Leaching Lecture5

UIT-RGPV (Autonomous) Bhopal
Department of Petrochemical Engineering
Subject In-charge: Prof. Mehtab Singh Chouhan

Semester: VI
Subject code – PC 601 Subject: Mass Transfer -II
Lecture No. 5 (date:05.04.2020)

Solid-liquid Extraction
1. What is leaching?
Solid liquid extraction or leaching is the process of separation of soluble constituents of a solid
material using a suitable solvent.
Example:
(i) Extraction of oil from oil seeds – Oil is product and solid residue is by product.
(ii) Metallurgical Industries – Metal extraction from ores.
2. Basic steps of leaching/solid-liquid extraction:

1. Intimate contact between solid feed with solvent.
2. Separation of extract from exhausted solid.
3. Separation of solvent (and entrained solid) from extract followed by purification of the
product.
4. Recovery of solvent from moist solid (by pressing / squeezing and drying).
• In leaching, a substantial part of solid does not dissolve and soluble matters diffuse out
through the solid.
• An acid, alkali or solution of a complexing chemical is commonly used for solubilizing
the target materials.
• Leaching of ores (oxides, carbonates, sulphides etc.,) is a major step in hydro metallurgy.
➢ Leaching of copper minerals by H2SO4 or ammonical solution.
➢ Leaching of Au from to ore by NaCN solution.
➢ Leaching of low grade Ni ore, nickel laterite with H2SO4 at 250oC and 650psi. Co is
by product.
• Bio leaching by bacteria like Thiobacillus Ferro oxidans and thermophilic species such as
sulphobacillum, Acidianus are well known. These convert ores into soluble sulfonates.
Bioleaching is slow but non-polluting since no SO2 is emitted. Cu, Au, Zi and Ni are
separated by bioleaching.
3. Solid Liquid extraction equilibrium

Concentration of solute in clear liquid = Overflow
Fraction of liquid in slurry = Underflow
Notation:
Mass fraction of species in the overflow = y
Mass fraction of species in the slurry = x
➢ Two common techniques for representing solid – liquid extraction equilibrium data:
1. The triangular diagram
2. The Ponchon – Savarit Diagram
1. The triangular diagram:

2. The Ponchon – Savarit Diagram:
4. Leaching Operations
a) Single – Stage Leaching:
And this is first operation that is single stage leaching operation so suppose this is the leaching
process so we have added this F with A amount of mass that is insoluble or we can say this is
nothing but inert. So insoluble solid carrier that is A, it is equivalent to that of the carrier solvent
like there in case of this extraction A. And then pure solvent whatever is added that is B, so
here pure solvent is added this B but we are adding this S amount of this pure solvent we can
say this one leaching solvent because it does the leaching process, leaching is nothing but
coming out of the solute whose through from the solid material.
b) We are allowing this process to reach tis equilibrium then it will be converted into two
phases, one will be the overflow that is our target, where overflow is V and one is this
underflow that is not require or it will give this by-product. So that is we can say this one
underflow or we can say this leached solid or exhausted solid.
c) But we need to remember that the whatever the target component C is there say soluble
solute or target component will be divided into two parts like this one major part will go to
overflow and minor part will come to or will be carried through this inert insoluble solid or
which is inert. So we cannot completely remove this target component this one from this inert
because there will be some amount of association of this target component with the carrier solid
A.
d)
e)
Let, Insoluble carrier solid = A
Pure solvent = B
Soluble solute = C
𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐴
N= = 𝐵+𝐶
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Mass balance, F+S = V+L = M

Solute balance, F(xc)F + S(yc)S = V(yc)V + L(yc)L = M((xc)M
𝐴F(xc)F + S(yc)S
(Xc)M = F+S
f)
g)
𝐴 𝑥𝐴
Under flow (Leached solid) : XC = , ZL = 𝑥
𝐵+𝐶 𝐵 + 𝑥𝐶
𝑦𝐶 𝑦𝐴
Overflow (Leach solution) : YC = 𝑦 , ZV = 𝑦
𝐵 + 𝑦𝐶 𝐵 + 𝑦𝐶
𝐹 ′ = kg non solid
𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
𝑍𝐹′ =𝑘
𝑔 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
′
𝐹 ′ 𝑍𝐹′ + 𝑆 ′ 𝑍𝑆′
𝑍𝑀 =
𝐹′ + 𝑍′
Problem 1:
One thousand kg of crushed oil seeds (19.5% oil + 80.5% meal) is extracted with 1500 kg pure
hexane in a a batch extraction vessel. Calculate fraction of oil extracted using
a) Right triangular diagram.
b) Ponchon – Savarit diagram.
Equilibrium data as follows:
Over flow (100 kg), solution Underflow (100kg), slurry
WA (kg), yA WB (kg), yB WC (kg), yC W’A (kg), W’B W’C (kg),
xA (kg), xB xC
0.3 99.7 0.0 67.2 32.8 0.0
0.45 90.6 8.95 67.1 29.94 2.96
0.54 84.54 14.92 66.93 28.11 4.96
0.70 74.47 24.83 66.58 25.06 8.36
0.77 69.46 29.77 66.26 23.62 10.12
0.91 60.44 38.65 65.75 20.9 13.35
0.99 54.45 44.56 65.33 19.07 15.6
1.19 44.46 54.35 64.39 16.02 19.59
1.28 38.50 60.22 63.77 14.13 22.10
1.28 34.55 64.17 63.23 12.87 23.90
1.48 24.63 73.89 61.54 9.61 28.85
Solution:
(a) F = 1000kg, S = 1500kg
(Xc)F = 0.195, (yc)S =0
M = F+S = 2500kg
100∗0.195+1500∗0
(Xc)M = = 0.078
2500
F (xA = 0.805, xB = 0, xC = 0.195)
S (yA = 0, yB = 1, yC = 0)
Join FS. Point M represents a mixture of F and S at (Xc)M = 0.078
V(yc)V + L(yc)L = M((xc)M
Vx 0.114+Lx0.0403= 2500x 0.078= 195
V+L =2500
V= 1279 kg, L=1221 Kg
Amount of oil extracted = V(yc)V =1279x0.114 kg=145.8 kg
Initial amount of oil in feed = 1000 × 0.195 = 195kg
145.8
Fraction extracted = X 100% = 74.8%
195
Mass of overflow = 1298.4kg
𝒗′ (𝒀𝑪 )𝑽′ 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟖.𝟒𝑿𝟎.𝟏𝟏𝟓

Fraction of oil extracted = 𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎 = % = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟔%
𝑭′ 𝟏𝟗𝟓

Leaching Lecture5

Uploaded by

Leaching Lecture5

Uploaded by

UIT-RGPV (Autonomous) Bhopal

Department of Petrochemical Engineering

Subject In-charge: Prof. Mehtab Singh Chouhan

Lecture No. 5 (date:05.04.2020)

2. Basic steps of leaching/solid-liquid extraction:

3. Solid Liquid extraction equilibrium

1. The triangular diagram:

Mass balance, F+S = V+L = M

F (xA = 0.805, xB = 0, xC = 0.195)

Mass of overflow = 1298.4kg

𝒗′ (𝒀𝑪 )𝑽′ 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟖.𝟒𝑿𝟎.𝟏𝟏𝟓

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