Computer Standards & Interfaces 31 (2009) 740–747

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Computer Standards & Interfaces

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s e v i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / c s i

Smart phone for mobile commerce

Yung Fu Chang a, C.S. Chen b,⁎, Hao Zhou c
a
Applied Wireless Identification Group, Inc., 18300 Sutter Blvd., Morgan Hill, CA 95037, United States
b
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
c
CISCO Systems, Inc., 4125 Highlander Parkway, Richfield, OH 44286, United States

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper surveys most of the currently available smart phones in the market. It summarizes its features and
Received 5 December 2006 characteristics. From this study a set of must-have and desirable-to-have features for future generations of
Received in revised form 20 August 2008 smart phones are described. The main drivers of smart phones that enable convenient and secure mobile
Accepted 28 September 2008
commerce services such as electronic wallet, electronic payment, 3G broadband Internet access, and
Available online 26 October 2008
multimedia content are then described. Finally, payer-centric payment architecture is advocated to facilitate
Keywords:
the adoption of smart phones for mobile commerce applications, in contrast to the current prevalent mode of
Smart phone payee-centric payment practice.
M-commerce © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Electronic wallet
Electronic payment
Payer-centric payment

1. Introduction on established habits, practices, and infrastructure, and then add

specific mobility value. The key drivers of mobile commerce service
Mobile phone, in general, falls into three broad categories: basic adoption are ease-of-use and convenience, as well as security, privacy
phones, multimedia phones, and smart phones, progressing from 2G and reliability. Applications and services that are too complex and
(second generation) into 3G (third generation) technology. Although time-consuming will discourage consumers from “going mobile”. The
smart phone represents only 5% of the mobile market today, it is challenge is to implement a secure payment scheme so that it remains
expected to reach 20% of 1 billion mobile phones shipping by 2009 convenient and simple to use.
according to research firm Gartner and ARC Group [1,2]. There are many competing smart phone operating systems such as
Smart phone has become an emerging phenomenon for personal Apple iPhone OSX, Google Android, Nokia Symbian, Microsoft
and business voice, data, e-mail, and Internet access. Power-efficient Window Mobile, Blackberry OS, Palm OS, and others. There is no
processors, the modern operating system, broadband Internet access, smart phone platform standard as yet and it may take years to evolve
and productivity-enhancing application will propel the popularity of such a standard. In recent years, there is industry trend of open-source
smart phones. It is the product of convergence of regular mobile the mobile operating system, evidenced by Google's Open Handset
phone and PDA (personal digital assistant), and positioned as a Alliance, LiMo, Nokia's acquisition of Symbian and other collaborative
notebook computer and PDA replacement. efforts forming around the globe with the goal of standardizing smart
In this paper, the product features of major representative mobile phone operating system. The standard for mobile commerce will be
phone suppliers are investigated and summarized. Eleven must-have very application specific. The payer-centric payment application
and eight desirable-to-have features of future generations of smart described in this paper should be an excellent candidate.
phones are described. They cover features such as operating systems,
processors, keyboards, Internet accessibility, host synchronization, 2. Ideal smart phone features
security, and so on.
The main drivers for smart phones that enable convenient and Smart phone is the product of convergence of regular mobile phone
secure mobile commerce services are electronic wallet application, and PDA (personal digital assistant), which can store critical information
electronic payment application, broadband Internet access, high via personal computer or notebook computer. While vocal call is the
computing and communication performance, and multimedia con- common denominator of all mobile phone, smart phone needs to be able
tents. To achieve these goals, it is necessary to build mobile commerce to access Internet, e-mails, and corporate database servers. It also must
be capable of SMS (short messaging service), MMS (multi-media
messaging service), and IM (Instant Messaging). User interface, form
⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 513 529 0742; fax: +1 513 529 0746. factor, and weight are very critical factors for the success of a particular
E-mail address: chencs@muohio.edu (C.S. Chen). brand of smart phone in the market place.

0920-5489/$ – see front matter © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.csi.2008.09.016
 Y.F. Chang et al. / Computer Standards & Interfaces 31 (2009) 740–747 741

Listed below are nineteen recommended features for the ideal computer and make use of the work done on both devices also
smart phone. The first eleven are must-have and the last eight are becomes essential. Here are some of the popular synchronization
desirable-to-have features. technologies:
i. HotSync — HotSync is the registered trade name for a sophis-
1. Multi-tasking operating system ticated method of linking between a Palm handheld computer
To satisfy the multi-tasking, multi-application nature of the smart and a more substantial notebook, desktop, or other computer.
phone, a multi-tasking operating system is the absolute necessary Such a link can be done using a so-called HotSync cable, or
foundation. The current popular operating systems such as iMac using a wireless connection.
OS.X, Symbian, Microsoft Windows Mobile, Palm, and Linux all ii. ActiveSync — ActiveSync is a synchronization program devel-
have multitasking characteristics. oped by Microsoft Corporation. The purpose of the program is
2. Powerful SOC application processor and DSP communication to synchronize files, favorites, Personal Information Manager
processor Data etc. between a Windows PC and a PDA running Windows
Multi-tasking operating system won't go too far without the support Mobile or Windows CE for handheld PC or for Palm-size PC.
of a powerful processor. Multi-tasking calls for more and more pow- iii. SyncML — SyncML (Synchronization Markup Language) is the
erful application specific processors and DSP (Digital Signal former name (currently referred to as: Open Mobile Alliance Data
Processing) communication processors. Three classes of processors Synchronization and Device Management) for a platform-
need to be incorporated as the brain into the smart phone. The first independent information synchronization standard.
one is the radio processor for cellular communication function. The 10. Voice communication and voice-mail
second one is the DSP processor for streaming media capability. The Smart phone, being a phone, still needs to support these basic
third one is the data processor for data manipulation and general vocal call features.
device control functions. Here are some of the example combina- 11. WiFi for VoIP and Bluetooth for cable replacement
tions used in today's smart phones: Due to its free or low cost, phones with integrated Wi-Fi and VoIP
i. Intel XScale (ARM core) and MicroSignal (using ADI DSP core) capabilities are being introduced into the market and have the
ii. TI OMAP and OMAP2 (ARM core and TI DSP core) potential to replace land line telephone services. Smart phones that
iii. IBM cell processor. support WiFi are best suited for local use such as corporate or home
3. Real QWERTY keyboard networks. Bluetooth enables hand free operation of the smart
For e-mail, SMS, IM, a real QWERTY keyboard is a must-have feature. phone, as well as communication with other computing devices.
Here are some of the popular forms of the smart phone keyboard: 12. Gaming
i. Two hands holding and two thumbs typing According to Ziff Davis Media's Annual “Digital Gaming in
ii. One hand holding and one thumb of holding hand typing America” [6], cell phone gaming continued its meteoric rise in
iii. One hand holding and one thumb of other hand typing. 2005: the number of households engaged in cell phone gaming
4. QVGA or larger display with high screen resolution nearly doubled again, jumping from 16.3 million in 2004 to
Larger display with high resolution is needed, especially for web 27.9 million in 2005. Gaming is a desirable-to-have feature, ex-
browsing, MMS, gaming, etc. Here are some of the examples: tending the smart phone usage and potentially replacing another
i. Palm 650 has a screen with 320 × 320 resolution at dedicated gaming gadget.
44 mm× 44 mm, which is 7.2 pixels/mm density 13. Camera
ii. HP 6315 has a screen with 240 × 320 resolution at Without question, camera phones have rapidly become a staple of
54 mm× 72 mm, which is 4.4 pixels/mm density the mobile phone market. According to InfoTrends [5], by 2009,
iii. HP 6515 has a screen with 240 × 240 resolution at 85% of the mobile phones shipped throughout the world will
56 mm × 56 mm, which is 4.3 pixels/mm include an embedded digital camera. Same trend should apply for
iv. Apple iPhone has a 3.5 inch screen with 480 × 320 resolutions at smart phones.
50.8 mm × 76.2 mm, which is 6.4 pixels/mm. 14. File management and manipulation
5. Internet access at 2.5G or 3G speed With the added capability for taking and storing pictures, playing
To be able to serve e-mails, web browsing, multi-media audio/ music, movies, as well as running business application tools,
video streaming, Internet broadband access at 2.5G or 3G is a comes with the need for file management and manipulation.
must-have feature. 15. Video/audio streaming
6. Business productivity tool Video and audio streaming is another desirable-to-have feature,
As smart phones are replacing notebooks and PDAs, they must extending the smart phone usage and potentially replacing
have application software and corporate database access for another dedicated viewing gadget.
business information including business metrics, real-time busi-
ness events update, sales and financial information, and inventory
information for product availability.
7. E-mail, SMS, MMS, IM services
These become the basic features of a mobile phone and business/
personal tools for the digital age. According to a Yankee Group study
[4], wireless e-mail has transitioned from a nice-to-have to a must-
have application in many enterprises, which is driving adoption of
wireless data solutions. Needless to say, they are must-have features.
8. Personal Information Management (PIM)
Features like Phonebook, appointment book, task-book, notes,
and calculator are the basic features of PDA, hence these are must-
have features for smart phones, if the smart phones are positioned
to replace PDAs.
9. Host synchronization
With the increasing functionality of the smart phone, such as e-mails,
PIM, business tools, the ability to synchronize with another host Fig. 1. 2007 global handset market share.
742 Y.F. Chang et al. / Computer Standards & Interfaces 31 (2009) 740–747

biometric information such as fingerprint is a desirable-to-have

feature, enhancing security as well as extending the smart phone
usage and potentially replacing another dedicated gadget.

3. Mobile phone supplier

Mobile phone market is a very competitive market, with a few of the

big players dominating the market. It is led by some of the well-known
household brands, such as Nokia, Motorola, Samsung, Siemens, LG
Electronics, and Sony-Ericsson, followed by some less familiar brands,
such as NEC, Sagem, Kyocera and Others. According to Strategic Analytics
[3], the big three, Nokia, Samsung and Motorola have more than 67% of
the global handset market share in 2007, as shown in Fig. 1.

4. Smart phone form factor

Over the years, form factors of the smart phones went through a lot of
changes, with the constant trend toward compactness, more feature
packing, and convenience. But they are coming all in two basic types:
clamshell and bar. Clamshell, a.k.a., folder phone, is a form resembling
the shell of a clam, with the ability to open up in the same way. Most
clamshell phones have a feature called Active Flip, which means that
calls can be answered and ended by simply opening and closing the
phone. Bar, a.k.a. candy-bar or block, is the most basic style. The entire
phone is one solid monolith, with no moving parts aside from the
Fig. 2. Motorola V3.
buttons and possibly antenna.
The following are four of the most popular form factors by today's
smart phones:
16. Music player and mobile TV
Having the ability to play music or movie is a desirable-to-have 1. Clamshell Vertical (Clamshell-V)
feature, extending the smart phone usage and potentially replacing Clamshell-V is the style of the phones that flip vertically. This is one
another dedicated gadget, such as an MP3 player and handheld TV. of the most popular styles, as preferred by its compactness, ability
17. GPS and navigation to fit into small pockets, etc. A good example is Motorola V3, as
Having the ability to serve as a GPS system and provide navigation shown in Fig. 2. Ideal size is 50 × 100 × 12 mm.
help is a desirable-to-have feature, extending the smart phone 2. Clamshell Horizontal (Clamshell-H)
usage and potentially replacing another dedicated gadget. Clamshell-H is the style of the phones that flip horizontally. Closest
18. Open standard IO communication and storage expansion example is Nokia 9300, as shown in Fig. 3. Ideal size is
Some new smart phones feature built-in expansion card slots that 50 × 110 × 20 mm.
support SD, SDIO, and MMC formats. SD and MMC enable smart 3. Bar
phone users to add instant memory. SDIO card enables smart phone Inherited from their ancestor bar type basic voice phones, today's
users to connect peripherals such as a navigation system, Wi-Fi (IEEE smart phones are bigger in size. Some of the closest examples are:
802.11b) card, credit-card reader and printer, bar-code reader, or RFID HP6315, HP 6515, RIM 7100, Palm 650, BenQ P50 and Motorola Q, as
readers. All of these extend the smart phone for extended usages. shown in Fig. 4. Ideal size is 50 × 110 × 16 mm.
19. RFID and biometric features like fingerprint 4. Bar with slide QWERTY keyboard
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is beginning to be deployed These bar type smart phones are equipped with a sliding QWERTY
in large enterprises and retailers. Having the ability to read RFID or keyboard, for complex applications that require keyboard input.

Fig. 3. Nokia 9300.

 Y.F. Chang et al. / Computer Standards & Interfaces 31 (2009) 740–747 743

Fig. 4. Bar phone examples.

The closest example: Samsung i730, Siemens SX66, as shown in 3. Palm Treo 650 (Fig. 7)
Fig. 5. Ideal size is 50 × 100 × 18 mm. - High resolution 320 × 320 LCD display.
4. HP 6315 (Fig. 8)
5. Smart phone supplier with unique features - HP's first cellular wireless Pocket PC
- Onboard Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, making it the first Pocket PC to
In this section, a few smart phones from various suppliers with incorporate all three wireless standards.
some unique features are profiled: 5. HP 6515 (Fig. 9)
- First device with 240 × 240 pixels squire display with
1. Nokia 9300
2.205×2.205 in. screen
- Clamshell-H, as shown in Fig. 3
- Has a full functional GPS receiver and free mapping software
- Full QWERTY keyboard
- An integrated thumb QWERTY keyboard.
- Symbian OS v7.0s.
6. Samsung i730 (Fig. 10)
2. RIM Blackberry 7100 (Fig. 6)
It is Samsung's first PDA phone with EV-DO high-speed data, first
- Thumbwheel
with a slide-out QWERTY mini-keyboard, and first with built-in
- No touch panel
Wi-Fi.
- 2-alpha/key Suretype for QWERTY vs. 1 alpha/key full QWERTY
7. Siemens SX66 (Fig. 11)
or 3 alpha/key traditional phone dial-pad
- HTC's third generation Pocket PC phone. HTC designs and/or
- E-mail server push.
manufactures many fine PDAs and smart phones, including
several HP iPAQ Pocket PCs, the Treo 650 and the Audiovox
SMT5600.

Fig. 5. Bar with slide keyboard. Fig. 6. Blackberry 7100 Series.

744 Y.F. Chang et al. / Computer Standards & Interfaces 31 (2009) 740–747

Fig. 9. HP 6515.

Fig. 7. Palm Treo 650.

10. Apple iPhone (Fig. 14)
Since its debut in 2007, iPhone has become an influential smart
phone. With the introduction of the second generation iPhone 3G,
- Full-featured, powerful Pocket PC phone runs on the Windows it is projected that 10 M units will be delivered from July, 2007 to
Mobile 2003 the end of 2008. Its key features:
- Integrated Bluetooth and WiFi 802.11b and an SD slot for - Using shrink iMac OSX for iPhone
expansion. - Using multi-touch technology with natural gesture for user
8. BenQ P50 (Fig. 12) interface. There is no keyboard
- Microsoft Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Phone Edition - Open SDK/API as a platform for the third party application
- Small PDA form factor integrated Quad-band GSM/GPRS, WiFi, developers.
Bluetooth and 1.3 mega-pixel VGA camera.
9. Motorola Q (Fig. 13)
Advertised as the “Thinnest, Lightest, Coolest QWERTY on the 6. Smart phone energy and weight analysis
Planet”, Motorola Q is 50% thinner than its top competitors, and
features Motorola's renowned RAZR-thin design in a full feature Smart phones, due to multi-purpose usage and multi-tasking
smart phone. features, are energy hungry. We have seen some of the rapid advances
- One of the first devices to run on Microsoft Windows Mobile in battery technologies and power saving techniques in recent years. Li-
5.0; Optimized for Microsoft Exchange 2003 and a variety of Ion is the current “latest and greatest” technology for mobile phone
third party email solutions that enable a broad set of corporate batteries, which gives exceptional capacity for its size and weight, and
email capabilities does not suffer from the memory effect. Lithium Polymer is very similar
- Thinnest QWERTY device in the world — 11.5 mm to Lithium Ion, except that it can be molded into more varied shapes, and
- Full, ergonomic QWERTY keyboard, 5-way navigation button
and thumb wheel
- Large, high-resolution display (320 × 240 pixels, 65K TFT)
- 1.3 mega-pixel camera with photo lighting.

Fig. 8. HP 6315. Fig. 10. Samsung i730.

 Y.F. Chang et al. / Computer Standards & Interfaces 31 (2009) 740–747 745

A large proportion of mobile commerce today consists of different

types of digital content purchased that is used in the mobile phone.
For example, consumers may want to personalize their mobile phones
with ringing tones, screen savers, and wallpapers. Games, down-
loadable phone applications, music, and video clips are also becoming
more and more popular. Once consumers get used to purchasing
digital content and services with their mobile devices, they will be
more easily conditioned to adopt the mobile payment mechanism for
their remote and local transactions.
For mobile commerce to become commonplace, it needs to build
on established habits, practices, and infrastructure with added specific
mobility value. The added value can be, for example, instant access
and delivery, flexibility, convenience, personalization, location aware-
ness with GPS and navigation, or better customer service. The key
drivers of mobile commerce service adoption are ease-of-use and
convenience, as well as security, privacy, and reliability. Applications
and services that are too complex and time-consuming will dis-
Fig. 11. Siemens SX66. courage consumers from “going mobile”. The challenge is to im-
plement a secure payment scheme so that it remains convenient and
simple to use.
The main drivers of smart phones that enable convenient and
so it can be shaped into smaller phone casings. However, they are secure mobile commerce services are the following,
limitations of how much energy can be packed into a battery. Form
1. Electronic wallet application — a program or web service that
factor and weight are very critical for the success of a particular brand of
allows users to store and control their online shopping information,
smart phone in the market place. Careful energy and weight analysis and
like logins, passwords, shipping address, and credit card details, in
consideration should be given to the design of a smart phone.
one central place
Here are some of the basic energy characteristics in today's smart
2. Electronic payment application for buying and billing
phones:
3. 3G broadband Internet access
- Single Li-Ion or Li-Polymer battery running at 3.7 V and capacity 4. High computing and communication performance
ranging from 700 mAh (2.5 wh) to 1900 mAh (5 wh) 5. Multi-media contents from merchants to stir purchasing desire on
- Designed for continuous talking of 5 h, the operating power the move, extending from E-commerce players such as eBay,
consumption ranges from 0.5 w to 1 w Amazon, Yahoo, Microsoft MSN, and Google.
- Designed for standby of 250 h, the standby power consumption
ranges from 10 mw to 20 mw 8. Electronic payment for M-commerce
- Intel has planned to standardize operating power consumption for
Notebook as 65 w, Desktop as 65 w, and server as 80 w in the recent The following four categories of payment are most common for
IDF. mobile commerce [7]:
1. Fixed amount, like mortgage payment
The following table lists the battery size, capacity, and weight
2. Varying but predicable amount, like utility bills of electricity,
comparison with the rest of the unit weight for some of the feature
phone, gas, water, cable, etc
phones discussed in this article.
3. Varying amount, like monthly credit card payments

Phone brand Battery Battery weight (g) Rest of unit weight (g)
Nokia 9300 970 mAh Li-Polymer 21 149
Sony-Ericsson Z500A 700 mAh Li-Polymer 16 95
BenQ P50 1240 mAh Li-Ion 32 148
BenQ P30 (UIQ) 1050 mAh Li-Polymer 30 119
Palm 650 1900 mAh Li-Ion 42 134
RIM 7100 950 mAh Li-Ion [122]
HP 6315 1800 mAh Li-Ion [190]
HP6515 1200 mAh Li-Ion [165]
Motorola RAZR V3 710 mAh Li-Ion 16 86
Motorola Q 1130 mAh Li-Ion [115]
Apple iPhone 1400 mAh Li-Ion

Note: [] means total weight.

7. Mobile commerce and smart phone

Mobile commerce includes a vast variety of activities comprised of

transactions with monetary value conducted via a mobile phone.
These transactions may involve intangible and tangible goods. Exam-
ples of intangible goods are applications and information delivered to
the mobile device in digital format. Tangible goods are those pur-
chased using the mobile phone but delivered separately. Mobile
phones can be used for a wide range of mobile transactions, either
through remote purchase over the digital mobile network, or local
purchase at a point of sale. Fig. 12. BenQ P50.
746 Y.F. Chang et al. / Computer Standards & Interfaces 31 (2009) 740–747

Fig. 13. Motorola Q.

4. Other one-time payments, such as downloading of digital contents, electronic fund transfer and can clear much faster than paper
purchasing of service, etc. check. Typically, it involves the use of ACH.
The payment mechanisms used by M-commerce are mostly the same The motivating factors for using smart phones in mobile com-
as those listed below used in a more traditional electronic payment merce over the use of desktop or notebook PC can be summarized
environment: below:
1. Electronic cash — the electronic cash systems replicate the cash
1. Convenience; consumers can initiate the transaction anytime and
over Internet. Electronic Cash, Digicash, Cybercoin and Netcach [8] anywhere on the move at their convenience.
systems
2. Instant notification and delivery via e-mail, SMS, EMS, or IM.
2. Represent the electronic cash systems that are used in E-commerce 3. Ease of use; much simpler to use than a PC.
transactions
4. Time/cost saving; without incurring the time and cost of acquiring
3. Credit card — payment using credit card is the most popular form of and setting up a PC.
electronic payment for cyber shopping
4. Debit card — debit card is similar to credit card in operation from Most of the current electronic payment implementation is payee-
the merchant's point of view, but differs in credit extending from centric system. The system is initiated by merchant payees and the
card holder and banking institution point of view electronic invoices are presented to the payer. This mechanism puts a
5. Smart phone for small amount — sometimes the charge is directly payer in an inconvenient position of having to deal with a number of
billed to the phone number, usually for a small amount purchase, merchant payees one-by-one using mobile device. The inconvenience
such as purchase of music, video, games, etc of the system may well discourage the adoption of the M-commerce
6. E-Check via ACH (Automated Clearing House) — the electronic from the user point of view.
check resembles the ordinary paper check, which triggers an On the other hand if the payment system is payer-centric. The
payer could establish an account with a central clearing house such as
a banking institution or a credit card/debit card company. The payer
then has the ability to make payments to multiple payees through the
central clearing house. The payment transaction is routed to the
appropriate payment processor and the payment status is delivered to
the payer. A secure and reliable ease-of-use payment system is critical
to the wide-spread adoption of M-commerce.

9. Conclusion

In this paper we have examined the more popular smart phones from
various vendors in terms of its features, form factor, weight, and energy
analysis. We then proposed a set of nineteen ideal smart phone features
including eleven must-have and eight desirable-to-have features for the
mobile commerce applications.
For the mobile commerce to become commonplace, its infrastruc-
ture must be built on established habits and practices with add-on
specific mobile values. Keys drivers for its adoption are stated in this
paper as convenience, ease-of-use, security, privacy, and reliability.
The challenge is to implement a secure payment scheme which is
convenient and simple to use. Towards that end, payer-centric pay-
ment architecture is advocated, in contrast to the current prevalent
Fig. 14. Apple iPhone. mode of payee-centric payment practice.
 Y.F. Chang et al. / Computer Standards & Interfaces 31 (2009) 740–747 747

This paper is unique in its systematic survey of the most major smart Radio Frequency
Identification: (RFID) is a new transponder technology for the contactless
phones and their use in mobile commerce. It focuses on proposing must- recognition of object using devices called RFID tags. An RFID tag
have and desirable-to-have features. It outlines the key drivers of mobile is a small object, such as an adhesive sticker, that can be
commerce, and finally a payer-centric payment application is proposed attached to or incorporated into a product. RFID tags contain
antennas to enable them to receive and respond to radio
as a candidate for mobile commerce platform standard. frequency queries from an RFID transceiver.
Secure Digital: (SD) card is a stamp-sized flash memory card used for extra
storage capacity for data, programs, and music files and is
References easily transferable between a mobile device and a desktop
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[2] Smart phone sales to reach 126 m units by 2009, ARC Group, 15 November, 2004. hardware such as Bluetooth short range wireless standard
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[5] http://store.infotrendsresearch.com/ProductDetails.asp?ProductCode=65326, User Interface IQ: (UIQ) is a user-interface platform for Symbian OS-based smart
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Dr. Yung-Fu Chang is CEO of AtomID, Inc in Medina, OH and
Adjunct Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Department at Miami University in Oxford, OH. He served
Glossary recently as CEO of AWID in Morgan Hill, CA and CEO and
Founder of Accelent Systems Inc. in Akron, OH. Previously, he
served as CTO and EVP of Telxon Corporation in Akron, OH.
Third Generation: (3G) is the next generation of wireless technology beyond personal
He received a BSEE degree from National Taiwan University in
communication services. 3G promises increased bandwidth, up to
Taipei, Taiwan, an MBA degree from National Chiao-Tung
384 Kbps, when a device is stationery or moving at pedestrian speed,
University in Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, an MSEE degree from the
128 Kbps in a car, and 2 Mbps in fixed applications.
University of Houston in Houston, TX, and a Ph.D. from the
Bluetooth: is a technical industry standard that facilitates communication between
University of Akron in Akron, OH. Dr. Chang was awarded
wireless devices such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants
nine patents in the portable and hand-held computing field
(PDAs), and wireless-enabled laptop or desktop computers and
and received a distinguished Corporate Inventor award from
peripherals.
the National Inventors Hall of Fame in Akron, OH in 1995. He also published multiple
Digital Signal
articles in technical journals. His research interest includes embedded system, wireless
Processor: (DSP) is a circuit that is specially designed for digital signals in processor-
communication, hand-held computing, and platform development of smart phone and
intensive applications, such as wireless communications links.
RFID.
Enhanced Data
GSM Environment: (EDGE) is one of the 3G upgrade options available to GSM networks,
along with GPRS and HSCSD. EDGE is designed to deliver data at rates
up to 384 Kbps and enable the delivery of multimedia and other C.S. Chen is professor and the founding chair of the Electrical
broadband applications to mobile phone and computer users. The and Computer Engineering Department at Miami University in
EDGE standard is built on the existing GSM standard, using the same Oxford, Ohio. Previously he served as the department head and
TDMA frame structure and existing cell arrangements. There will be the interim engineering dean at the University of Akron in
two versions of EDGE, ECSD and EGPRS. Akron, Ohio. He received the BSEE degree from the National
Enhanced General Packet Taiwan University in Taipei, Taiwan, and MSEE and Ph.D. from
Radio Systems: (EGPRS) is a version of EDGE that enhances GPRS data rates. the University of Rochester in Rochester, N.Y. His research
Enhanced Message interests include signal processing, measurement and control.
Service: (EMS) is an extension of SMS that enables the sending of a He was a co-founder of Quatech Inc. Quatech designed and
combination of simple melodies, images, sounds, animations, manufactured data communication, data acquisition and
and formatted text as an EMS message to another EMS- industrial control equipment for test and measurement
compatible phone. industry. He is a member of IEEE (senior membership), ASEE,
General Packet Radio Sigma Xi, Eta Kappa Nu and Tau Beta Pi.
Service: (GPRS) is a radio technology for GSM networks that adds
packet-switching protocols. GPRS promises data rates from
56 up to 114 Kbps.
Hao Zhou is a technical leader working for Cisco Systems,
Global Positioning
Inc. He received a BS Physics degree from Beijing University,
System: (GPS) is a worldwide radio-navigation system that was de-
Beijing, China and an MSEE and MS Physics from the
veloped by the U.S. Department of Defense. GPS is widely used
University of Akron in Akron, Ohio. He also received an
in marine and terrestrial navigation.
MBA degree from the Cleveland State University in Cleve-
Global System for Mobile
land, Ohio. His research interest and area of expertise
Communications: (GSM) is the most widely used digital mobile phone system in
include security, wireless LAN, embedded system, mobile
Europe. GSM is a time division multiplex (TDM) system and is
device, and device management. He is the inventor/co-
implemented on 800, 900, 1800, and 1900 MHz band.
inventor of nine US patent applications and one awarded
Instant Messaging: (IM) is a facility to send and receive instantaneous text
patent in the security, wireless, and management comput-
messages over the Internet.
ing field. He is co-author of multiple IETF RFCs and Internet
Personal Information
drafts. He regularly attends IETF and Open Mobile Alliance
Management: (PIM) programs that store personal and business information
standard organizations.
such as appointments, contacts, notes, lists, and memos.
Quarter video graphics
array: (Quarter VGA or QVGA) is a computer display with 320-×-240
resolution. QVGA displays are used in mobile phones and PDAs,
generally in portrait mode and are referred to as 240-×-320
displays.
QWERTY: is the modern-day layout of letters on most English language
computer and typewriter keyboards. QWERTY keyboards
have Q, W, E, R, T, and Y as the top row from the left.