An Introduction to Proportional-

Integral-Derivative (PID) Controllers

Rizqiya W. Saputra, M.T.

Lecture I - Control System

1
 Motivation
Growing gap between “real world” control
problems and the theory for analysis and
design of linear control systems
Design techniques based on linear system
theory have difficulties with accommodating
nonlinear effects and modeling uncertainties
Increasing complexity of industrial process as
well as household appliances

Effective control strategies are required to

achieve high performance for uncertain
dynamic systems
2
 Usefulness of PID Controls
Most useful when a mathematical model of
the plant is not available
Many different PID tuning rules available
Our sources
K. Ogata, Modern Control Engineering, Fifth
Edition, Prentice Hall, 2010, Chapter 8
IEEE Control Systems Magazine, Feb. 2006,
Special issue on PID control
Proportional-integral-derivative (PID)
control framework is a method to control
uncertain systems 3
 Type A PID Control
Transfer function of PID controller

U (s )  
GPID (s ) =
1
= K p 1 + + Td s 
E (s )  Ti s 
The three term control signal

U (s ) = K p E (s ) + K i E (s ) + K d sE (s )
1
s
4
 PID-Controlled System
PID controller in forward path

5
 PID Tuning
Controller tuning---the process of
selecting the controller parameters to
meet given performance specifications
PID tuning rules---selecting controller
parameter values based on experimental
step responses of the controlled plant
The first PID tuning rules proposed by
Ziegler and Nichols in 1942
Our exposition based on K. Ogata, Modern
Control Engineering, Prentice Hall, Fourth
Edition, 2002, Chapter 10
6
 PID Tuning---First Method
Start with obtaining the step response

7
 The S-shaped Step Response
Parameters of the S-shaped step response

8
Transfer Function of System With
S-Shaped Step Response
The S-shaped curve may be characterized
by two parameters: delay time L and time
constant T
The transfer function of such a plant may
be approximated by a first-order system
with a transport delay

C (s ) Ke − Ls
=
U (s ) Ts + 1
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PID Tuning---First Method

10
Transfer Function of PID Controller
Tuned Using the First Method

11
Ziegler-Nichols PID Tuning---Second
Method
Use the proportional controller to force
sustained oscillations

12
 PID Tuning---Second Method
Measure the period of sustained oscillation

13
PID Tuning Rules---Second Method

14
Transfer Function of PID Controller
Tuned Using the Second Method

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Example 1---PID Controller for DC Motor

Plant---Armature-controlled DC motor;
MOTOMATIC system produced by Electro-
Craft Corporation
Design a Type A PID controller and
simulate the behavior of the closed-loop
system; plot the closed-loop system step
response
Fine tune the controller parameters so that
the max overshoot is 25% or less

16
Armature-Controlled DC Motor Modeling

17
 Physics---The Magnetic Field
Oersted (1820): A current in a wire can produce
magnetic effects; it can change the orientation of
a compass needle

18
Force Acting on a Moving Charge in a
Magnetic Field
Force
F = q0v × B
Magnitude

F = q0vB sin θ
The unit of B (flux density)---1Tesla, where
1 Weber
1 Tesla = 2
= 10 Gauss
4

1m
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 Torque on a Current Loop
The force F4 has the same magnitude as F2
but points in the opposite direction

20
An End View of the Current Loop
The common magnitude of F1 and F3 is iaB

21
Building a Motor From a Current Loop

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 DC Motor Construction
To keep the torque in the same direction
as the loop rotates, change the direction
of the current in the loop---do this using
slip rings at 0 and π (pi) or - π
The brushes are fixed and the slip rings
are connected to the current loop with
electrical contact made by the loop’s slip
rings sliding against the brushes

23
 Modeling Equations
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law to the armature circuit

U ( s ) = ( La s + Ra ) I a ( s ) + Eb ( s )
Back-emf (equivalent to an ”electrical friction”)
Eb ( s ) = Kbωm ( s )
Torque developed by the motor

Tm ( s ) = ( J m s + Bm s ) Θ m ( s ) = ( J m s + Bm ) ω m ( s )
2

Electromechanical coupling
Tm (s ) = K t I a (s )
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 Relationship between Kt and Kb
Mechanical power developed in the motor
armature (in watts)

p = eb (t )ia (t )
Mechanical power can also be expressed as

p = Tm (t )ωm (t )
Combine
Tm
p = Tm ωm = ebia = K bωm
Kt
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 In SI Units Kt = Kb
The back-emf and the motor torque constants are
equal in the SI unit system

 V 
Kt   = K b (N ⋅ m / A )
 rad / sec 

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 Transfer Function of the DC Motor
System
Transfer function of the DC motor

Y (s) 0.1464
Gp ( s ) = =
U ( s ) 7.89 ×10−7 s 3 + 8.25 ×10−4 s 2 + 0.00172 s

where Y(s) is the angular displacement of the

motor shaft and U(s) is the armature voltage

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Tuning the Controller Using the Second
Method of Ziegler and Nichols
Use the Routh-Hurwitz stability test;
see e.g. Section 5-6 of Ogata (2010)

Determine K cr

Determine Pcr

Compute the controller parameters

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 Generating the Step Response
t=0:0.00005:.017;
K_cr=12.28; P_cr=135;
K=0.075*K_cr*P_cr; a=4/P_cr;
num1=K*[1 2*a a^2]; den1=[0 1 0];
tf1=tf(num1,den1);
num2=[0 0 0 0.1464];
den2=[7.89e-007 8.25e-004 0.00172 0];
tf2=tf(num2,den2);
tf3=tf1*tf2;
sys=feedback(tf3,1);
y=step(sys,t); m=max(y); 29
Closed-Loop System Performance
Unit−step response for Type A PID
1.8

1.6

1.4
Closed−loop system output

1.2

0.8

0.6
m= 1.7083
0.4
K= 124.335

0.2 a= 0.02963

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018
Time(sec) 30
Example 2 (Based on Ex. 10-3 in Ogata, 2002)

Use a computational approach to

generate an optimal set of the DC motor
PID controller’s parameters

Gc (s ) = K
( s + a)
2

s
Generate the step response of the closed-
loop system
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 Optimizing PID Parameters
t=0:0.0002:0.02;
font=14;
for K=5:-0.2:2%Outer loop to vary the values of
%the gain K
for a=1:-0.01:0.01;%Outer loop to vary the
%values of the parameter a
num1=K*[1 2*a a^2]; den1=[0 1 0];
tf1=tf(num1,den1);
num2=[0 0 0 0.1464];
den2=[7.89e-007 8.25e-004 0.00172 0];
tf2=tf(num2,den2);
tf3=tf1*tf2;
sys=feedback(tf3,1);
y=step(sys,t); m=max(y); 32
 Finishing the Optimizing Program
if m<1.1 & m>1.05;
plot(t,y);grid;set(gca,'Fontsize',font)
sol=[K;a;m]
break % Breaks the inner loop
end
end
if m<1.1 & m>1.05;
break; %Breaks the outer loop
end
end
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Closed-Loop System Performance
Unit−step response
1.4

1.2
Closed−loop system output

0.8

0.6

m= 1.0999
0.4
K= 4.2
a= 1
0.2

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 34
Time (sec)
 Modified PID Control Schemes
If the reference input is a step, then
because of the presence of the derivative
term, the controller output will involve an
impulse function
The derivative term also amplifies higher
frequency sensor noise
Replace the pure derivative term with a
derivative filter---PIDF controller
Set-Point Kick---for step reference the
PIDF output will involve a sharp pulse
function rather than an impulse function 35
 The Derivative Term
Derivative action is useful for providing a
phase lead, to offset phase lag caused by
integration term
Differentiation increases the high-
frequency gain
Pure differentiator is not proper or causal
80% of PID controllers in use have the
derivative part switched off
Proper use of the derivative action can
increase stability and help maximize the
integral gain for better performance
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Remedies for Derivative Action---PIDF
Controller
Pure differentiator approximation

Td s
γ Td s + 1
where γ is a small parameter, for
example, 0.1
Pure differentiator cascaded with a first-
order low-pass filter
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The Set-Point Kick Phenomenon
If the reference input is a step function,
the derivative term will produce an
impulse (delta) function in the controller
action
Possible remedy---operate the derivative
action only in the feedback path; thus
differentiation occurs only on the feedback
signal and not on the reference signal

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 Eliminating the Set-Point Kick
PID controller revisited

39
 Eliminating the Set-Point Kick---
Finding the source of trouble
More detailed view of the PID controller

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Eliminating the Set-Point Kick---PI-D
Control or Type B PID
Operate derivative action only in the
feedback

41
 I-PD---Moving Proportional and
Derivative Action to the Feedback
I-PD control or Type C PID

42
I-PD Equivalent to PID With Input
Filter (No Noise)
Closed-loop transfer function Y(s)/R(s) of the I-
PD-controlled system

Kp
Gp ( s )
Y (s) Ti s
=
R (s)  1 
1 + K p 1 + + Td s  G p ( s )
 Ti s 

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 PID-Controlled System
Closed-loop transfer function Y(s)/R(s) of the PID-
controlled system with input filter

 1 
K p 1 + + Td s  G p ( s )
Y (s) 1  Ti s 
=
R ( s ) 1 + Ti s + TT
i ds
2
 1 
1 + K p 1 + + Td s  G p ( s )
 Ti s 
After manipulations it is the same as the transfer
function of the I-PD-controlled closed-loop system

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 PID, PI-D and I-PD Closed-Loop
Transfer Function---No Ref or Noise
In the absence of the reference input and
noise signals, the closed-loop transfer
function between the disturbance input and
the system output is the same for the three
types of PID control

Y (s ) G p (s )
=
D (s )  
1 + K p G p (s )1 +
1
+ Td s 
 Ti s 
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 The Three Terms of Proportional-
Integral-Derivative (PID) Control
Proportional term responds immediately to the
current tracking error; it cannot achieve the
desired setpoint accuracy without an
unacceptably large gain. Needs the other terms
Derivative action reduces transient errors
Integral term yields zero steady-state error in
tracking a constant setpoint. It also rejects
constant disturbances
Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID)
control provides an efficient solution to
many real-world control problems
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 Summary
PID control---most widely used control
strategy today
Over 90% of control loops employ PID
control, often the derivative gain set to
zero (PI control)
The three terms are intuitive---a non-
specialist can grasp the essentials of the
PID controller’s action. It does not require
the operator to be familiar with advanced
math to use PID controllers
Engineers prefer PID controls over
untested solutions
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