1.

Alkanes are important hydrocarbons since they are used as fuels in homes and in
industry. It is important that the enthalpy changes involved in alkane reactions are
known.

(i) Define the term enthalpy change of formation of a compound.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Write the equation, including state symbols, that accompanies the enthalpy
change of formation of hexane, C6H14(l).
[2]

(iii) What conditions of temperature and pressure are used when measuring the
standard enthalpy change of formation?

temperature ...............................................................

pressure .........................................................
[1]
[Total 5 marks]

Tasker-Milward School 1
2. The standard enthalpy change of formation of hexane is –199 kJ mol–1.

Using the axes below, show the enthalpy profile diagram for the formation of hexane.

On your diagram label the enthalpy change of reaction, ∆H, and the activation energy,
Ea.

enthalpy

reaction pathway
[Total 3 marks]

3. Enthalpy changes can be calculated using enthalpy changes of combustion. The table
below shows some values for standard enthalpy changes of combustion.

substance ∆HcӨ/ kJ mol−1

C(s) −394
H2(g) −286
CH4(g) −890

Use these values to calculate the standard enthalpy change of the reaction below.

C(s) + 2H2(g) → CH4(g)

standard enthalpy change = ........................................... kJ mol−1

[Total 3 marks]

Tasker-Milward School 2
4. Enthalpy changes of reaction can be determined indirectly from average bond
enthalpies and standard enthalpy changes.

The table below shows the values of some average bond enthalpies.

average bond
bond
enthalpy /kJ mol–1
C–H +410
O–H +465
O=O +500
C=O +805
C–O +336

(i) Why do bond enthalpies have positive values?

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) The equation below shows the combustion of methanol, CH3OH, in the gaseous
state.

CH3OH(g) + 1½O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Using the average bond enthalpies in the table above, calculate the enthalpy
change of combustion, ΔHc, of gaseous methanol.

ΔHc = ............................................. kJ mol–1

[3]
[Total 4 marks]

Tasker-Milward School 3
5. (a) Methane reacts with steam to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The
equation for this process is given below.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + 3H2(g)

The table below shows the standard enthalpy changes of formation for CH4, H2O
and CO.

compound ΔHfo/kJ mol–1

CH4 –75
H2O –242
CO –110

(i) Define the term enthalpy change of formation.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) In ΔHfo, what are the conditions indicated by the symbol o?

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
[1]

(iii) Write the equation, including state symbols, that represents the standard
enthalpy change of formation for carbon monoxide, CO.

................................................................................................................
[2]

Tasker-Milward School 4
 (iv) Using the ΔHfo values in the table above, calculate the enthalpy change for
the reaction of methane with steam.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + 3H2(g)

ΔH = .............................................. kJ mol–1
[3]

(b) State one important manufacturing process in which hydrogen is used.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 9 marks]

6. Propane, C3H8, is a gas at room temperature and pressure. It is used in blow torches
to melt the bitumen needed to apply the felt to flat roofs.

Write the equation for the complete combustion of propane.

[Total 2 marks]

7. Define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[Total 3 marks]

Tasker-Milward School 5
8. Methane reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. The equation for this
reaction is given below.

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Gas cookers use methane as a fuel because this reaction is exothermic and takes
place at a fairly fast rate.

Activation energy is important in considering the conditions needed to change the rate
of a reaction.

(a) What is meant by the term exothermic?

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) The figure below is an incomplete enthalpy profile diagram for the reaction
between methane and oxygen.

CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
enthalpy

progress of reaction

(i) Complete the figure to show the complete enthalpy profile for the reaction.
[2]

(ii) Label the activation energy, Ea, on the figure above.

[1]
[Total 4 marks]

Tasker-Milward School 6
9. Methane can be reacted with steam to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The
equation for this process is given below.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + 3H2(g)

The table below shows the enthalpy changes of formation for methane, steam and
carbon monoxide.

compound ∆Hf / kJ mol–1

CH4 –75
H2O –242
CO –110

(a) Define the term enthalpy change of formation.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Write the equation, including state symbols, representing the enthalpy change of
formation for methane, CH4.

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) Use the ∆Hf values in the table to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction
shown in the equation shown above.

.................. kJ mol–1
[3]

Tasker-Milward School 7
 (d) State one important manufacturing process in which hydrogen is used.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 8 marks]

10. Energy changes during reactions can be considered using several different enthalpy
changes. These include average bond enthalpies and enthalpy changes of combustion.

Table below shows the values of some average bond enthalpies.

bond average bond enthalpy / kJ mol−1

C—H + 410
O—H + 465
O == O + 500
C == O + 805
C—O + 336

(i) Why do bond enthalpies have positive values?

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Define the term bond enthalpy.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

Tasker-Milward School 8
 (iii) The equation below shows the combustion of methanol, CH3OH, in the gaseous
state.

O
H
H H
H C O H + 1 12 O O O C O + O
H H
H

Use the average bond enthalpies from the table above to calculate the enthalpy
change of combustion of gaseous methanol, ∆Hc.

∆Hc = ......................................... kJ mol−1

[3]

(iv) Suggest two reasons why the standard enthalpy change of combustion of
methanol will be different from that calculated in part (iii).

reason 1 ..........................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

reason 2 ..........................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 8 marks]

11. The changes in energy during reactions are often considered using enthalpy changes
of reaction. One such enthalpy change is the standard enthalpy change of formation.

(i) Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Write the equation for the reaction corresponding to the standard enthalpy
change of formation of magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2. Include state symbols.
[2]

Tasker-Milward School 9
 (iii) When magnesium nitrate is heated, it decomposes to give magnesium oxide,
nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.

Use the standard enthalpy changes of formation to find the enthalpy change of
reaction for this decomposition.

substance standard enthalpy change of formation

/ kJ mol−1
Mg(NO3)2 –791
MgO –602
NO2 –33

The equation for this reaction is shown below.

1
Mg(NO3)2(s) → MgO(s) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g)
2

enthalpy change = ..........................................kJ mol−1

[3]
[Total 8 marks]

12. The combustion of butane is shown in the equation below.

1
C4H10(g) + 6 O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)
2

(i) The standard enthalpy change of combustion of butane is –2877 kJ mol–1. What
does standard mean in this context?

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Define the term enthalpy change of combustion.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

Tasker-Milward School 10
 (iii) Complete the enthalpy profile diagram for the combustion of butane. Label the
activation energy, Ea, and the enthalpy change, ∆H.

C4H10(g) + 6 12 O2(g)
enthalpy

progress of reaction
[3]
[Total 6 marks]

13. Enthalpy changes of combustion can be used to determine enthalpy changes of

formation.

(i) Write the equation for the standard enthalpy change of formation of butane,
C4H10. Include state symbols in your answer.

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Use the following data to calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of
butane.

standard enthalpy change of combustion / kJ mol–1

carbon –394
hydrogen –286
butane –2877

answer .............................. kJ mol–1

[3]
[Total 5 marks]

Tasker-Milward School 11
14. This question is about hydrazine, N2H4, and ammonia, NH3. These are both
compounds of nitrogen and hydrogen.

(a) Hydrazine can be oxidised and used as a rocket fuel. The equation for one
possible reaction taking place is shown below.

H H
H
N N + O O N N + 2 O

H H H

Some average bond enthalpies are given below.

bond bond enthalpy / kJ mol–1

N–N +163
N≡N +945
N–H +390
O=O +497
O–H +463

(i) Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction of
hydrazine with oxygen, as shown.

answer .................. kJ mol–1

[4]

(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change for one gram of hydrazine in this reaction.

answer .................. kJ
[1]

Tasker-Milward School 12
 (b) Ammonia reacts with oxygen in a very similar way to that shown for hydrazine.
The enthalpy change for one gram of ammonia is approximately the same as that
for one gram of hydrazine.

Using the table above, suggest a reason why hydrazine is used as a rocket fuel
and ammonia is not.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 6 marks]

15. In an experiment to determine the standard enthalpy change of combustion of

propan-1-ol, C3H7OH, a student used the apparatus shown below.

thermometer

beaker

clamp
water

wick
propan-1-ol

(a) Define the term enthalpy change of combustion.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

Tasker-Milward School 13
 (b) Write the equation for the standard enthalpy change of combustion of
propan-1-ol, C3H7OH.

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) The student measured 50.0 cm3 of water into the beaker and lit the burner. When
the temperature of the water had gone up by 12.8 °C, he found that 0.100 g of
propan-1-ol had been burnt.

(i) Calculate the energy, in kJ, produced by burning 0.100 g of propan-1-ol.

The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g–1 K–1.

energy = ................ kJ
[2]

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of propan-1-ol in 0.100 g.

number of moles = ................

[2]

(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion, in kJ mol–1, of propan-1-ol.

enthalpy change .................. kJ mol–1

[1]

(d) The student looked in a text book and found that the actual value for the standard
enthalpy change of combustion of propan-1-ol was more exothermic than the
experimental value.

Suggest two reasons for the difference between this value and the one he
obtained experimentally.

1 ......................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

2 ......................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 11 marks]

Tasker-Milward School 14
16. There are several oxides of lead. This question is about the enthalpy changes that
occur during the reactions of some of these oxides.

(i) Define the term enthalpy change of formation.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) What are the standard conditions of temperature and pressure used in enthalpy
calculations?

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 3 marks]

17. Write an equation, including state symbols, representing the standard enthalpy change
of formation of PbO.

..................................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]

18. Metal priming paints often contain ‘red lead’, Pb3O4. Red lead can be made by heating
PbO in the presence of air.

1
3PbO(s) + O2 (g) → Pb3O4(s)
2

Tasker-Milward School 15
 (i) Use the ∆H fθ values in Table below to calculate the standard enthalpy change
for the above reaction.

compound ∆H fθ /kJ mol–1

PbO(s) –217
Pb3O4(s) –718

∆H θ = ............................................... kJ mol–1
[3]

(ii) Red lead can also be obtained by reacting PbO2 with PbO.

PbO2(s) + 2PbO(s) → Pb3O4(s) ∆H θ = –10 kJ mol–1

Use the value of ∆H θ for this reaction, together with the values of ∆H fθ in the
table above, to calculate a value for the enthalpy change of formation of PbO2(s).

∆H fθ = .................................... kJ mol–1
[3]
[Total 6 marks]

19. In the vapour state, hydrogen and iodine undergo the following reaction.

H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) reaction 2.1

Write an equation, including state symbols, for the bond enthalpy of I − I.

..................................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]

Tasker-Milward School 16
20. This question is about the relationship between bond enthalpies and enthalpy changes
of combustion.

Define the term bond enthalpy.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]

21. Methane burns in air according to the following equation.

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

(i) Use the average bond enthalpies given in the table below to calculate a value for
the enthalpy change of combustion of methane, ∆HC.

bond average bond enthalpy /

kJ mol–1
C–H +410
O–H +465
O=O +500
C=O +805

∆HC = ...................................... kJ mol–1

[3]

(ii) The standard enthalpy change of combustion of methane is −890 kJ mol–1

Suggest why your calculated value differs from this value.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 4 marks]

Tasker-Milward School 17
22. The Table below gives values for the standard enthalpy changes of combustion for the
first three alkanes.

alkane formula ∆Hcθ/kJ mol-1

methane CH4 –890
ethane C2H6 –1560
propane C3 H8 –2220

(i) Write a balanced equation, including state symbols, illustrating the standard
enthalpy change of combustion of propane gas.

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) As the chain length in the alkanes increases, the value of ∆Hcθ becomes more
negative. Use your understanding of bond breaking and bond making to explain
this trend.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Propane can be cracked to form ethene and methane.

C3H8(g) → C2H4(g) + CH4(g)

The standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethene, ∆Hcθ = –1410 kJ mol-1.

Use this value together with relevant values in Table above to calculate the
enthalpy change of this reaction.

∆Hcθ = ......................... kJmol-1

[3]
[Total 7 marks]

23. The equations for the combination of gaseous atoms of carbon and hydrogen to form

Tasker-Milward School 18
 methane, CH4, and ethane, C2H6, are shown below.

C(g) + 4H(g) → CH4(g) ∆H = −1652 kJ mol−1

2C(g) + 6H(g) → C2H6(g) ∆H = −2825 kJ mol−1

Use these data to calculate:

(i) the bond enthalpy of a C−H bond,

bond enthalpy = ........................................... kJ mol−1

[1]

(ii) the bond enthalpy of a C−C bond.

bond enthalpy = ........................................... kJ mol−1

[2]
[Total 3 marks]

Tasker-Milward School 19