Java 8 Training

Shekhar Gulati
Xebia
@shekhargulati

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 Couple of requests..

Keep your mobile phone in silent mode

Ask questions :)

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 Agenda
Interface static and default methods

Functional paradigm

Lambda expressions

Stream API

Collectors

Optional

Date and Time API

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 Prerequisite
Oracle Java 8 installed on your machine

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/
downloads/index-jsp-138363.html

Exact Version -> Java SE 8u60

IntelliJ Idea Community Edition (or Eclipse Mars)

https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/download/

http://www.eclipse.org/downloads/packages/eclipse-ide-
java-developers/marsr

Git

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Why languages
evolve?

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Why languages evolve?
To meet developers expectations

To remain relevant

To keep up-to-date with hardware

advancements

Security fixes

Better approaches to perform certain task

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Why you should learn Java 8?
To embrace functional programming paradigm

Lambdas

Declarative data processing

New and improved API’s

Date and Time API

Stream API

Concurrency utilities

Improved support for clean API design

Optional

Interface default and static methods

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 Section 01
Interface API Design

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Three main components of API Design

Interfaces

Abstract Classes

Classes

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Let’s write a simple Calculator

Calculator >> Interface

BasicCalculator >> Implementation

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 Static methods

Allow API designer to define static

methods inside an interface

for defining static utility methods

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Static method example

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 Interfaces can now have
static and default(instance)
methods

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 Why we need this?

Ability to evolve API with time

Remain source compatible

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 Demo >>
Evolving API’s

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 Default Methods

Interfaces can supply non-abstract

methods

Enables interfaces to evolve with time

Eliminate need for companion or utility

classes

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Example of default method

Iterable’s forEach method

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 Multiple inheritance

With interfaces having the capability to

define methods, we have behaviour level
multiple interfaces

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Interface Class Hierarchy

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Multiple Interface Hierarchy

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Diamond problem

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 Section 02
Functional Paradigm

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Programming paradigm

A programming paradigm is a fundamental

style of computer programming.

Imperative, declarative, functional,

object-oriented, procedural, logical, etc.

A programming language can follow one

or more paradigms.

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Imperative vs Functional Paradigm

Imperative programming paradigm

- Computation: Uses statements that change a program’s state.

- Program: Consists of sequence of commands that tell a

program how it should achieve the result.

Functional programming paradigm

- Computation: Evaluation of expressions

- Expression: Formed by using functions to combine basic values.

- Focusses on what the program should accomplish rather than

how

Examples on
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next page
 Canonical example — Factorial

Imperative style >>

Functional style >>

Scala >>
Functional Programming

Functional programming was invented in

1957

Before Object Oriented programming

Before structured programming

Memory was too expensive to make

functional programming practical

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Functional programming

“Functional programming is so called

because a program consists entirely of
functions.”

- John Hughes, Why Functional Programming Matters

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 What is a function?

A side effect free computation that always

result in same value when passed with
same argument.

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 Why should we embrace functional
programming?

Functional programs are simpler

No side effects

Fewer concurrency issues

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Moore’s law ran out!!

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Functional Languages
Haskell

ML

Erlang

F# - (Hybrid)

Scala - (Hybrid)

Clojure

Java 8 - (Hybrid)

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Key Functional Programming Concepts

Function

A side effect free computation that always result in same value when passed
with same argument.

Higher order function

function that takes function as argument or return functions.

Referential transparency

allows you to replace function with its value

Recursion

function calls itself

Lazy evaluation

function is not evaluated until required

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Introduce Example Domain

Task management application

Task

TaskType

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SECTION 03
LAMBDAS

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 Lambda expression
A new feature introduced in Java 8

A representation of anonymous function that can be

passed around.

Allows you to pass behaviour as code that can be

executed later

Allows you to encapsulate changing behaviour in a

lambda expression

Earlier this was achieved via the use of anonymous

inner classes

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Demo >> lambda
Example 1

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 Lambda expression

The (first, second) are parameters of the

compare method

first.length() - second.length() is the

function body

-> is the lambda operator

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 Lambda syntax

- (String a, String b) -> {return a + b;}

- (a,b) -> a + b

- a -> a*a

- () -> a

- () -> {System.out.println(“hello world”);}

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 Type Inference
The act of inferring a type from context is called
Type Inference.

In most cases, javac will infer the type from

context.

If it can’t resolve then compiler will throw an error.

Demo >> Example2_Lambda

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 Lambdas are Typed

Type of a lambda expression is an interface

Only interfaces with single abstract method

can be used

These interfaces are called functional

interfaces

You can use @FunctionalInterface annotation

to mark your interface a functional interface
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Example @FuntionalInterface

Demo >> Example3_Functionalnterfaces.java

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Invalid @FunctionalInterface

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Look at few @FunctionalInterface
Most of the time you don’t have to write your
own @FunctionalInterface

You can leverage interfaces defined in

java.util.function package

Some shown below:

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 Test your lambda
knowledge
>> Exercise1_Lambda.java

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 Where can I use lambda expression?

You can use lambdas wherever you use an

interface with single method

Some examples callbacks, comparisons,

filtering, transformation, actions,etc.

Spring templates are example where lambda could be

used

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Using local variables >> Effective final

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Method References

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 Method reference

Lets you create lambda expression from

existing method implementation

Shorthand for lambdas calling only a

specific method

String str -> str.length()

String::length

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 Demo >>
Method Reference

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Exercise >> Let’s apply what we have learnt so far

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 SECTION 04
STREAM PROCESSING

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 Stream Processing

Why we need a new data processing

abstraction?

Stream vs Collection

Using Stream API

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 Why?

Collection API is too low level

Developers needed a higher level

declarative data processing API

Processing data in parallel

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Data processing before Java 8

What does this code do?

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Data processing in Java 8

Isn’t this code beautiful?

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Understanding the code

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Why Java 8 code is better?

Developer’s intent is clear

Declarative >> What over How

Reusable chainable higher level construct

Unified language for data processing

No boilerplate code.!! Yay :)

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 Stream

Stream is a sequence of elements from a

source supporting data processing
operations

source -> collection with elements

data processing operations -> filter, map,

etc.

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 Collection vs Stream
Collection Stream

Only read operations. You can’t

Read and write operation
add or remove elements.

Eagerly evaluated Lazily evaluated

Streams are for performing

Collections are about data
computations on data
Client has to iterate over
internal iteration
collection >> External iteration
You can iterate over collection You can only process a stream
multiple times once

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Stream API

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 Stream operations

Intermediate operations >> which results in

another stream

map, filter, sort, distinct, etc

Terminal operations >> which produce a

non-stream result

collect, foreach,

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 filtering

Demo >> Example2_FilterStream

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 Filtering operations
Find all the reading tasks sorted by their
creation date

Find all distinct tasks and print them

Find top 5 reading tasks sorted by their

creation date

Pagination with Skip and Limit

Count all reading tasks

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map operation

Example3_MapStreams

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flatmap operation

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reduce operation

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Duplicate Elements in a List

Output >>
Duplicate Elements n times in a List

Output >>
Working with numeric streams

IntStream

LongStream

DoubleStream

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 Parallel Stream

You can create an instance of parallel

stream by calling the parallel operator

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SECTION 05
COLLECTORS

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 Collector

Reduce a stream to a single value

collect is a reduction operation

They are used with collect terminal

method

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 Demo >>
Power of Collector

Group tasks by Type >> Java 7 and Java 8

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What you can do with collect?

Reducing stream to a single value

Group elements in a stream

Partition elements in a stream

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 Collectors class

A utility class that contains static factory

methods for most common collectors

that collect to a Collection

grouping

partitioning

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Reducing to a single value

Single value could be

numeric type

domain object

a collection

Demo >> Example2_ReduceValue

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 Grouping elements

Group elements by key

You can do both single level and

multilevel grouping

Demo >> Example3

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 Partitioning

It is a special case of grouping

Groups source collection into at most two

partitioned by a predicate

Returned map has following syntax

Map<Boolean, List<Task>>

Demo >> Example4

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 Sec 06
Optional<T>

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 How many of you
have experienced
NullPointerException?

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 Null History
It was designed by Sir Tony Hoare in 1965

creator of Quicksort

He was designing Algol W language

null was designed to signify absence of value

Most programming languages like Java, C++, C#,

Scala, etc all have Null

He called it was a Billion Dollar Mistake

http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Null-References-The-Billion-Dollar-Mistake-Tony-
Hoare
What could possibly go wrong?

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NullPointerException

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We end up writing …

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Biggest problem with code

Absence of value is not visible in the API

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 Possible solutions

Null Object Pattern << Before Java 8

Optional << From Java 8

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 Optional
A container that may or may not contain a value

If a function returns Optional then the client

would know that value might not be present

Common concept is functional languages

MayBe, Nothing >> Haskell

Option, Some, None >> Scala

Optional<T> >> Java 8

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 Demo >>
Optional TaskRepository

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Another Example

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 SECTION 07
DATE AND TIME API

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What does the below program prints?

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Existing Date API Problems
Sun Jan 12 00:00:00 IST 1913

Which 12 is for date field?

12 is for December right?? No. It’s January

Year 12 is 12 CE?? Wrong 1913.. starts from 1900

Hmmm. why there is time in date??

There is timezone as well?? Who asked??

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 Existing Date API
Date API was introduced in JDK in 1996

There are many issues with

Mutability

Date is not date but date with time

Separate Date class hierarchy for SQL

No concept of timezone

Boilerplate friendly

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 Calendar API

Still mutable

Can’t format a date directly

You can’t perform arithmetic operations on

date.

Calendar instance does not work with

formatter

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New API — Getting Started

Developed as part of JSR 310

Heavily inspired by Joda-Time library

New package — java.time

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New types for humans

LocalDate - a date with no time or

timezone

LocalTime - a time with no date or

timezone

LocalDateTime - LocaDate + LocalTime

All types are immutable

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 Demo >>
LocalDate, LocalTime, and
LocalDateTime

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 New Type >> Instant

A machine friendly way to describe date

and time

Number of seconds passed since epoch

time

Nanosecond precision

Useful to represent event timestamp

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Demo >> Instant

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Duration and Period
Duration represents quantity or amount of
time in seconds or nano-seconds like 10
seconds

Duration d = Duration.between(dt1,dt2)

Period represents amount or quantity of

time in years, months, and days

Period p = Period.between(ld1,ld2)

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Demo >>

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 Temporal Adjuster
When you need to do advance date-time
manipulation then you will use it

Examples

adjust to next sunday

adjust to first day of next month

adjust to next working day

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Demo >>

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 Thanks
https://github.com/shekhargulati/java8-the-
missing-tutorial

https://twitter.com/shekhargulati

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