at a particular temperature. Hence, 100% electricity transmission is possible.
3. One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its ability to
levitate a magnet. Superconductor are used to build magnetically levitate high-
speed train (at about 552 km/h).
4. Superconductor are used to make chips for smaller and faster supercomputer.
Superconductor also play an important role in high speed data processing in
internet communication.
FIBRE OPTIC

1. Fibre optic is a composite material that in used to transmit signals for light
wave.
2. Fibre optic is used in
a. Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by fibre optic
cables.
b. Domestic cable television network
c. Closed circuit television security system.
3. Fibre optic also used in medical fields. It is used in a number of instrument
which enable the investigation for internal body part without having to
perform surgery.

FIBRE GLASS

1. Fibre glass is glass in the form of fine threads. Molten gas is dropped onto a
refractory rating disc when the glass flies off the disc glass to form fibre.
2. Fibre glass is strong than steel, do not burnt, stretch or rot, resistant to fire and
water but is brittle.
3. When fibre glass added to a plastic, a new composite material fibre glass
reinforces plastic is formed.
4. Fibre glass reinforces plastic has more superior properties than glass and
plastic. It is
a. Extremely strong
b. Light weigh
c. Resistant to fire and water
d. Can be molded, shaped and twisted

PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS

1. When 0.01 to 0.1% of silver chloride (a type of photochromic substances) and

a small amount of copper (II) chloride are added to molten silicon dioxide,
photochromic glass is formed.
2. The photochromic glass has a special properties. It darken when exposed to
strong sunlight or ultraviolet.
3. Photochromic glass is suitable for making sunglasses .