UNIT 5

1. What meant by plane stress analysis?

Plane stress is defined to be a state of stress in which the normal stress and shear stress
directed perpendicular to the plane are assumed to be zero.
2. Define plane strain analysis.
Plane strain is defined to be state of strain normal to the x,y plane and the shear strains are
assumed to be zero.
3. What is truss element?
The truss elements are the part of a truss structure linked together by point joint
which transmits only axial force to the element.
4. List the two advantages of post processing.
Required result can be obtained in graphical form.
Contour diagrams can be used to understand the solution easily and quickly.

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5. What are the h and p versions of finite element method?

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It is used to improve the accuracy of the finite element method. In h version, the order of
S.
polynomial approximation for all elements is kept constant and the numbers of elements
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are increased. In p version, the numbers of elements are maintained constant and the order
C

of polynomial approximation of element is increased.

FO
TS

6. During discretization, mention the places where it is necessary to place a node?

EN

Concentrated load acting point Cross-section changing point Different material inter
junction point Sudden change in point load
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7. What is the difference between static and dynamic analysis?

Static analysis: The solution of the problem does not vary with time is known as static
analysis
Example: stress analysis on a beam
Dynamic analysis: The solution of the problem varies with time is known as dynamic
analysis
Example: vibration analysis problem.

8. What is meant by discretization and assemblage?

The art of subdividing a structure in to convenient number of smaller components is
known as discretization. These smaller components are then put together. The process of uniting
the various elements together is called assemblage.
9. What is Rayleigh-Ritz method?
It is integral approach method which is useful for solving complex structural problem,
encountered in finite element analysis. This method is possible only if a suitable function is
available.
10. What is Aspect ratio?
It is defined as the ratio of the largest dimension of the element to the smallest dimension.
In many cases, as the aspect ratio increases the in accuracy of the solution increases. The
conclusion of many researches is that the aspect ratio should be close
to unity as possible.
11. What is essential boundary condition?
Primary boundary condition or EBC, Boundary condition which in terms of field variable
is known as Primary boundary condition

12. Natural boundary conditions.

Secondary boundary natural boundary conditions which are in the differential form of
field variable is known as secondary boundary condition.
13. How do you define two dimensional elements?
Two dimensional elements are define by three or more nodes in a two dimensional
plane. The basic element useful for two dimensional analysis is the triangular element.

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14. State the principles of virtual energy?

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A body is in equilibrium if the internal virtual work equals the external virtual work for

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the every kinematically admissible displacement field.
S.
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15. What is non-homogeneous form?
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FO

When the specified values of dependent variables are non-zero, the boundary conditi said
to be non-homogeneous.
TS
EN

16. What is homogeneous form?

D

When the specified values of dependent variables is zero, the boundary condition are said
U

to be homogeneous.
ST

17. Define initial value problem.

An initial value problem is one in which the dependent variable and possibly is
derivatives are specified initially.

18. Define boundary value problem.

A differential equation is said to describe a boundary value problem if the dependent
variable and its derivatives are required to take specified values on the boundary.

19. What do you mean by uniqueness of mapping?

It is absolutely necessary that a point in parent element represents only one point in the isoperimetric
element. Some times, due to violent distortion it is possible to obtain undesirable situation of
nonuniqueness. Some of such situations are shown in Fig. If this requirement is violated determinant of
Jacobiam matrix (to be explained latter) becomes negative. If this happens coordinate transformation fails
and hence the program is to be terminated and mapping is corrected.
 Non Uniqueness of Mapping
1. What do you mean by iso parametric element?(April/May 2011)
If the shape functions defining the boundary and displacements are the same, the element is called
as isoparametric element and all the eight nodes are used in defining the geometry and displacement.

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2. What do you mean by super parametric element?

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S.
The element in which more number of nodes are used to define geometry compared to the number of
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nodes used to define displacement are known as superparametric element.
C
FO
TS
EN
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3. What do you mean by sub parametric element?

The fig shows subparametric element in which less number of nodes are used to define geometry
compared to the number of nodes used for defining the displacements. Such elements can be used
advantageously in case of geometry being simple but stress gradient high.

4. What do you mean by iso parametric formulation?(April/May 2011)

The principal concept of isoparametric finite element formulation is to express the element
coordinates and element displacements in the form of interpolations using the natural coordinate system of
the element. These isoparametric elements of simple shapes expressed in natural coordinate system,
 known as master elements, are the transformed shapes of some arbitrary curves sided actual elements
expressed in Cartesian coordinate system.

5. What is a Jacobian matrix of transformation?(April/May 2011)

It‟s the transformation between two different co-ordinate system. This transformation is
used to evaluate the integral expression involving „x‟ interms of expressions involving ε.
XB 1


xA
f ( x)dx   f ( )d
1

The differential element dx in the global co-ordinate system x is related to differential

element dε in natural co-ordinate system ε by

dx = dx/ dε . dε

dx = J . dε
𝐽11 𝐽12
Jacobian matrix of transformation J =dx/ dε =
𝐽21 𝐽22

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6. Differentiate the serendipity and langrangian elements

C
Serendipity elements S.
langrangian elements
U
In discretized element In discretized element, if nodes
C
FO

If nodes lies on corner, then the are present in both centre of element
TS

element are known as serendipity and corner are known as langrangian

EN

elements. elements.
D

7. Explain Gauss quadrature rule.(Nov/Dec 2012), (April/May 2011)

U
ST

The idea of Gauss Quadrature is to select “n” Gauss points and “n” weight functions such that the
integral provides an exact answer for the polynomial f(x) as far as possible, Suppose if it is necessary to
evaluate the following integral using end point approximation then

1
I=  f ( x)dx
1

8. What are the differences between implicit and explicit direct integration methods?

Implicit direct integration methods:

(i) Implicit methods attempt to satisfy the differential equation at time „t‟ after the solution at time “t-
∆t”is found
(ii) These methods require the solution of a set of linear equations at each time step.
(iii) Normally larger time steps may be used.
(iv) Implicit methods can be conditionally or unconditionally stable.
Explicit direct integration methods:
 (i) These methods do not involve the solution of a set of linear equations at each step.
(ii) Basically these methods use the differential equations at time „t‟ to predict a solution at time
“t+∆t”
(iii) Normally smaller time steps may be used
(iv) All explicit methods are conditionally stable with respect to size of time step.
(v) Explicit methods initially proposed for parabolic PDES and for stiff ODES with widely separated
time constants
9. State the three phases of finite element method.

The three phases of FEM is given by,

(i) Preprocessing
(ii) Analysis
(iii) Post Processing
10. List any three FEA software.(Nov/Dec 2014)

The following list represents FEA software as,

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(i) ANSYS

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(ii) NASTRAN
(iii) COSMOS
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C

UNIT V
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PART-B
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1. A four noded rectangular element is shown in Fig. Determine the following

EN

1. jacobian matrix 2. Strain – Displacement matrix 3. Element Stresses.

D
U
ST

T
Take E = 2 10 N/mm ; v = 0.25 ; u = 0, 0, 0, 0.003, 0.004, 0.006, 0.004, 0, 0
5 2
ε=0;=0
Assume the plane Stress condition.

Given Data

Cartesian co – ordinates of the points 1,2,3 and 4

𝑥1 = 0; 𝑦1 = 0
𝑥2 = 2; 𝑦2 = 0
𝑥3 = 2; 𝑦3 = 1
𝑥4 = 0; 𝑦4 = 1

Young‟s modulus, E = 2 105 N/mm2

Poisson‟s ratio v = 0.25
0
0
0.003
0.004
Displacements, u =
0.006
0.004
0

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0

O
Natural co-ordinates , ε = 0 ,  = 0

C
To find: S.
U
1. Jacobian matrix, J
C

2. Strain – Displacement matrix [B]

FO

3. Element Stress σ.
TS

Formulae used
𝐽11 𝐽12
J =
EN

𝐽21 𝐽22
J22 −J12 0 0
D

1 1
𝐵 = 0 0 −J21 J11 
U

𝐉 4
−J21 J11 J22 −J12
ST

−(1 − ) 0 (1 − ) 0 (1 + ) 0 −(1 + ) 0
−(1 − 𝜀) 0 −(1 + 𝜀) 0 (1 + 𝜀) 0 (1 − 𝜀) 0
0 −(1 − ) 0 (1 − ) 0 (1 + ) 0 −(1 + )
0 −(1 − 𝜀) 0 −(1 + 𝜀) 0 (1 + 𝜀) 0 (1 − 𝜀)

Solution :Jacobian matrix for quadrilateral element is given by,

𝐽11 𝐽12
J =
𝐽21 𝐽22

Where ,
1
J11 = 4 −(1 − )𝑥1 + (1 − )𝑥2 +(1 + )𝑥3 −(1 + )𝑥4 (1)
 1
J12 = 4 −(1 − )𝑦1 + (1 − )𝑦2 +(1 + )𝑦3 −(1 + )𝑦4 (2)
1
J21 = 4 −(1 − 𝜀)𝑥1 − (1 + 𝜀)𝑥2 +(1 + 𝜀)𝑥3 +(1 − 𝜀)𝑥4 (3)
1
J22 = 4 −(1 − 𝜀)𝑦1 − (1 + 𝜀)𝑦2 +(1 + 𝜀)𝑦3 +(1 − 𝜀)𝑦4 (4)

Result :

J = 0.5

480
𝜎 = 120 N/m2
280

2. For the isoparametric quadrilateral element shown in Fig. the Cartesian co-ordinate of
point P are (6,4). The loads 10KN and 12KN are acting in x and y direction on the point P.
Evaluate the nodal equivalent forces.

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S.
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TS
EN
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Givendata :

Cartesian co- ordinates of point P,

X = 6; y=4

The Cartesian co-ordinates of point 1,2,3 and 4 are

𝑥1 = 2; 𝑦1 = 1

𝑥2 = 8; 𝑦2 = 4

𝑥3 = 6; 𝑦3 = 6

𝑥4 = 3; 𝑦4 = 5
 Loads ,F𝑥 = 10𝐾𝑁F𝑦 = 12𝐾𝑁

To find : Nodal equivalent forces for x and y directions,

i,e., F1𝑥 , F2𝑥 , F3𝑥 , F4𝑥 , F1𝑦 , F2𝑦 , F3𝑦 , F4𝑦

Formulae Used
1
N1 = 4 (1-ε) (1-)

1
N2 = 4 (1+ ε) (1-  )

1
N3 = 4 (1+ ε) (1+)

1
N4 = 4 (1-ε) (1+)

Fx
Element force vector, F e = N T
Fy

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solution: S.
U
Shape functions for quadrilateral elements are,
C
FO

1
N1 = 4 (1-ε)(1-) (1)
TS

1
N2 = 4 (1+ ε) (1-  )
EN

(2)
D

1
N3 = 4 (1+ ε) (1+) (3)
U
ST

1
N4 = 4 (1-ε) (1+) (4)

Cartesian co-ordinates of the point,P(x,y)

𝑥 = N1 𝑥1 +N2 𝑥2 + N3 𝑥3 + N4 𝑥4 (5)

𝑦 = N1 𝑦1 +N2 𝑦2 + N3 𝑦3 + N4 𝑦4 (6)

Result:

Nodal forces for x directions,

F1𝑥 1.8387
F2𝑥 4.9713
= KN
F3𝑥 2.3287
F4x 0.8613

Nodal forces for y directions,

 F1𝑦 2.20644
F2𝑦 5.96556
= KN
F3𝑦 2.79444
F4y 1.03356

4. Derive the shape function derivation for the Eight Noded Rectangular Element

Consider a eight noded rectangular element is shown in fig. It belongs to the

serendipity family of elements. It consists of eight nodes, which are located on the boundary.

We know that, shape function N1 = 1 at node 1 and 0 at all other nodes.

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C
S.
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C
FO
TS
EN
D
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ST

N1=0 at all other nodes

N1 has to be in the form of N1 =C(1- ε)(1-)(1+ε+)(1)

Where C is constant

Substitute ε = -1 and  = -1 in equation (1)

N1 = C (1+1)(1+1)(-1)

1 = -4C
1
C =-4

Substitute C value in equation

1
N1= -4 (1+ ε) (1 +) (1+ε+) (2)
At node 2 :(Coordinates ε =1,= -1)

Shape Function N2 = 1 at node 2

N2 = 0 at all other nodes

N2has to be in the form of N2 =C(1 +ε)(1-)(1-ε+) (3)

Substitute ε = 1 and  = -1 in equation (3)

N2 = C (1+1) (1+1) (-1)

1 = -4C
1
C =-4

Substitute C value in equation (3)

1
N2= -4 (1+ ε) (1 - ) (1- ε +)

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(4)

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C
At node 3 :(Coordinates ε =1,= 1)
S.
U
Shape Function N3 = 1 at node 3
C
FO

N3 = 0 at all other nodes

TS

N3has to be in the form of N3 =C(1+ε)(1+)(1- ε - ) (5)

EN

Substitute ε = 1 and  = 1 in equation (5)

D
U

N3 = C (1+1) (1+1) (-1)

ST

1 = -4C
1
C =-4

Substitute C value in equation (5)

1
N3= − (1+ ε) (1+ ) (1- ε - ) (6)
4

At node 4 :(Coordinates ε =- 1,= 1)

Shape Function N4 = 1 at node 4

N4 = 0 at all other nodes

N4 has to be in the form of N4 =C(1- ε)(1 + )(1+ε - ) (7)

Substitute ε = -1 and  = 1 in equation (7)

 N4 = C (1+1) (1+1) (-1)

1 = -4C
1
C = −4

Substitute C value in equation (3)

1
N4= - 4 (1- ε) (1 + ) (1+ ε -) (8)

Now , we define N5,N6,N7 and N8 at the mid points.

At node 5 :(Coordinates ε = - 1,= - 1)

Shape Function N5 = 1 at node 5

N5 = 0 at all other nodes

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N5has to be in the form of N5 =C(1- ε)(1 -)(1+ε )

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N5 = C (1- ε2)(1 - )

C
(9)
S.
Substitute ε = 0 and  = -1 in equation (9)
U
C
FO

N5 = C (1-0)(1+1)
TS

1 = 2C
EN

1
C=2
D
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Substitute C value in equation (9)

ST

1
N5= 2 (1- ε2)(1 - ) (10)

At node 6 :(Coordinates ε = 1,= - 1)

Shape Function N6 = 1 at node 6
N6 = 0 at all other nodes
N6 has to be in the form of N6 =C (1+ε)(1 - )(1+ )
N6 = C (1 + ε)(1 - 2) (11)
Substitute ε = 1 and  = 0 in equation (11)
N6 = C (1+1) (1 - 0)
1 = 2C
1
C=2
Substitute C value in equation (11)
1
N6= (1+ ε)(1 - 2) (12)
2

At node 7 :(Coordinates ε = 1,= 1)

Shape Function N7 = 1 at node 7
N7 = 0 at all other nodes
N7 has to be in the form of N7 =C (1+ε)(1 + )(1- ε )
N7 = C (1 – ε2)(1 + ) (13)
Substitute ε = 0 and  = 1 in equation (12)
N7 = C (1-0) (1 + 1)
1 = 2C

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1
C=2

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C
Substitute C value in equation (13)
1
S.
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N7= (1 – ε2)(1 + ) (14)
2
C
FO

At node 8 :(Coordinates ε = -1,= 1)

TS

Shape Function N8 = 1 at node 8

EN

N8 = 0 at all other nodes

N8 has to be in the form of N8 =C (1-ε)(1 + )(1-  )
D
U

N8 = C (1 – ε)(1 -2)
ST

(15)
Substitute ε = -1 and  = 0 in equation (15)
N8 = C (1+1) (1 - 0)
1 = 2C
1
C=2

Substitute C value in equation (15)

1
N8= (1 – ε)(1 -2) (16)
2

Shape Functions are,

1
N1= - (1+ ε) (1 +) (1+ε+)
4
1
N2= - (1+ ε) (1 - ) (1- ε + )
4
 1
N3= − 4 (1+ ε) (1 + ) (1- ε - )
1
N4= - (1- ε) (1 + ) (1+ ε -)
4
1
N5= (1- ε2)(1 - )
2
1
N6= (1+ ε)(1 - 2)
2
1
N7= (1 – ε2)(1 + )
2
1
N8= (1 – ε)(1 - 2)
2

5. Derive the shape function for 4 noded rectangular parent element by using natural co-
ordinate system and co-ordinate transformation
η

4 (-1,1) 3 (1,1) η (+1)

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C
ε S. ε (+1)
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ε (-1)
C
FO
TS

1(-1,-1) η (-1)
2 (1,-1)
EN

Consider a four noded rectangular element as shown in FIG. The parent element is defined in ε
D
U

and η co-ordinates i.e., natural co-ordinates ε is varying from -1 to 1 and η is also varying -1 to 1.
ST

We know that,

Shape function value is unity at its own node and its value is zero at other nodes.

At node 1: (co-ordinate ε = -1, η = -1)

Shape function N1 = 1 at node 1.

N1 = 0 at nodes 2, 3 and 4

N1has to be in the form of N1 = C (1 - ε) (1 -η) (1)

Where, C is constant.

Substitute ε = -1 and η = -1 in equation (1)

N1 = C (1+1)(1+1)
 N1= 4C
1
C=4

Substitute C value in equation (1)

1 (2)
N1 = 4(1 - ε) (1 -η)

At node 2: (co-ordinate ε = 1, η = -1)

Shape function N2 = 1 at node 2.

N2 = 0 at nodes 1, 3 and 4

N1has to be in the form of N2 = C (1 + ε) (1 -η) (3)

Where, C is constant.

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Substitute ε = 1 and η = -1 in equation (3)

C
N2 = C (1+1) (1+1) S.
U
C

N2 = 4C
FO

1
C=4
TS
EN

Substitute C value in equation (1)

D

1 (4)
N2 = 4(1 + ε) (1 -η)
U
ST

At node 3: (co-ordinate ε = 1, η = 1)

Shape function N3 = 1 at node 3.

N3 = 0 at nodes 1, 2 and 4

N1has to be in the form of N3 = C (1 + ε) (1 +η) (5)

Where, C is constant.

Substitute ε = 1 and η = 1 in equation (5)

N3 = C (1+1)(1+1)

N3 = 4C
 1
C=4

Substitute C value in equation (1)

1 (6)
N3 = 4(1 +ε) (1 + η)

At node 4: (co-ordinate ε = -1, η = 1)

Shape function N4 = 1 at node 4.

N4 = 0 at nodes 1, 2 and 3

N1has to be in the form of N4 = C (1 - ε) (1 +η) (7)

Where, C is constant.

Substitute ε = -1 and η = 1 in equation (1)

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N4 = C (1+1) (1+1)

C
N4 = 4C S.
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C

1
C=4
FO
TS

Substitute C value in equation (1)

EN

1 (8)
N4 = 4(1 - ε) (1 +η)
D
U
ST

𝑢
Consider a point p with co-ordinate (ε ,η). If the displacement function u = represents the
𝑣
displacements components of a point located at (ε ,η) then,

u = N1 𝑢1 +N2 𝑢2 +N3 𝑢3 +N4 𝑢4

v = N1 𝑣1 +N2 𝑣2 +N3 𝑣3 +N4 𝑣4

It can be written in matrix form as,

 𝑢1
𝑣1
𝑢2
𝑢 𝑁1 0 𝑁2 0 𝑁3 0 𝑁4 0 𝑣2
u= = 𝑢3 (9)
𝑣 0 𝑁1 0 𝑁2 0 𝑁3 0 𝑁4
𝑣3
𝑢4
𝑣4
In the isoparametric formulation i,e., for global system, the co-ordinates of the nodal points are
𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , and 𝑥4 , 𝑦4 . In order to get mapping the co-ordinate of point p is
defined as

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𝑥 = N1 𝑥1 +N2 𝑥2 +N3 𝑥3 +N4 𝑥4

C
S.
𝑦 = N1 𝑦1 +N2 𝑦2 +N3 𝑦3 +N4 𝑦4
U
C
FO
TS
EN
D
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ST
 The above equation can be written in matrix form as,

𝑥1
𝑦1
𝑥2
𝑥 𝑁1 0 𝑁2 0 𝑁3 0 𝑁4 0 𝑦2
u= 𝑦 = 0 𝑁1 0 𝑁2 0 𝑁3 0 𝑁4 𝑥3 (10)
𝑦3
𝑥4
𝑦4

6. For the isoparametric four noded quadrilateral element shown in fig. Determine the
Cartesian co-ordinates of point P which has local co-ordinatesε= 0.5 , η =0.5

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S.
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EN
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Given data

Natural co-ordinates of point P

ε= 0.5

η =0.5

Cartesian co-ordinates of the point 1,2,3 and 4 P 𝑥, 𝑦

𝑥1 = 1; 𝑦1 = 1

𝑥2 = 5; 𝑦2 = 1
 𝑥3 = 6; 𝑦3 = 6

𝑥4 = 1; 𝑦4 = 4
To find : Cartesian co-ordinates of the point P(x,y)

Formulae used:

Co -ordinate, 𝑥 = N1 𝑥1 +N2 𝑥2 +N3 𝑥3 +N4 𝑥4

Co-ordinate, 𝑦 = N1 𝑦1 +N2 𝑦2 +N3 𝑦3 +N4 𝑦4

Solution

Shape function for quadrilateral elements are,

1
N1 = 4(1 - ε) (1 -η)

M
1

O
N2 = 4(1 + ε) (1 -η)

C
1
S.
N3 = 4(1 +ε) (1 + η)
U
1
N4 = 4(1 - ε) (1 +η)
C
FO

Substitute ε and η values in the above equations,

TS

1
N1 = 4(1 – 0.5) (1 –0.5) = 0.0625
EN
D

1
N2 = 4(1 + 0.5) (1 –0.5) = 0.1875
U
ST

1
N3 = 4(1 +0.5) (1 + 0.5) =0.5625

1
N4 = 4(1 – 0.5) (1 +0.5) = 0.1875

We know that,

Co-ordinate, 𝑥 = N1 𝑥1 +N2 𝑥2 +N3 𝑥3 +N4 𝑥4

= 0.0625×1+0.1875×5+0.5625×6+0.1875×1

𝑥 = 4.5625

Similarly,

Co-ordinate, 𝑦 = N1 𝑦1 +N2 𝑦2 +N3 𝑦3 +N4 𝑦4

 = 0.0625×1+0.1875×1+0.5625×6+0.1875×4

y = 4.375

𝟏 𝒙 𝟐 𝟏
7. Evaluate the integral I =
−𝟏
𝒆 + 𝒙 + dx using Gaussian integration with one,
𝒙+𝟕
,two , three integration points and compare with exact solution

Given:

1 1
I=
−1
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + dx
𝑥+7

To Find:

Evaluate the integral by using Gaussian.

Formulae used:

M
O
1 1
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥2 +
C
I= dx
−1 𝑥+7
S.
U
f 𝑥1 , w1 f 𝑥1 ,
C
FO

w1 f 𝑥1 + w2 f 𝑥2 + w3 f 𝑥3
TS

Solution
EN

1. point Gauss quadrature

D
U

𝑥1 = 0; w1 = 2
ST

1
f 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥2 +
𝑥+7
1
f 𝑥1 = 𝑒0 + 0 +
0+7

f 𝑥1 = 1.1428

w1 f 𝑥1 = 2 ⨯1.1428

= 2.29