Table of Contents

1.Introduction to C++ 4-10

2. Functions 11-20

3. Class and Object 21-36

4. Constructor & Destructor 37-43

5. Operator Overloading 44-49

6. Inheritance 50-61

7. Pointers 62-69
8. Polymorphism 70

9.Templates 71-75

10.Exception Handling 76-78

10. Files and Streams 79-89

 1. INTRODUCTION TO C++

Programs
Program

Procedural, Structured, and Object-Oriented Programming

A very Minor Difference between C & C++

The ANSI Standard

Preparing to Program

Compiling the Source Code

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Creating an Executable File with the Linker

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HELLO.CPP Your First C++ Program

HELLO.CPP, the Hello Program.

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Compile Errors

The Parts of a C++ Program

A Simple Program
How cout is used:

A Brief Look at cout and cin

Comments
Flexible Declarations

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Manipulators

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Typecasting
void Pointers

References
The const qualifier

The bool data type

 2. Functions

What Is a Function?

Declaring and Defining Functions

Declaring the Function

Function Prototypes

Defining the Function

The header and body of a function.

Functions

Local Variables
Global Variables

Function Arguments

Parameters Are Local Variables

Return Values

Default Arguments in Functions

A demonstration of default parameter values.
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Analysis:

Overloading Functions
Function overloading polymorphism
A demonstration of function polymorphism.
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Output:

Analysis:

Special Topics about Functions

Inline Functions
Demonstrates an inline function.
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Analysis:

Recursion

Friend Functions

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Friend classes

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 3. Class and Object

Classes and Members

Declaring a Class

Defining an Object

Accessing Class Members

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Assign to Objects, Not to Classes

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private versus public

Make Member Data Private

public accessor method

The class keyword

Implementing Class Methods

Implementing the methods of a simple class.

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Output:

Analysis:

Constructors and Destructors

 ~

DO DON'T
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Classes with Other Classes as Member Data

Declaring a complete class.

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RECT.CPP

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Output:

Analysis:
Structures

DO DO
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Nesting of Member Function

Array as Member
Array of Object

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Object as Function Argument:

Scope Resolution Operator

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Output:

Static Member Data

Static member data.

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Output:

Analysis:
DO DO
DON'T

Static Member Functions

Static member functions.

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Output:
Analysis:

Advanced Functions

Overloaded Member Functions

Overloading member functions.

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Analysis:
Choosing Between Default Values and Overloaded Functions
 4. Constructor & Destructor

The Default Constructor

A simple constructor
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Constructors with Arguments

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Constructors with default arguments

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Copy Constructors

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Destructors

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output:

Overloading Constructors

Overloading the constructor.

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Output:

Analysis:

Initializing Objects

A code snippet showing initialization of member variables.

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Output:
 5. Operator Overloading

The Counter class.

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Output:

Analysis:

Writing an Increment Function

Adding an increment operator.

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Analysis:

Overloading the Prefix Operator

Overloading operator ++.

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Output:
Analysis:

DO DO
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The Addition Operator

The Add ( ) function.

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Output:

Analysis:

Issues in Operator Overloading

Limitations on Operator Overloading

friend Functions and Operator Overloading

Friendly operator +.
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Output:

Analysis:
 6. Inheritance

Types of inherence

base_class_name
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data hiding

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Constructors and Destructors

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Output:

Analysis:

Passing Arguments to Base Constructors

Overloading constructors in derived classes.

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Analysis:
Multiple Inheritance

Multiple inheritances.
Output:

Analysis:
Declaring Multiple Inheritance

Problems with Multiple Inheritance

DO
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Multi Level Inheritance

Intermediate base class

Virtual Base Class

virtual
Abstract classes

Abstract class

Nesting of Classes: Member Classes

Overriding Functions

overriding

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Overriding a base class method in a derived class.

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Output:

Analysis:
Overloading Versus Overriding

Calling the Base Method

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 7. Pointers

What Is a Pointer?
pointer

Pointer Names

The Indirection Operator

Pointers, Addresses, and Variables

Examining the Address

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Pointers
The this Pointer

Using the this pointer.

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Output:
Analysis:

What Is a Reference?

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Null Pointers and Null References

Passing Function Arguments by Reference

Returning Multiple Values

Returning values with pointers.

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Output:
Analysis:

DO . DO
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Memory Allocation Management

new

Pointer variable = new data-type;

delete

delete pointer-variable;

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Virtual Function
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Pure Virtual Functions
 8. Polymorphism

Static binding

Run time Polymorphism

9. Templates
Function Templates

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Output:

Class templates

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Friend Functions

Templates and Friends

A non-template friend class or function.

A general template friend class or function.

A type-specific template friend class or function.

Static Members and Templates

The Standard Template Library

Pointers to Functions
 10. Exception Handling

Exceptions

try Block

catch Block
Catching Exceptions

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Exception Hierarchies

Exceptions and Templates

 10. Files and Streams

Streams

The stream class hierarchy

Formatted I/O operations

The width function

The precision() function

The fill() function

The setf() function

The file I/O system
The close function

Reading and writing text files

The file pointers

The seekg() function

The seekp() function

The tellg() function

Functions for I/O operations

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The read() and write() functions

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Checking the I/O status by using the functions:

Command line arguments

Bugs and Debugging

Breakpoints

Watch Points