Topic 1: Anatomy of computer

Broadly computer can be said to be made of hardware and software. The computer
hardware (actual machine) is defined in such a way that it does whatever software
(computer program) tells it to do. Generally the term computer is to describe a collection
of devices that function together as a system. The computer system is shown below

Basic operations of computer

There are basic operations which a computer can perform irrespective of computer
program that is running in it. These are given as
i. Input
ii. Processing
iii. Output
iv. Storage

 Input
This is for purpose of feeding data in computer by means of an input devices like key
board or light pen or by touch screen.

 Processing
Some kind of processing is done in computer to take out or transform the data in some
way.

 Output
The computer produces output on a devices such as monitor or printer that show the
result of computer operation.

 Storage
The computer stores the result of processing operation for future use in some storage
device such as hard disk or floppy disk.

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Main components of computer
The components of computer (anatomy) are given below

 Processor (central processing unit)

CPU- central processing unit is the brain of computer. It is main processor or central
processor. It contains electronic circuit that cause processing to occur. The CPU also
interprets the instructions you give your computer by performing operations such as
arithmetic, logic or controlling operations and then tells the other components what they
need to do to action your request.

CPU consists of two main parts

a. Arithmetic logic unit

The ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations.

b. Control unit
Translate each instruction and then carry out each instructions. It directs electronic
signals between memory and ALU and also between memory and input and output
devices.

 RAM (random access memory)

RAM is usually associated with DRAM, which is a type of memory module. Because
information is accessed randomly instead of sequentially like it is on a CD or hard drive,
access time much faster. However, unlike ROM, RAM is a volatile memory and requires
power to keep the data accessible. If the computer is turned off, all data contained in
RAM is lost.

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Information in the memory is completely erased when the power goes off or sometimes
if your computer ‘crashes’.

 Hard disk (hard drive)

A hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile computer storage device containing magnetic
disks or platters rotating at high speeds. It is a secondary storage device used to store
data permanently, random access memory (RAM) being the primary memory device.
Non-volatile means data is retained when the computer is turned off.

 Mother board
This large electrical circuit board in your computer is responsible for sending electrical
signals to and from every component.  Everything plugs into it, either inside your
computer case or through ‘ports’ that stick out of the case but are actually on the
motherboard.  Problems with your motherboard can cause those signals to get lost or
become corrupted, resulting in erratic performance from your computer.

 Graphics and sound

Your eyes and voice- The sound from your computer and the display on your screen
may be handled directly by your motherboard, or processed by individual ‘cards’
plugged into your motherboard.  Cards can be replaced with newer, improved models,
which is like getting glasses or taking singing lessons.  The graphics card you choose
will determine if your screen can only show flat cartoons (2D) or vibrant images which

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seem to have depth (3D).  It will also influence if your computer can keep up with
changes to the images on your display (e.g. when playing games or editing videos). 

Topic 2: Advantages and disadvantages of computer

Computers have both advantages and disadvantages. On one hand, they allow us to
access the wealth of information that is available on the internet. They also allow us to
analyze massive amounts of data very quickly, saving both time and money. On the
other hand, some people worry that the increasing reliance on computers in our daily
lives is beginning to prevent healthy social interactions. Some of the advantages and
disadvantages of computer are given below

 Advantages of computer
Medical Departments
The Machines in Medical and Health departments and hospitals like X-Ray, Pathology
Machine, Electrocardiograph Machine, Transport Monitors, Blood Gas Machine and
Transport Ventilators etc. these all and thousands of other machines are computerized.

Government departments
 Government of every country use the computerized system in every department to
keep the records of people for long time. This is the biggest advantages of computer
system for the world. Because we can easily find the person in county with the help of
notional identification card issue by the government. 

Education
There are very high number of uses of computers in all the education sections. We can
use it in schools for students fee cards, pictures, papers, result cards etc. it is also use
for merit lists, we can also get connect to the every university and college in the world
and can get online admission with the help of internet connection. Students solve their
question, create designs, create software and do many works on computers.

Job opportunities
Another important point in list is for the jobless people. Jobless people can find easily
job on internet with the help of computer. As compare to buy the newspaper from
market and search job on every page in all newspapers. You can easily point out job
according to your education and experience. Now a day’s people do jobs on internet
and earn money at their home.

Games
You are free, no work and nothing to you are getting bore. Let’s on you ( PC) and enjoy
the fun of video games. Multiple video games like football, cricket, racing, arcade, fight
and mission games are more interesting and entertaining.

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Entertainment
Today is the multimedia and entertainment age. Everybody like to hear latest new
music, want to watch the latest released movies of Hollywood and Bollywood. Not only
this, there are many more entertainment ways that can people avail with the help
of PC system.

Business department
The last points of advantages and disadvantages of computer essay in points are about
the uses of computers in business departments. Every organization in the world, either
it is small or big must need at least one or two computer for documentation, keeping
records of workers, online communication etc.

 Disadvantages of computer
Environments Pollution
Computers are not only the CPU, Monitors, Mouse and Keyboards. Heavy automatic
machines, Laptops, Mobiles, Tablets and many other machines and equipment that
works on command are called Computer. There for the manufacturing of these
machines and components are causes of Environments Pollution like, Air Pollution,
Water Pollution and Soil Pollution.

Data Security
The second drawback and demerit of PC is data is not secure in the hard drive. In the
office someone can stole your files in minimum time in your absence. 

Viruses
Virus word is good in sound but it kill your Computer and can damage your files and
data available in your Hard Disk. Virus is the enemy of PC, once it enter into system,
the quantity of virus increase automatically daily and at the end you will loss you all
important information and data.

Time Wastages
Another demerits of PC is the wastage of time. People in offices use it for extra or
personal works. Because of that other peoples are in problems.

Short Circuit
In case of any problem in power cable, less or more power of electricity or heavy load
on computer may cause of short circuit or blast. In that cases you may lose you data
and files and other may be you have to lose your whole system.

Automatic Operation
This is the last point of disadvantages of computer. This is the most serious and
dangerous point because some automatic operations and functions of computerized
software and commands sometime stop work due to some reasons may cause of death.

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For example in lift, if electricity get off or load shedding may stop lift. Many other
machines that have no sense of thinking they works only commands.

Topic: Difference between input and output devices

Input and output devices are computer hardware components. An input device is a
component used to feed information to a computer, whereas an output device gives
processed information back to the user. Input devices only allow for input of data to a
computer and output devices only receive the output of data from another device. For
example, keyboard sends electrical signals, which are received by the computer
as input. Those signals are then interpreted by the computer and displayed, or output,
on the monitor as text or images. In the lower half of the image, the computer sends,
or outputs, data to a printer, which will print the data onto a piece of paper, also
considered output.

Input devices
An input device can send data to another device, but it cannot receive data from
another device. Examples of input devices include the following.

Keyboard and Mouse - Accepts input from a user and sends that data (input) to the
computer. They cannot accept or reproduce information (output) from the computer.

Microphone - Receives sound generated by an input source, and sends that sound to
a computer.

Webcam - Receives images generated by whatever it is pointed at (input) and sends

those images to a computer.

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Why does a computer need an input device?
Today, input devices are important because they are what allows you to interact with
and add new information to a computer. For example, if a computer had no input
devices, it could run by itself but there would be no way to change its settings, fix errors,
or other various user interactions. Also, if you wanted to add new information to the
computer (e.g., text, command, document, picture, etc.), you wouldn't be able to do so
without an input device.

Output devices
An output device can receive data from another device and generate output with that
data, but it cannot send data to another device. Examples of output devices include the
following.

Monitor - Receives data from a computer (output) and displays that information as text
and images for users to view. It cannot accept data from a user and send that data to
another device.

Projector - Receives data from a computer (output) and displays, or projects, that
information as text and images onto a surface, like a wall or a screen. It cannot accept
data from a user and send that data to another device.

Speakers - Receives sound data from a computer and plays the sounds for users to
hear. It cannot accept sound generated by users and send that sound to another
device.

Why do computers need output devices?

A computer can still work without an output device. However, without an output device,
you'd have no way of determining what the computer is doing, if there are errors, or if it
needs additional input. For example, you can disconnect your monitor from your
computer, and it will still function, but it's not going to be very useful.

References
Encinitascomputerhelp.com
Meritsdemerits.com
Computerhope.com
Edurite.com
Wikieducator.com