LOGO

MACHINE
ELEMENT DESIGN
MEC 331
Chapter 2:
Power Screws, Fasteners and Other
Connections

1
 Topics

2.1 Introduction, Terminology and Standards

2.2 Power Screws
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and Screws
Design Criteria for Different Types of
Loading
2.4 Rivets: Design of Riveted Joints for
Different Modes of Loading and Rivets
Failures

2
 Lesson Objectives

To understand the function of fasteners and

the terminologies used

To understand the mechanics of power
screw

To calculate the torque to lift and lower the
load

To determine the efficiency of power screw

3
 Power Screws, Fasteners and Other Connections

2.1 INTRODUCTION,
TERMINOLOGY AND STANDARDS

4
 2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

Classification of Joints

Non-permanent joints
 Bolts, rivet, keys, etc

Permanent joints
 Welded joints, soldered joints, adhesives

5
 2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

Power Screw

Power screws are threaded devices used
mainly to move loads or accurately position
objects.

Its employed in machines for obtaining
motion of translation and also for exerting
forces.

Kinematics of power screw is same with nuts
& screws, except geometry of the threads.

Application: motion devices
6
 2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards
Fasteners

Fastener is a device to connect or join two or more
members.

Threaded fasteners used to fasten the various parts
of an assembly together.

Limit consideration to detachable threaded fasteners
such as bolts, nuts and screws.

7
 2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

Standard Thread Forms

p- pitch, d-major diameter

λ -helix or lead angle dP-pitch diameter
α-thread angle dr-root diameter
Figure 1: Basic arrangement of a helical thread cut
8
around a cylinder or a hole
 2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards
Terms from geometry that relate to screw threads are defined as:

Thread
 External; screw, bolt
 Internal; nut, threaded hole

Pitch, p
 Axial distance measure from a point on one thread to
another point on the adjacent thread

Lead, L=np
 Axial distance that nut moves for ONE revolution

Helix angle (lead angle), λ
 May be cut right or left-handed

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 2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

α
 Thread angle.

Major diameter, d
 Largest diameter.

Root diameter, dr
 Smallest diameter.

Pitch diameter, dp
 Diameter of an imaginary cylinder, coaxial with
screw, intersect the thread

10
 2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

Unified and ISO Standard Treads

Uses
 Common application h-depth of thread
b-thread thickness at the root

Figure 2: Standard geometry11of screw thread

 2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

Two standard thread widely been used

 Unified (Unified National Standard) (UNS) (inch
metrics)
 ISO (metric series)

Both system, thread angle :2α = 60O, and the
crest and roots are either flat or round.

Listing of the thread size is specified by
(standard table)
 UNS; number threads per inch,N.(Table 15.1)
 ISO; the pitch, p.(Table 15.2)

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2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

Type of Thread Grade

 Coarse thread (UNC)

• most common and for ordinary application; general
assembly work.
 Fine thread (UNF)
• more resistant to loosening because its smaller helix
angle; automotive, aircraft, application where vibration
likely to occurs.

13
2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

Identifying Threads

 A; external thread
 B; internal thread
 UNS defines threads according to fit:
• Class 1 fit
– Widest tolerance and the loosest fits
• Class 2 fit
– Most commonly used
– To maximize strength
• Class 3 fit
– Least tolerance and used for highest precision
applications.
14
 2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

Example of approved identification symbols

UNS System
1 in. -12 UNF-2A-LH
(1-in. diameter x 12 threads per inch, Unified fine thread
series, Class 2 fit, External, Left handed thread)

ISO System
M10 x 1.5-UNC-1A-RH
(Metric thread 10-mm nominal diameter x pitch 1.5 mm, Unified
Course thread series, Class 1 fit, External, Right handed
thread)15
2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

Other Thread Standards

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 2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

British Standard Whitworth British Association Threads
(B.S.W) Threads

Uses
Uses
 Special purpose  Precision works
 Adjustment screws
 Aero and automobiles
parts
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 2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

American National Standard Square Thread
Thread

Uses
Uses
 Common applications  Feed mechanism in
machine tools
 Valves and spindles
 Screw jacks
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2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

Buttress Thread

Uses
 Transfer force in one
direction only

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Power Screws, Fasteners and Other Connections

2.2 POWER SCREW

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 2.2 Power Screw

Power Screw

Sometimes called as Linear actuator or

translation screw

Function;
 To change angular motion into linear motion
 To exert force
 To transmit power

Application;
 Screw for vises, C-clamps, presses, micrometers, jacks,
valve stems and lead screw for lathes & other equipment.
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 2.2 Power Screw

Power Screw Thread

Typical thread forms for power screw;

(a)-Acme, (b)-Square, (c)-Modified square

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 2.2 Power Screw

Typical thread forms for power screw

 Acme screw;
• widely used and sometimes modified to stub (shorter
thread) to provide larger minor diameter and better
strength.
 Square thread
• greater strength & efficiency but rarely used(difficulties
in manufacturing the 0°thread angle.
 Modified square thread
• 5o thread angle to overcome difficulty in manufacturing
the square thread.
Table 15.3 shown the standard sizes for three power screws
thread forms.
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 2.2 Power Screw

Mechanics of Power Screw

The nut rotates;
 The screw moves axially or the other way round

Power screw as a screw jack.

Only nut rotates in this model.
dm = mean thread diameter,
dc = mean collar diameter.

Figure: Screw jack having the Acme thread

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 2.2 Power Screw

The load, W can be lifted or lowered

Nut rotates and is supported by washer
called thrust collar @ thrust bearing.

Load and screw does not rotate;
 Need for a friction to prevent the screw from
rotating with nut

Material;
 Screw; hard steel
 Nut; softer material to allow the parts move
smoothly

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 2.2 Power Screw
Design of Power Screw

Figure: Forces acting on an Acme screw-nut interface when lifting load W – a

developed screw thread

Helix @ Lead angle, λ;

L
tan λ =
πd m
L = lead (L=np where; n=number of threads)
p = pitch, dm = mean diameter, dm = (d + dr)/2.

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 2.2 Power Screw

Figure: Forces acting on an Acme screw-nut interface when lifting load W –

segment of the thread & thread angle measured in the plane normal to
thread, αn

Wd m f + cos α n tan λ Wf c d c
Tu = +
2 cos α n − f tan λ 2

Tu , torque to lift the load;
W = load, f = coefficient of thread friction, αn = thread angle in
the normal plane, fc = collar friction, dc = mean collar
diameter. 27
 2.2 Power Screw

Td , torque to lower the load;

Wd m f − cos α n tan λ Wf c d c
Td = 2 cos α n + f tan λ
+ 2

W = load, f = coefficient of thread friction, αn = thread angle in the

normal plane, fc = collar friction, dc = mean collar diameter.
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 2.2 Power Screw

If plain thrust collar is used;

 f and fc vary between 0.08 to 0.2
• under condition of ordinary service, lubrication and common material
(steel, cast iron, bronze).
 The lowest value applies for good workmanship and the
highest value applies poor workmanship.
 Starting friction can be 4/3 times running friction.

If rolling thrust bearing is used;
 fc would be low (0.008 to 0.02) that collar friction can be
omitted.
 The second term is eliminated.

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 2.2 Power Screw

Thread angle in the normal plane is given by:

tan α n = cos λ tan α

Most application;
 λ is small, thus cosλ≈1. So αn≈α.

For square thread;
 α=αn= 0 and cosα=1.
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 2.2 Power Screw

Example

A 32-mm diameter power screw has a double

square thread with a pitch of 4 mm. The nut is
to move at a velocity of 40 mm/s and lift a load
of W = 6 KN. The mean diameter of the collar is
50 mm. Coefficients of friction are estimated as
f = 0.1 and fc = 0.15. Determine the power
required to drive the screw.

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 2.2 Power Screw

Overhauling of Power Screw

Self-locking;
 The screw cannot be turned by applying an axial
force of any magnitude.
 Most power screws are self-locking.

It requires a positive torque to lower the load.

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 2.2 Power Screw

If collar friction is neglected, the condition for

self-locking is given by:
f ≥ cos α n tan λ

For square thread, the condition is reduced

to:
f ≥ tan λ

It is obtained when the coefficient of thread

friction is equal or greater than the tangent of
the thread helix angle.

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 2.2 Power Screw

Overhauling or back-driving screw;

 screw that has low friction to enable the load to
lower itself by causing the screw to spin.

The screw is considered overhauled when
the torque to lower the load is negative.

Torque of overhauling screw is;
Wd m − f + cos α n tan λ Wf c d c
To = 2 cos α n + f tan λ − 2

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 2.2 Power Screw

Efficiency

Efficiency;
 ratio of the torque required to raise a load without
friction to the torque required with friction.

Efficiency is given by:
d m tan λ
e= f + cos α n tan λ
dm + dc fc
cosα n − f tan λ

35
 2.2 Power Screw

Example

A screw jack with double Acme thread of M42

X 6.5 in Figure Q1(b) is used to lift a load of
10kN. The screw and nut are lubricated with
oil. The coefficient of friction are estimated as
f = 0.15 and fc = 0.10. Determine the torque
for lifting the load if the mean diameter of the
collar is dc = 30 mm and its efficiency.

36
 2.2 Power Screw

Conclusion

Fastener is a device to connect or join two or
more members

Two standards of screw thread -> ISO and
Unified National Standard (UNS).

The mechanics of power screws involved
with rotation of the nut and the motion of the
screw.

The torque to lift and lower the load of power
screws and its efficiency can be calculated
by using the equation. 37
 Power Screws, Fasteners and Other Connections

2.3 THREADED FASTENERS:

BOLTS AND SCREWS DESIGN
CRITERIA FOR DIFFERENT TYPES
OF LOADING 38
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Introduction

Figure: Typical threaded fasteners: (a)bolt and nut (b)cap screw (c)stud
39
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Fasteners

Fasteners is a device to connect or join TWO

or more members

Threaded fasteners used to fasten the
various parts of assembly together

Example:
 Machine screw, bolt and nut, stud

40
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading

Screws and bolts are most common threaded
fastener.
 Bolt; needs a nut
 Screws; threaded into a tapped hole.
 Stud; headless and threaded on both ends.
 Various head styles: hexagon, round, square,
oval.

Design of the fastener
 Less weight
 Anti-corrosion
 More resilient to loosening under vibration.
41
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading

Flat or Plain washers
 to increase the area of contact between the bolt
head and clamped part
 to prevent stress concentration

Lock washers
 prevent spontaneous loosing of nuts.

Split lock washer
 act as a spring under the nut.

Lock nuts
 prevent too-spontaneous loosening of nuts.
 Two nuts jammed together on the bolt act as a lock
nut. 42
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Advantages of Threaded Fasteners

Ease in assembling and dissembling

Reliability because of self locking effects

Easy in Manufacturing

Disadvantages

Large stress concentration

Wear and tear

43
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Fasteners Categories

44
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Head style

45
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Drive Types

46
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Washer Types

47
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Nut Types

48
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Fastener Materials and Strength

Classified according to grade or property

class which define its strength and material.

Proof strength, Sp
 axial stress at which the screws begins to develop
permanent set.
 Close to but lower than the material yield strength
 It can be found from table 15.4 or 15.5. (if the
information is not enough, can use this formula;
Sp ≈ 0.9Sy)
49
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading

The proof load,
Fp = SpAt
 At (tensile stress area) represent the minimum
radial plane area for fracture through the threaded
part. (Table 15.1 & 15.2)

Threads are formed by rolling and

cutting/grinding.
 Rolling is stronger; because of cold working.
 Rolling is done subsequently after hardening.

Washers -> hardened steel. 50

 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Stresses in Screw

Stress distribution of thread engagement is

non-uniform.

Large stress concentration occurs at the first
pair of contacting surface.

It is also occurs when the load is transferred
through the nut to the adjoining member.

For static loading, it is assumed that the load
carried by screw and nut are uniformly
distributed. 51
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Axial Stress

Power screw
 Subjected to tensile or compressive stress.

Threaded fastener
 Subjected to only tensile stress.

The axial stress is given by,
P
σ=
A
 P = tensile or compressive load,
 A = At (threaded fastener) or;
 = πd r2
(power screws)
A=
4
52
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Torsional Shear Stress

Power screws & threaded fasteners

 Subjected to torsion during tightening.
Tc 16T
τ= = 3
J πd r

53
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Bearing stress

Bearing stress;
 Pressure between the surface of the screw thread
and the contacting surface of nut.
P Pp
σb = ==
πd m hne πd m hLn
 P = load, dm=mean diameter, h=depth of the
thread, ne=number of threads in
engagement=Ln/p, Ln=nut length, p=pitch.

54
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Direct Shear Stress

Both threads on screw and nut experienced

transverse shear stress.

Shear stress for the screw,
3P
τ=
2πd r bne

Shear stress for the nut,
3P
τ=
2πdbn e
55
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Bolt Tightening and Pre-load

Bolt tightening is prestressing at assembly.

Bolted joints should be tightened to produce
initial tensile force
 called preload, Fi.

Fi is given by;
 Fi = 0.75Fp (for reused connections)
 Fi = 0.9Fp (for permanent connections)
 Proof load, Fp ;
• load that a bolt carry without developing a permanent
deformation. 56
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading

Tightening torque,
T = KdFi

 K = torque cofficient
• 0.2 for unlubricated or average condition
• 0.15 for lubricated condition
 d = nominal bolt diameter
 Fi = preload

57
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Tension Joint

Practically, bolt and nut used in clamping a

part together.
 Thus, bolt is in tensile mode.

58
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading

Two plates fastened with a bolt and subjected to
an external load.

The preload is applied to the bolt by tightening
the nut prior to the load P.

59
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading

The total force on bolt and parts are:
Fb = CP + Fi (bolt)

Fp = (1 − C ) P − Fi (part)

 The term C is called, joint’s stiffness factor or joint

constant, where by;
kb
C=
kb + k p
• kb = stiffness constant for bolt
• kp = stiffness constant for parts

60
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading

kb is given by: Ab Eb
kb =
L

kp is given by:
0 . 58 π E p d
kp =
 0 . 58 L + 0 . 5 d 
2 ln  5 
 0 . 58 L + 2 . 5 d 
 Ab = cross sectional area of bolt
 Eb = Young’s modulus of bolt
 L = grip or length of clamped zone
 Ep = Young’s modulus of parts
 d = diameter of bolt

61
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Factor of Safety

Factor of safety for a joint, n;

S p At − Fi
n=
CP
 Sp = proof strength

62
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Example

The bolt of connection is using M20 × 2.5, ISO

coarse thread having Sy = 630 MPa. Determine
a) The total force on the bolt, if the joint is permanent.
b) The tightening torque, if the bolts are un-lubricated.

Given: The grip is L = 60 mm; the joint carries an external load of

P = 40 kN.
Design Assumption: The bolt will be made of steel of modulus
of elasticity Es and the parts are cast iron
with modulus of elasticity Ec = Es /2.
63
 Power Screws, Fasteners and Other Connections

2.4 RIVETED: DESIGN OF

RIVETED JOINTS FOR DIFFERENT
MODES OF LOADING AND RIVETS
FAILURES 64
 2.4 Riveted: Design of Riveted Joints
for Different Modes of Loading and
Rivets Failures
Rivet

Rivet consists of cylindrical body called as

shank with a rounded end called head.

The purpose of rivet:
 To join together two plates while securing proper
tightness and strength.

Two type of rivet:
 Hot driven rivet :- rivet is heated before place in
the hole.
 Cold driven rivet :- rivet is not heated
65
 2.4 Riveted: Design of Riveted Joints
for Different Modes of Loading and
Rivets Failures

Four type of failure:
 Shearing failure or rivet

 Tensile failure of rivet

 Bearing failure of rivet

 Shearing failure at the edge of plate

66
 2.4 Riveted: Design of Riveted Joints
for Different Modes of Loading and
Rivets Failures

Two type of riveted joint:
 Lap joint

 Butt joint (or double shear joint)

67
 2.4 Riveted: Design of Riveted Joints
for Different Modes of Loading and
Rivets Failures
Shear of Rivets/Bolts due to Eccentric Loading

The load is applied eccentrically to a

connection having a group of rivets or bolts.

The effects of moment and direct force must
be considered.

For example:

68
2.4 Riveted: Design of Riveted Joints
for Different Modes of Loading and
Rivets Failures

69
 2.4 Riveted: Design of Riveted Joints
for Different Modes of Loading and
Rivets Failures
• Each bolt is subjected to twisting moment,
M=Pe and a direct shear force, P.
• These loading are transferred to centroid C
of the group.
• The reactional direct shear forces acting at
each bolts.
• The reactional tangential force due to
moment acts on a bolt varies with the
distance from the centroid C and is
perpendicular to the centroid.
70
 2.4 Riveted: Design of Riveted Joints
for Different Modes of Loading and
Rivets Failures
• These forces can be obtained from equation:
Per1
F1 =
r12 + r22 + r32 + r42

• In general form:
Mr j
Fi =
Σ nj =1r j2
• Fi = tangential force
• M = Pe; externally applied moment
• n = number of bolts
• i = particular bolt whose load is to be found
71
 2.4 Riveted: Design of Riveted Joints
for Different Modes of Loading and
Rivets Failures

The reactional direct force (F/n) is the same
for all bolts of the joint.

The vectorial sum of the tangential force and
direct force is the resultant shear force on the
bolt.

Only the bolt having a maximum resultant
shear force need to be considered.

72
 2.4 Riveted: Design of Riveted Joints
for Different Modes of Loading and
Rivets Failures
Exercise

A gusset plate is attached to a column by

three identical bolts and vertically loaded.
Calculate the maximum bolt shear force and
stress

73
 2.4 Riveted: Design of Riveted Joints
for Different Modes of Loading and
Rivets Failures
Exercise

Determine the value of the load P for the

riveted joint shown in the figure. The
allowable rivet stress in shear is 100 Mpa.
Given: d = 90 mm

74
 REFERENCE

1. A.C. Ugural, Mechanical Design: An

Integarted Approach, 1st Edition, McGraw-
Hill, Inc., 2003
2. Machine Design, R-S-Khurmi-J-K-Gupta-S-
chand, 2005
3. J. Shingley, C. Mischke, and R. Budynas,
Mechanical Engineering Design, 7th Edition,
McGraw-Hill, Inc.,2004.

75