Class Notes Css PDF

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation
semantics (the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup language. Its most
common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML.
CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content (written in HTML or
a similar markup language) from document presentation, including elements such as the
layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can improve content accessibility, provide more
flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics, enable multiple
pages to share formatting, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content
(such as by allowing for tableless web design). CSS can also allow the same markup page to
be presented in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print,
by voice (when read out by a speech-based browser or screen reader) and on Braille-based,
tactile devices. It can also be used to allow the web page to display differently depending on
the screen size or device on which it is being viewed. While the author of a document
typically links that document to a CSS style sheet, readers can use a different style sheet,
perhaps one on their own computer, to override the one the author has specified.
CSS specifies a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more than one rule
matches against a particular element. In this so-called cascade, priorities or weights are
calculated and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable.
A style sheet consists of a list of rules. Each rule or rule-set consists of one or more
selectors, and a declaration block. A declaration-block consists of a list of declarations in
braces. Each declaration itself consists of a property, a colon (:), and a value. If there are
multiple declarations in a block, a semi-colon (;) must be inserted to separate each
declaration. In CSS, selectors are used to declare which part of the markup a style applies to,
a kind of match expression. Selectors may apply to all elements of a specific type, to
elements specified by attribute, or to elements depending on how they are placed relative
to, or nested within, others in the document tree.
P Selector
Font-family : arial;
Properties Font-size : medium; Values
Color : blue;
}
CSS information can be provided from various sources. CSS style information can be in a
separate document or it can be embedded into an HTML document. Multiple style sheets
can be imported.
1
 Inline styles, inside the HTML document, style information on a single element,
specified using the style attribute
 Embedded or internal style, blocks of CSS information inside the <head> element of
HTML itself
 External style sheets, i.e., a separate CSS file referenced from the document
Example : The following example demonstrates the inline style

<!doctype html>
<html>
<body>
<p style=”font-family:arial;color:blue;font-size:medium”> This is a paragraph
formatted with inline css style. </p>
</body>
</html>
Example : The following example demonstrates the internal style

<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
P
{
Font-family:arial;
Font-size:medium;
Color:blue;
Text-align:justify;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p> This is a paragraph formatted with internal css style. </p>
</body>
</html>
Example : The following example demonstrates the external style

Create a new document in notepad, define the following css styles within it and save it with
the name MyStyle.css
P
{
Font-family:arial;
Font-size:medium;
2
Color:blue;
Text-align:justify;
}
H1
{
Font-family:arial black;
Background-color:blue;
Color:white;
}
Create another new document in notepad and create a html file with the following html
markup. To link an external css file, use <link> element of html within the <head> element.
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel=”stylesheet” type=”text/css” href=”MyStyle.css”/>
</head>
<body>
<h1> Heading </h1>
<p> This is a paragraph formatted with internal css style. </p>
</body>
</html>
Selector syntax
A simple selector is either a type selector or universal selector followed immediately by zero
or more attribute selectors, ID selectors, or pseudo-classes, in any order. The simple
selector matches if all of its components match.
A selector is a chain of one or more simple selectors separated by combinators. Combinators

are: white space, ">", and "+". White space may appear between a combinator and the
simple selectors around it.
The elements of the document tree that match a selector are called subjects of the selector.
A selector consisting of a single simple selector matches any element satisfying its
requirements. Prepending a simple selector and combinator to a chain imposes additional
matching constraints, so the subjects of a selector are always a subset of the elements
matching the last simple selector.
One pseudo-element may be appended to the last simple selector in a chain, in which case
the style information applies to a subpart of each subject.
3
Grouping
When several selectors share the same declarations, they may be grouped into a comma-
separated list.
In this example, we condense three rules with identical declarations into one. Thus,
h1 { font-family: sans-serif }
is equivalent to:
h1, h2, h3 { font-family: sans-serif }
Universal selector
The universal selector, written "*", matches the name of any element type. It matches any
single element in the document tree. If the universal selector is not the only component of a
simple selector, the "*" may be omitted. For example:
*[lang=fr] and [lang=fr] are equivalent.
*.warning and .warning are equivalent.
*#myid and #myid are equivalent.
Type selectors
A type selector matches the name of a document language element type. A type selector
matches every instance of the element type in the document tree.
The following rule matches all H1 elements in the document tree:
Descendant selectors
At times, authors may want selectors to match an element that is the descendant of
another element in the document tree (e.g., "Match those EM elements that are contained
4
by an H1 element"). Descendant selectors express such a relationship in a pattern. A
descendant selector is made up of two or more selectors separated by white space. A
descendant selector of the form "A B" matches when an element B is an arbitrary
descendant of some ancestor element A.
For example, consider the following rules:
h1 { color: red }
em { color: red }
Although the intention of these rules is to add emphasis to text by changing its color, the
effect will be lost in a case such as:
<H1>This headline is <EM>very</EM> important</H1>
We address this case by supplementing the previous rules with a rule that sets the text color
to blue whenever an EM occurs anywhere within an H1:
h1 { color: red }
em { color: red }
h1 em { color: blue }
The third rule will match the EM in the following fragment:
<H1>This <SPAN class="myclass">headline
is <EM>very</EM> important</SPAN></H1>
The following selector:
div * p
matches a P element that is a grandchild or later descendant of a DIV element. Note the
white space on either side of the "*" is not part of the universal selector; the white space is
a combinator indicating that the DIV must be the ancestor of some element, and that that
element must be an ancestor of the P.
The selector in the following rule, which combines descendant and attribute selectors,
matches any element that has the "href" attribute set and is inside a P that is itself inside a
DIV:
div p *[href]
5
Child selectors
A child selector matches when an element is the child of some element. A child selector is
made up of two or more selectors separated by ">".
The following rule sets the style of all P elements that are children of BODY:
body > P { line-height: 1.3 }
The following example combines descendant selectors and child selectors:
div ol>li p
It matches a P element that is a descendant of an LI; the LI element must be the child of an
OL element; the OL element must be a descendant of a DIV. Notice that the optional white
space around the ">" combinator has been left out.
Adjacent sibling selectors

Adjacent sibling selectors have the following syntax: E1 + E2, where E2 is the subject of the
selector. The selector matches if E1 and E2 share the same parent in the document tree and
E1 immediately precedes E2, ignoring non-element nodes (such as text nodes and
comments).
Thus, the following rule states that when a P element immediately follows a MATH element,
it should not be indented:
math + p { text-indent: 0 }
The next example reduces the vertical space separating an H1 and an H2 that immediately
follows it:
h1 + h2 { margin-top: -5mm }
The following rule is similar to the one in the previous example, except that it adds a class
selector. Thus, special formatting only occurs when H1 has class="opener":
h1.opener + h2 { margin-top: -5mm }
Attribute selectors
CSS 2.1 allows authors to specify rules that match elements which have certain attributes
defined in the source document.
6
Matching attributes and attribute values
Attribute selectors may match in four ways:
[att]
Match when the element sets the "att" attribute, whatever the value of the attribute.
[att=val]
Match when the element's "att" attribute value is exactly "val".
[att~=val]
Represents an element with the att attribute whose value is a white space-separated list of
words, one of which is exactly "val". If "val" contains white space, it will never represent
anything (since the words are separated by spaces). If "val" is the empty string, it will never
represent anything either.
[att|=val]
Represents an element with the att attribute, its value either being exactly "val" or
beginning with "val" immediately followed by "-". This is primarily intended to allow
language subcode matches (e.g., the hreflang attribute on the a element in HTML) as
described in BCP 47 or its successor.
Attribute values must be identifiers or strings. The case-sensitivity of attribute names and
values in selectors depends on the document language.
For example, the following attribute selector matches all H1 elements that specify the "title"
attribute, whatever its value:
h1[title] { color: blue; }
In the following example, the selector matches all SPAN elements whose "class" attribute
has exactly the value "example":
span[class=example] { color: blue; }
Multiple attribute selectors can be used to refer to several attributes of an element, or even
several times to the same attribute.
Here, the selector matches all SPAN elements whose "hello" attribute has exactly the value
"Cleveland" and whose "goodbye" attribute has exactly the value "Columbus":
span[hello="Cleveland"][goodbye="Columbus"] { color: blue; }
7
The following selectors illustrate the differences between "=" and "~=". The first selector will
match, for example, the value "copyright copyleft copyeditor" for the "rel" attribute. The
second selector will only match when the "href" attribute has the value
"http://www.nareshit.com/".
a[rel~="copyright"]
a[href="http://www.nareshit.com/"]
The following rule hides all elements for which the value of the "lang" attribute is "fr" (i.e.,
the language is French).
*[lang=fr] { display : none }
The following rule will match for values of the "lang" attribute that begin with "en",
including "en", "en-US", and "en-cockney":
*[lang|="en"] { color : red }
Similarly, the following aural style sheet rules allow a script to be read aloud in different
voices for each role:
DIALOGUE[character=romeo] { voice-family: "Laurence Olivier", charles, male }
DIALOGUE[character=juliet] { voice-family: "Vivien Leigh", victoria, female }
Class selectors
Working with HTML, authors may use the period (.) notation as an alternative to the ~=
notation when representing the class attribute. Thus, for HTML, div.value and
div[class~=value] have the same meaning. The attribute value must immediately follow the
"period" (.).
For example, we can assign style information to all elements with class~="pastoral" as
follows:
*.pastoral { color: green } /* all elements with class~=pastoral */
or just
.pastoral { color: green } /* all elements with class~=pastoral */
The following assigns style only to H1 elements with class~="pastoral":
H1.pastoral { color: green } /* H1 elements with class~=pastoral */
8
Given these rules, the first H1 instance below would not have green text, while the second
would:
<H1>Not green</H1>
<H1 class="pastoral">Very green</H1>
To match a subset of "class" values, each value must be preceded by a ".".
For example, the following rule matches any P element whose "class" attribute has been
assigned a list of space-separated values that includes "pastoral" and "marine":
p.marine.pastoral { color: green }
This rule matches when class="pastoral blue aqua marine" but does not match for
class="pastoral blue".
ID selectors
Document languages may contain attributes that are declared to be of type ID. What makes
attributes of type ID special is that no two such attributes can have the same value;
whatever the document language, an ID attribute can be used to uniquely identify its
element. In HTML all ID attributes are named "id"; XML applications may name ID attributes
differently, but the same restriction applies.
The ID attribute of a document language allows authors to assign an identifier to one

element instance in the document tree. CSS ID selectors match an element instance based
on its identifier. A CSS ID selector contains a "#" immediately followed by the ID value,
which must be an identifier.
The following ID selector matches the H1 element whose ID attribute has the value
"chapter1":
h1#chapter1 { text-align: center }
In the following example, the style rule matches the element that has the ID value "z98y".
The rule will thus match for the P element:
<head>
<title>match p</title>
<style type="text/css">
*#z98y { letter-spacing: 0.3em }
9
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p id=z98y>wide text</p>
</body>
In the next example, however, the style rule will only match an H1 element that has an ID
value of "z98y". The rule will not match the P element in this example:
<head>
<title>match h1 only</title>
h1#z98y { letter-spacing: 0.5em }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p id=z98y>wide text</p>
</body>
ID selectors have a higher specificity than attribute selectors. For example, in HTML, the
selector #p123 is more specific than [id=p123] in terms of the cascade.
If an element has multiple ID attributes, all of them must be treated as IDs for that element
for the purposes of the ID selector.
Pseudo-elements and pseudo-classes

In CSS 2.1, style is normally attached to an element based on its position in the document
tree. This simple model is sufficient for many cases, but some common publishing scenarios
may not be possible due to the structure of the document tree. For instance, in HTML 4, no
element refers to the first line of a paragraph, and therefore no simple CSS selector may
refer to it.
CSS introduces the concepts of pseudo-elements and pseudo-classes to permit formatting

based on information that lies outside the document tree.
10
Pseudo-elements create abstractions about the document tree beyond those specified by
the document language. For instance, document languages do not offer mechanisms to
access the first letter or first line of an element's content. CSS pseudo-elements allow style
sheet designers to refer to this otherwise inaccessible information. Pseudo-elements may
also provide style sheet designers a way to assign style to content that does not exist in the
source document (e.g., the :before and :after pseudo-elements give access to generated
content).
Pseudo-classes classify elements on characteristics other than their name, attributes or

content; in principle characteristics that cannot be deduced from the document tree.
Pseudo-classes may be dynamic, in the sense that an element may acquire or lose a pseudo-
class while a user interacts with the document. The exceptions are ':first-child', which can be
deduced from the document tree, and ':lang()', which can be deduced from the document
tree in some cases.
Neither pseudo-elements nor pseudo-classes appear in the document source or document

tree.
Pseudo-classes are allowed anywhere in selectors while pseudo-elements may only be

appended after the last simple selector of the selector.
Pseudo-element and pseudo-class names are case-insensitive.
Some pseudo-classes are mutually exclusive, while others can be applied simultaneously to
the same element. In case of conflicting rules, the normal cascading order determines the
outcome.
Pseudo-classes
:first-child pseudo-class
The :first-child pseudo-class matches an element that is the first child element of some
other element.
In the following example, the selector matches any P element that is the first child of a DIV
element. The rule suppresses indentation for the first paragraph of a DIV:
div > p:first-child { text-indent: 0 }
This selector would match the P inside the DIV of the following fragment:
<p> the last p before the note.
<div class="note">
11
<p> the first p inside the note.
</div>
but would not match the second P in the following fragment:
<p> the last p before the note.
<div class="note">
<h2>note</h2>
<p> the first p inside the note.
</div>
The following rule sets the font weight to 'bold' for any EM element that is some
descendant of a P element that is a first child:
p:first-child em { font-weight : bold }
The following two selectors are equivalent:
* > a:first-child /* A is first child of any element */
a:first-child /* Same */
The link pseudo-classes: :link and :visited

User agents commonly display unvisited links differently from previously visited ones. CSS
provides the pseudo-classes ':link' and ':visited' to distinguish them:
The :link pseudo-class applies for links that have not yet been visited.
The :visited pseudo-class applies once the link has been visited by the user.
The two states are mutually exclusive.
The document language determines which elements are hyperlink source anchors. For
example, in HTML4, the link pseudo-classes apply to A elements with an "href" attribute.
Thus, the following two CSS 2.1 declarations have similar effect:
a:link { color: red }
:link { color: red }
If the following link:
12
<A class="external" href="http://out.side/">external link</A>
has been visited, this rule:
a.external:visited { color: blue }
will cause it to be blue.
The dynamic pseudo-classes: :hover, :active, and :focus

Interactive user agents sometimes change the rendering in response to user actions. CSS
provides three pseudo-classes for common cases:
The :hover pseudo-class applies while the user designates an element (with some pointing
device), but does not activate it. For example, a visual user agent could apply this pseudo-
class when the cursor (mouse pointer) hovers over a box generated by the element. User
agents not supporting interactive media do not have to support this pseudo-class. Some
conforming user agents supporting interactive media may not be able to support this
pseudo-class (e.g., a pen device).
The :active pseudo-class applies while an element is being activated by the user. For
example, between the times the user presses the mouse button and releases it.
The :focus pseudo-class applies while an element has the focus (accepts keyboard events or
other forms of text input).
An element may match several pseudo-classes at the same time.
CSS does not define which elements may be in the above states, or how the states are
entered and left. Scripting may change whether elements react to user events or not, and
different devices and UAs may have different ways of pointing to, or activating elements.
CSS 2.1 does not define if the parent of an element that is ':active' or ':hover' is also in that
state.
User agents are not required to reflow a currently displayed document due to pseudo-class
transitions. For instance, a style sheet may specify that the 'font-size' of an :active link
should be larger than that of an inactive link, but since this may cause letters to change
position when the reader selects the link, a UA may ignore the corresponding style rule.
a:link { color: red } /* unvisited links */
a:visited { color: blue } /* visited links */
a:hover { color: yellow } /* user hovers */
13
a:active { color: lime } /* active links */
Note that the A:hover must be placed after the A:link and A:visited rules, since otherwise
the cascading rules will hide the 'color' property of the A:hover rule. Similarly, because
A:active is placed after A:hover, the active color (lime) will apply when the user both
activates and hovers over the A element.
An example of combining dynamic pseudo-classes:
a:focus { background: yellow }
a:focus:hover { background: white }
The last selector matches A elements that are in pseudo-class :focus and in pseudo-class
:hover.
The language pseudo-class: :lang

If the document language specifies how the human language of an element is determined, it
is possible to write selectors in CSS that match an element based on its language. For
example, in HTML, the language is determined by a combination of the "lang" attribute, the
META element, and possibly by information from the protocol (such as HTTP headers).
The pseudo-class ':lang(C)' matches if the element is in language C. Whether there is a

match is based solely on the identifier C being either equal to, or a hyphen-separated
substring of, the element's language value, in the same way as if performed by the '|='
operator. The matching of C against the element's language value is performed case-
insensitively for characters within the ASCII range. The identifier C does not have to be a
valid language name.
C must not be empty.
The following rules set the quotation marks for an HTML document that is either in
Canadian French or German:
html:lang(fr-ca) { quotes: '« ' ' »' }
html:lang(de) { quotes: '»' '«' '\2039' '\203A' }
:lang(fr) > Q { quotes: '« ' ' »' }
:lang(de) > Q { quotes: '»' '«' '\2039' '\203A' }
The second pair of rules actually set the 'quotes' property on Q elements according to the
language of its parent. This is done because the choice of quote marks is typically based on
14
the language of the element around the quote, not the quote itself: like this piece of French
“à l'improviste” in the middle of an English text uses the English quotation marks.
Pseudo-elements
Pseudo-elements behave just like real elements in CSS with the exceptions described below
and elsewhere.
The :first-line pseudo-element

The :first-line pseudo-element applies special styles to the contents of the first formatted
line of a paragraph. For instance:
p:first-line { text-transform: uppercase }
The above rule means "change the letters of the first line of every paragraph to uppercase".
However, the selector "P:first-line" does not match any real HTML element. It does match a
pseudo-element that conforming user agents will insert at the beginning of every
paragraph.
Note that the length of the first line depends on a number of factors, including the width of
the page, the font size, etc. Thus, an ordinary HTML paragraph such as:
<P>This is a somewhat long HTML
paragraph that will be broken into several
lines. The first line will be identified
by a fictional tag sequence. The other lines
will be treated as ordinary lines in the
paragraph.</P>
the lines of which happen to be broken as follows:
THIS IS A SOMEWHAT LONG HTML PARAGRAPH THAT
will be broken into several lines. The first
line will be identified by a fictional tag
sequence. The other lines will be treated as
ordinary lines in the paragraph.
15
might be "rewritten" by user agents to include the fictional tag sequence for :first-line. This
fictional tag sequence helps to show how properties are inherited.
<P><P:first-line> This is a somewhat long HTML
paragraph that </P:first-line> will be broken into several
lines. The first line will be identified
paragraph.</P>
If a pseudo-element breaks up a real element, the desired effect can often be described by a
fictional tag sequence that closes and then re-opens the element. Thus, if we mark up the
previous paragraph with a SPAN element:
<P><SPAN class="test"> This is a somewhat long HTML
paragraph that will be broken into several
lines.</SPAN> The first line will be identified
paragraph.</P>
the user agent could simulate start and end tags for SPAN when inserting the fictional tag
sequence for :first-line.
<P><P:first-line><SPAN class="test"> This is a
somewhat long HTML
paragraph that will </SPAN></P:first-line><SPAN class="test"> be
broken into several
lines.</SPAN> The first line will be identified
paragraph.</P>
16
The :first-line pseudo-element can only be attached to a block container element.
The "first formatted line" of an element may occur inside a block-level descendant in the
same flow (i.e., a block-level descendant that is not positioned and not a float). E.g., the first
line of the DIV in <DIV><P>This line...</P></DIV> is the first line of the P (assuming that both
P and DIV are block-level).
The first line of a table-cell or inline-block cannot be the first formatted line of an ancestor
element. Thus, in <DIV><P STYLE="display: inline-block">Hello<BR>Goodbye</P>
etcetera</DIV> the first formatted line of the DIV is not the line "Hello".
Note that the first line of the P in this fragment: <p><br>First... does not contain any letters
(assuming the default style for BR in HTML 4). The word "First" is not on the first formatted
line.
The :first-line pseudo-element is similar to an inline-level element, but with certain

restrictions. The following properties apply to a :first-line pseudo-element: font properties,
color property, background properties, 'word-spacing', 'letter-spacing', 'text-decoration',
'text-transform', and 'line-height'.
The :first-letter pseudo-element

The :first-letter pseudo-element must select the first letter of the first line of a block, if it is
not preceded by any other content (such as images or inline tables) on its line. The :first-
letter pseudo-element may be used for "initial caps" and "drop caps", which are common
typographical effects. This type of initial letter is similar to an inline-level element if its 'float'
property is 'none', otherwise it is similar to a floated element.
These are the properties that apply to :first-letter pseudo-elements: font properties, 'text-
decoration', 'text-transform', 'letter-spacing', 'word-spacing' (when appropriate), 'line-
height', 'float', 'vertical-align' (only if 'float' is 'none'), margin properties, padding properties,
border properties, color property, background properties.
This example shows a possible rendering of an initial cap. Note that the 'line-height' that is
inherited by the first-letter pseudo-element is 1.1, but the UA in this example has computed
the height of the first letter differently, so that it does not cause any unnecessary space
between the first two lines. Also note that the fictional start tag of the first letter is inside
the SPAN, and thus the font weight of the first letter is normal, not bold as the SPAN:
p { line-height: 1.1 }
p:first-letter { font-size: 3em; font-weight: normal }
span { font-weight: bold }
...
17
<p><span>Het hemelsche</span> gerecht heeft zich ten lange lesten<br>
Erbarremt over my en mijn benaeuwde vesten<br>
En arme burgery, en op mijn volcx gebed<br>
En dagelix geschrey de bange stad ontzet.
The following CSS 2.1 will make a drop cap initial letter span about two lines:
<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.01//en">
<html>
<head>
<title>drop cap initial letter</title>
p { font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.2 }
p:first-letter { font-size: 200%; font-style: italic;
font-weight: bold; float: left }
span { text-transform: uppercase }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p><span>the first</span> few words of an article
in the economist.</p>
</body>
</html>
This example might be formatted as follows:
18
The fictional tag sequence is:
<p>
<span>
<p:first-letter>
</p:first-letter>he first
</span>
few words of an article in the economist.
</p>
Note that the :first-letter pseudo-element tags abut the content (i.e., the initial character),
while the :first-line pseudo-element start tag is inserted right after the start tag of the block
element.
In order to achieve traditional drop caps formatting, user agents may approximate font
sizes, for example to align baselines. Also, the glyph outline may be taken into account when
formatting.
Punctuation (i.e, characters defined in Unicode in the "open" (Ps), "close" (Pe), "initial" (Pi).
"final" (Pf) and "other" (Po) punctuation classes), that precedes or follows the first letter
should be included, as in:
The ':first-letter' also applies if the first letter is in fact a digit, e.g., the "6" in "67 million
dollars is a lot of money."
The :first-letter pseudo-element applies to block container elements.
The :first-letter pseudo-element can be used with all such elements that contain text, or
that have a descendant in the same flow that contains text. A UA should act as if the
fictional start tag of the first-letter pseudo-element is just before the first text of the
element, even if that first text is in a descendant.
19
Here is an example. The fictional tag sequence for this HTML fragment:
<div>
<p>The first text.
is:
<div>
<p><div:first-letter><p:first-letter>T</...></...>he first text.
The first letter of a table-cell or inline-block cannot be the first letter of an ancestor
element. Thus, in <DIV><P STYLE="display: inline-block">Hello<BR>Goodbye</P>
etcetera</DIV> the first letter of the DIV is not the letter "H". In fact, the DIV does not have
a first letter.
The first letter must occur on the first formatted line. For example, in this fragment:
<p><br>First... the first line does not contain any letters and ':first-letter' does not match
anything (assuming the default style for BR in HTML 4). In particular, it does not match the
"F" of "First."
If an element is a list item ('display: list-item'), the ':first-letter' applies to the first letter in
the principal box after the marker. UAs may ignore ':first-letter' on list items with 'list-style-
position: inside'. If an element has ':before' or ':after' content, the ':first-letter applies to the
first letter of the element including that content.
E.g., after the rule 'p:before {content: "Note: "}', the selector 'p:first-letter' matches the "N"
of "Note".
Some languages may have specific rules about how to treat certain letter combinations. In
Dutch, for example, if the letter combination "ij" appears at the beginning of a word, both
letters should be considered within the :first-letter pseudo-element.
If the letters that would form the first-letter are not in the same element, such as "'T" in
<p>'<em>T..., the UA may create a first-letter pseudo-element from one of the elements,
both elements, or simply not create a pseudo-element.
Similarly, if the first letter(s) of the block are not at the start of the line (for example due to
bidirectional reordering), then the UA need not create the pseudo-element(s).
The following example illustrates how overlapping pseudo-elements may interact. The first
letter of each P element will be green with a font size of '24pt'. The rest of the first
formatted line will be 'blue' while the rest of the paragraph will be 'red'.
p { color: red; font-size: 12pt }
20
p:first-letter { color: green; font-size: 200% }
p:first-line { color: blue }
<P>Some text that ends up on two lines</P>
Assuming that a line break will occur before the word "ends", the fictional tag sequence for
this fragment might be:
<P>
<P:first-line>
<P:first-letter>
</P:first-letter>ome text that
</P:first-line>
ends up on two lines
</P>
Note that the :first-letter element is inside the :first-line element. Properties set on :first-
line are inherited by :first-letter, but are overridden if the same property is set on :first-
letter.
The :before and :after pseudo-elements

The ':before' and ':after' pseudo-elements can be used to insert generated content before
or after an element's content. They are explained in the section on generated text.
h1:before {content: counter(chapno, upper-roman) ". "}
When the :first-letter and :first-line pseudo-elements are applied to an element having
content generated using :before and :after, they apply to the first letter or line of the
element including the generated content.
p.special:before {content: "Special! "}
p.special:first-letter {color: #ffd800}
This will render the "S" of "Special!" in gold.
21
Animation Properties
Property Description CSS Version
@keyframes Specifies the animation 3
animation A shorthand property for all the animation 3

properties below, except the animation-play-state
property
animation-name Specifies a name for the @keyframes animation 3
animation-duration Specifies how many seconds or milliseconds an 3

animation takes to complete one cycle
animation-timing-function Specifies the speed curve of the animation 3
animation-delay Specifies when the animation will start 3
animation-iteration-count Specifies the number of times an animation 3

should be played
animation-direction Specifies whether or not the animation should 3

play in reverse on alternate cycles
animation-play-state Specifies whether the animation is running or 3

paused
Background Properties
background Sets all the background properties in one 1

declaration
22
background-attachment Sets whether a background image is fixed or 1
scrolls with the rest of the page
background-color Sets the background color of an element 1
background-image Sets the background image for an element 1
background-position Sets the starting position of a background image 1
background-repeat Sets how a background image will be repeated 1
background-clip Specifies the painting area of the background 3
background-origin Specifies the positioning area of the background 3

images
background-size Specifies the size of the background images 3
Border and Outline Properties
border Sets all the border properties in one declaration 1
border-bottom Sets all the bottom border properties in one 1

declaration
border-bottom-color Sets the color of the bottom border 1
border-bottom-style Sets the style of the bottom border 1
border-bottom-width Sets the width of the bottom border 1
border-color Sets the color of the four borders 1
23
border-left Sets all the left border properties in one declaration 1
border-left-color Sets the color of the left border 1
border-left-style Sets the style of the left border 1
border-left-width Sets the width of the left border 1
border-right Sets all the right border properties in one declaration 1
border-right-color Sets the color of the right border 1
border-right-style Sets the style of the right border 1
border-right-width Sets the width of the right border 1
border-style Sets the style of the four borders 1
border-top Sets all the top border properties in one declaration 1
border-top-color Sets the color of the top border 1
border-top-style Sets the style of the top border 1
border-top-width Sets the width of the top border 1
border-width Sets the width of the four borders 1
outline Sets all the outline properties in one declaration 2
outline-color Sets the color of an outline 2
outline-style Sets the style of an outline 2
outline-width Sets the width of an outline 2
24
border-bottom-left- Defines the shape of the border of the bottom-left 3
radius corner
border-bottom-right- Defines the shape of the border of the bottom-right 3

radius corner
border-image A shorthand property for setting all the border-image- 3

* properties
border-image-outset Specifies the amount by which the border image area 3

extends beyond the border box
border-image-repeat Specifies whether the image-border should be 3

repeated, rounded or stretched
border-image-slice Specifies the inward offsets of the image-border 3
border-image-source Specifies an image to be used as a border 3
border-image-width Specifies the widths of the image-border 3
border-radius A shorthand property for setting all the four border-*- 3

radius properties
border-top-left-radius Defines the shape of the border of the top-left corner 3
border-top-right-radius Defines the shape of the border of the top-right 3

corner
box-decoration-break 3
box-shadow Attaches one or more drop-shadows to the box 3
25
Box Properties
overflow-x Specifies whether or not to clip the left/right edges of 3

the content, if it overflows the element's content area
overflow-y Specifies whether or not to clip the top/bottom edges 3

of the content, if it overflows the element's content
area
overflow-style Specifies the preferred scrolling method for elements 3

that overflow
rotation Rotates an element around a given point defined by 3

the rotation-point property
rotation-point Defines a point as an offset from the top left border 3

edge
Color Properties
color-profile Permits the specification of a source color profile 3

other than the default
opacity Sets the opacity level for an element 3
rendering-intent Permits the specification of a color profile rendering 3

intent other than the default
26
Content for Paged Media Properties
bookmark-label Specifies the label of the bookmark 3
bookmark-level Specifies the level of the bookmark 3
bookmark-target Specifies the target of the bookmark link 3
float-offset Pushes floated elements in the opposite direction of 3

the where they have been floated with float
hyphenate-after Specifies the minimum number of characters in a 3

hyphenated word after the hyphenation character
hyphenate-before Specifies the minimum number of characters in a 3

hyphenated word before the hyphenation character
hyphenate-character Specifies a string that is shown when a hyphenate- 3

break occurs
hyphenate-lines Indicates the maximum number of successive 3

hyphenated lines in an element
hyphenate-resource Specifies a comma-separated list of external 3

resources that can help the browser determine
hyphenation points
hyphens Sets how to split words to improve the layout of 3

paragraphs
image-resolution Specifies the correct resolution of images 3
marks Adds crop and/or cross marks to the document 3
string-set 3
27
Dimension Properties
height Sets the height of an element 1
max-height Sets the maximum height of an element 2
max-width Sets the maximum width of an element 2
min-height Sets the minimum height of an element 2
min-width Sets the minimum width of an element 2
width Sets the width of an element 1
Flexible Box Properties
box-align Specifies how to align the child elements of a box 3
box-direction Specifies in which direction the children of a box are 3

displayed
box-flex Specifies whether the children of a box is flexible or 3

inflexible in size
box-flex-group Assigns flexible elements to flex groups 3
box-lines Specifies whether columns will go onto a new line 3

whenever it runs out of space in the parent box
28
box-ordinal-group Specifies the display order of the child elements of a 3
box
box-orient Specifies whether the children of a box should be laid 3

out horizontally or vertically
box-pack Specifies the horizontal position in horizontal boxes 3

and the vertical position in vertical boxes
Font Properties
font Sets all the font properties in one declaration 1
font-family Specifies the font family for text 1
font-size Specifies the font size of text 1
font-style Specifies the font style for text 1
font-variant Specifies whether or not a text should be displayed in 1

a small-caps font
font-weight Specifies the weight of a font 1
@font-face A rule that allows websites to download and use fonts 3

other than the "web-safe" fonts
font-size-adjust Preserves the readability of text when font fallback 3

occurs
font-stretch Selects a normal, condensed, or expanded face from a 3

font family
29
Generated Content Properties
content Used with the :before and :after pseudo-elements, to 2

insert generated content
counter-increment Increments one or more counters 2
counter-reset Creates or resets one or more counters 2
quotes Sets the type of quotation marks for embedded 2

quotations
crop Allows a replaced element to be just a rectangular 3

area of an object, instead of the whole object
move-to Causes an element to be removed from the flow and 3

reinserted at a later point in the document
page-policy Determines which page-based occurance of a given 3

element is applied to a counter or string value
Grid Properties
grid-columns Specifies the width of each column in a grid 3
grid-rows Specifies the height of each column in a grid 3
30
Hyperlink Properties
target A shorthand property for setting the target-name, 3

target-new, and target-position properties
target-name Specifies where to open links (target destination) 3
target-new Specifies whether new destination links should open 3

in a new window or in a new tab of an existing
window
target-position Specifies where new destination links should be 3

placed
Linebox Properties
alignment-adjust Allows more precise alignment of elements 3
alignment-baseline Specifies how an inline-level element is aligned with 3

respect to its parent
baseline-shift Allows repositioning of the dominant-baseline relative 3

to the dominant-baseline
dominant-baseline Specifies a scaled-baseline-table 3
drop-initial-after-adjust Sets the alignment point of the drop initial for the 3
primary connection point
drop-initial-after-align Sets which alignment line within the initial line box is 3
used at the primary connection point with the initial
letter box
31
drop-initial-before- Sets the alignment point of the drop initial for the 3
adjust secondary connection point
drop-initial-before- Sets which alignment line within the initial line box is 3
align used at the secondary connection point with the
initial letter box
drop-initial-size Controls the partial sinking of the initial letter 3
drop-initial-value Activates a drop-initial effect 3
inline-box-align Sets which line of a multi-line inline block align with 3

the previous and next inline elements within a line
line-stacking A shorthand property for setting the line-stacking- 3

strategy, line-stacking-ruby, and line-stacking-shift
properties
line-stacking-ruby Sets the line stacking method for block elements 3

containing ruby annotation elements
line-stacking-shift Sets the line stacking method for block elements 3

containing elements with base-shift
line-stacking-strategy Sets the line stacking strategy for stacked line boxes 3
within a containing block element
text-height Sets the block-progression dimension of the text 3

content area of an inline box
List Properties
list-style Sets all the properties for a list in one declaration 1
32
list-style-image Specifies an image as the list-item marker 1
list-style-position Specifies if the list-item markers should appear inside 1

or outside the content flow
list-style-type Specifies the type of list-item marker 1
Margin Properties
margin Sets all the margin properties in one declaration 1
margin-bottom Sets the bottom margin of an element 1
margin-left Sets the left margin of an element 1
margin-right Sets the right margin of an element 1
margin-top Sets the top margin of an element 1
Marquee Properties
marquee-direction Sets the direction of the moving content 3
marquee-play-count Sets how many times the content move 3
marquee-speed Sets how fast the content scrolls 3
marquee-style Sets the style of the moving content 3
33
Multi-column Properties
column-count Specifies the number of columns an element should 3

be divided into
column-fill Specifies how to fill columns 3
column-gap Specifies the gap between the columns 3
column-rule A shorthand property for setting all the column-rule-* 3

properties
column-rule-color Specifies the color of the rule between columns 3
column-rule-style Specifies the style of the rule between columns 3
column-rule-width Specifies the width of the rule between columns 3
column-span Specifies how many columns an element should span 3

across
column-width Specifies the width of the columns 3
columns A shorthand property for setting column-width and 3

column-count
Padding Properties
padding Sets all the padding properties in one declaration 1
padding-bottom Sets the bottom padding of an element 1
34
padding-left Sets the left padding of an element 1
padding-right Sets the right padding of an element 1
padding-top Sets the top padding of an element 1
Paged Media Properties
fit Gives a hint for how to scale a replaced element if 3

neither its width nor its height property is auto
fit-position Determines the alignment of the object inside the box 3
image-orientation Specifies a rotation in the right or clockwise direction 3

that a user agent applies to an image
page Specifies a particular type of page where an element 3

SHOULD be displayed
size Specifies the size and orientation of the containing 3

box for page content
Positioning Properties
bottom Specifies the bottom position of a positioned element 2
clear Specifies which sides of an element where other 1

floating elements are not allowed
35
clip Clips an absolutely positioned element 2
cursor Specifies the type of cursor to be displayed 2
display Specifies how a certain HTML element should be 1

displayed
float Specifies whether or not a box should float 1
left Specifies the left position of a positioned element 2
overflow Specifies what happens if content overflows an 2

element's box
position Specifies the type of positioning method used for an 2

element (static, relative, absolute or fixed)
right Specifies the right position of a positioned element 2
top Specifies the top position of a positioned element 2
visibility Specifies whether or not an element is visible 2
z-index Sets the stack order of a positioned element 2
Print Properties
orphans Sets the minimum number of lines that must be left at 2

the bottom of a page when a page break occurs inside
an element
page-break-after Sets the page-breaking behavior after an element 2
36
page-break-before Sets the page-breaking behavior before an element 2
page-break-inside Sets the page-breaking behavior inside an element 2
widows Sets the minimum number of lines that must be left at 2

the top of a page when a page break occurs inside an
element
Ruby Properties
ruby-align Controls the text alignment of the ruby text and ruby 3
base contents relative to each other
ruby-overhang Determines whether, and on which side, ruby text is 3

allowed to partially overhang any adjacent text in
addition to its own base, when the ruby text is wider
than the ruby base
ruby-position Controls the position of the ruby text with respect to 3

its base
ruby-span Controls the spanning behavior of annotation 3

elements
Speech Properties
mark A shorthand property for setting the mark-before and 3

mark-after properties
mark-after Allows named markers to be attached to the audio 3
37
stream
mark-before Allows named markers to be attached to the audio 3

stream
phonemes Specifies a phonetic pronunciation for the text 3

contained by the corresponding element
rest A shorthand property for setting the rest-before and 3

rest-after properties
rest-after Specifies a rest or prosodic boundary to be observed 3

after speaking an element's content
rest-before Specifies a rest or prosodic boundary to be observed 3

before speaking an element's content
voice-balance Specifies the balance between left and right channels 3
voice-duration Specifies how long it should take to render the 3

selected element's content
voice-pitch Specifies the average pitch (a frequency) of the 3

speaking voice
voice-pitch-range Specifies variation in average pitch 3
voice-rate Controls the speaking rate 3
voice-stress Indicates the strength of emphasis to be applied 3
voice-volume Refers to the amplitude of the waveform output by 3

the speech synthesises
38
Table Properties
border-collapse Specifies whether or not table borders should be 2

collapsed
border-spacing Specifies the distance between the borders of 2

adjacent cells
caption-side Specifies the placement of a table caption 2
empty-cells Specifies whether or not to display borders and 2

background on empty cells in a table
table-layout Sets the layout algorithm to be used for a table 2
Text Properties
color Sets the color of text 1
direction Specifies the text direction/writing direction 2
letter-spacing Increases or decreases the space between characters 1

in a text
line-height Sets the line height 1
text-align Specifies the horizontal alignment of text 1
text-decoration Specifies the decoration added to text 1
text-indent Specifies the indentation of the first line in a text- 1
39
block
text-transform Controls the capitalization of text 1
unicode-bidi 2
vertical-align Sets the vertical alignment of an element 1
white-space Specifies how white-space inside an element is 1

handled
word-spacing Increases or decreases the space between words in a 1

text
hanging-punctuation Specifies whether a punctuation character may be 3

placed outside the line box
punctuation-trim Specifies whether a punctuation character should be 3

trimmed
text-align-last Describes how the last line of a block or a line right 3

before a forced line break is aligned when text-align is
"justify"
text-justify Specifies the justification method used when text- 3

align is "justify"
text-outline Specifies a text outline 3
text-overflow Specifies what should happen when text overflows 3

the containing element
text-shadow Adds shadow to text 3
text-wrap Specifies line breaking rules for text 3
40
word-break Specifies line breaking rules for non-CJK scripts 3
word-wrap Allows long, unbreakable words to be broken and 3

wrap to the next line
2D/3D Transform Properties
transform Applies a 2D or 3D transformation to an element 3
transform-origin Allows you to change the position on transformed 3

elements
transform-style Specifies how nested elements are rendered in 3D 3

space
perspective Specifies the perspective on how 3D elements are 3

viewed
perspective-origin Specifies the bottom position of 3D elements 3
backface-visibility Defines whether or not an element should be visible 3

when not facing the screen
Transition Properties
transition A shorthand property for setting the four transition 3

properties
transition-property Specifies the name of the CSS property the transition 3

effect is for
41
transition-duration Specifies how many seconds or milliseconds a 3
transition effect takes to complete
transition-timing- Specifies the speed curve of the transition effect 3

function
transition-delay Specifies when the transition effect will start 3
User-interface Properties
appearance Allows you to make an element look like a standard 3

user interface element
box-sizing Allows you to define certain elements to fit an area in 3

a certain way
icon Provides the author the ability to style an element 3

with an iconic equivalent
nav-down Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow- 3

down navigation key
nav-index Specifies the tabbing order for an element 3
nav-left Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-left 3

navigation key
nav-right Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow- 3

right navigation key
nav-up Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-up 3

navigation key
42
outline-offset Offsets an outline, and draws it beyond the border 3
edge
resize Specifies whether or not an element is resizable by 3

the user
Examples
1. The following example demonstrates how to use background image paroperties of css
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body
background-image:url(e:/images/garden.jpg);
background-repeat:no-repeat;
background-size:200px 200px;
background-position:center center;
background-attachment:fixed;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1> Provide Text in the body to make the page scrollable </h1>
</body>
</html>
43
2. The following example animates a div element and moves it right and left with
animation properties of css 3
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
div
width:100px;
height:100px;
background:red;
position:relative;
animation:mymove 5s 2;
-webkit-animation:mymove 5s infinite; /*Safari and Chrome*/
@keyframes mymove
from {left:0px;}
to {left:200px;}
@-webkit-keyframes mymove /*Safari and Chrome*/
from {left:0px;}
to {left:200px;}
</style>
44
</head>
<body>
<div></div>
</body>
</html>
3. The following example animates a div element and moves it right then down then left
and finally top with animation properties of css 3
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
div
width:100px;
height:100px;
background:red;
position:relative;
animation-name:myfirst;
animation-duration:5s;
animation-timing-function:linear;
animation-delay:2s;
animation-iteration-count:infinite;
animation-direction:alternate;
animation-play-state:running;
/* Firefox: */
-moz-animation-name:myfirst;
45
-moz-animation-duration:5s;
-moz-animation-timing-function:linear;
-moz-animation-delay:2s;
-moz-animation-iteration-count:infinite;
-moz-animation-direction:alternate;
-moz-animation-play-state:running;
/* Safari and Chrome: */
-webkit-animation-name:myfirst;
-webkit-animation-duration:5s;
-webkit-animation-timing-function:linear;
-webkit-animation-delay:2s;
-webkit-animation-iteration-count:infinite;
-webkit-animation-direction:alternate;
-webkit-animation-play-state:running;
/* Opera: */
-o-animation-name:myfirst;
-o-animation-duration:5s;
-o-animation-timing-function:linear;
-o-animation-delay:2s;
-o-animation-iteration-count:infinite;
-o-animation-direction:alternate;
-o-animation-play-state:running;
@keyframes myfirst
0% {background:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
46
25% {background:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;}
50% {background:blue; left:200px; top:200px;}
75% {background:green; left:0px; top:200px;}
@-moz-keyframes myfirst /* Firefox */
@-webkit-keyframes myfirst /* Safari and Chrome */
@-o-keyframes myfirst /* Opera */
47
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div></div>
</body>
</html>
4. The following example rotates an image when mouse is over the image with
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
@-webkit-keyframes spin
from { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);}
to { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg);}
@-moz-keyframes spin {
from { -moz-transform: rotate(0deg);}
to { -moz-transform: rotate(360deg);}
@-o-keyframes spin {
from { -o-transform: rotate(0deg);}
48
to { -o-transform: rotate(360deg);}
@-ms-keyframes spin {
from { -ms-transform: rotate(0deg);}
to { -ms-transform: rotate(360deg);}
img
width:250px;
height:250px;
align:center;
img:hover
-webkit-animation: spin 5s infinite linear;
-moz-animation: spin 5s infinite linear;
-o-animation: spin 5s infinite linear;
-ms-animation: spin 5s infinite linear;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<img src="e:\images\garden.jpg"/>
</body>
</html>
49
5. The following example changes background of the page from red to yellow using
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body
{
width:100px;
height:100px;
background:red;
position:relative;
animation:mycolor 5s infinite;
-webkit-animation:mymove 5s infinite; /*Safari and Chrome*/
}
@keyframes mycolor
{
from {background: red;}
to {background: yellow;}
}
@-moz-keyframes mycolor /* Firefox */

{
}
@-webkit-keyframes mycolor /* Safari and Chrome */

{
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div></div>
</body>
</html>
50
6. The following example demonstrates how to design a page as follows using css
Create an external css file with name global.css as follows
/* BASIC */
body {
font: 62.7% Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
}
h1, h2, h3, h4, p, ul, ol {

margin: 0px;
padding: 0px;
}
a img {
border: none;
}
/* LAYOUT */
51
#banner {
background: url(images/banner.png) no-repeat right top;
height: 90px;
}
/* NAVIGATION */
#mainNav li {
list-style: none;
display: inline;
}
#mainNav a {
text-decoration: none;
color: #000000;
font-size: 1.1em;
text-transform: uppercase;
border-bottom: 1px dashed #999999;
display: block;
padding: 7px 5px 7px 30px;
background: #E7E7E7 url(images/link.png) no-repeat left center;
}
a#homeLink {
background-image: url(images/home.png);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: left center;
}
#logo {
display: none;
}
#mainNav ul {
border-top: 1px dashed #999999;
margin-top: 20px;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
#mainNav a:hover {
background: #B2F511 url(images/go.png) no-repeat left center;
padding-right: 15px;
padding-left: 30px;
font-weight: bold;
52
}
#home #mainNav a#homelink,

#feature #mainNav a#featureLink {
background: #FFFFFF url(images/bg_here.png) no-repeat 95% 50%;
padding-right: 15px;
padding-left: 30px;
font-weight: bold;
}
#home #mainNav a#homelink:hover,

#feature #mainNav a#featureLink:hover {
color: #B2F511;
}
#nav p {
color: #ED6733;
padding-right: 5px;
padding-left: 5px;
}
#nav a {
color: #666666;
}
/* BANNER STYLES */
#banner img {
float: left;
}
#banner ul {
margin: 0px;
padding: 0px;
list-style: none;
}
#banner li {
display: inline;
float: right;
margin-right: 5px;
padding-bottom: .5em; /* to display bottom border on links in IE */
53
}
#sitetools li a {
font-size: 1em;
color: #FFFFFF;
line-height: 2em;
background: #1B3A89;
padding: 5px;
height: 2em;
border: 1px solid #4D69B0;
font-weight: bold;
}
#sitetools li a:hover {
color: #10214E;
background: #DCE5FF;
}
/* MAIN */
#main a {
border-bottom: 1px dashed #B2F511;
color: #152D6A;
}
#main h1 {
color: #152D6A;
margin-top: 15px;
margin-bottom: 5px;
border-bottom: 2px solid #B2F511;
font: normal 2.7em Impact, "Arial Narrow", sans-serif;
letter-spacing: 1px;
word-spacing: 5px;
background: url(images/feature_bug.png) no-repeat top right;
}
#main h2 {
font: normal 2em Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
margin-top: 15px;
54
margin-bottom: 3px;
color: #152D6A;
}
#main p {
font-size: 1.25em;
margin-bottom: 5px;
}
/* headlines with warnings */

.warning {
background: url(images/warning.png) no-repeat left center;
padding-top: 2px;
padding-left: 30px;
border-bottom: 1px dotted #CCCCCC;
}
/* NEWS */
#news .story {
background: url(images/bg_story.png) repeat-y;
color: #FFFFFF;
padding: 5px 5px;
border-bottom: 1px dashed #AAEB11;
display: block;
line-height: 110%;
}
#news span.title {
font-size: 1.1em;
font-weight: bold;
display: block;
line-height: 120%;
color: #FFCC00;
}
#news a.story:hover {
color: #4A761D;
background: url(images/bg_story_high.png);
}
* html #news a {
height: 1px;
}
55
#news h2 {
background: #B2F511 url(images/bg_newshead.png) no-repeat;
color: #333333;
font-size: 2em;
padding-top: 25px;
padding-bottom: 0px;
padding-left: 5px;
}
#news h2 span {
background: url(images/down.png) no-repeat;
position: absolute;
right: 10px;
height: 48px;
width: 48px;
top: 4px;
z-index: 10;
}
/* ADVERTISING */
div.natEx {
text-align: center;
margin-top: 25px;
font-weight: bold;
}
.natEx p {
margin-bottom: 5px;
}
#news a.story:hover span.title {
color: #000000;
}
Create the html file as follows to design the page
<!DOCTYPE html >
<html>
<head>
56
<link href="global.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
body
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
background: #E6E6E6 url(images/page_bg.png) repeat-y center top;
#wrapper
width: 760px;
margin-right: auto;
margin-left: auto;
border-right: 2px solid #000000;
border-left: 2px solid #000000;
background: #FFFFFF url(images/column_bg.png) repeat-y right top;
#main
display: inline; /*for IE */
float: left;
width: 419px;
margin-left: 160px;
padding-left: 10px;
border-left: 1px dashed #999999;
57
#news
float: right;
width: 160px;
#nav
float: left;
width: 160px;
margin-left: -590px;
#legal
clear: both;
margin-right: 160px;
border-top: 1px dashed #999999;
font-weight: bold;
color: #666666;
</style>
</head>
<body id="feature">
<div id="wrapper">
<div id="banner">
<p id="logo"><a href="http://www.cosmofarmer.com/">
58
<img src="e:\images\garden.jpg" alt="CosmoFarmer" width="287" height="53"
border="0" />
</a>
</p>
<ul id="sitetools">
<li><a href="#">Contact Us</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Subscribe</a> </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="main">
<h1>Bathtub Hydroponics</h1>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy
nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat
volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper
suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem
vel eum iriure. <a href="http://www.hydroponicsonline.com/">You'll find more
information here
</a>.
</p>
<h2 class="warning">Watch the Water Level</h2>
vel eum iriure.</p>
vel eum iriure.</p>
<h2 class="warning">Rubber Duckies Needn’t Apply</h2>
59
vel eum iriure.</p>
vel eum iriure.</p>
<h2 class="warning">Cast-Iron No-Nos</h2>
vel eum iriure.</p>
vel eum iriure. </p>
vel eum iriure.</p>
<h2 class="warning">Clean the Overflow Valve </h2>
vel eum iriure. </p>
60
vel eum iriure.</p>
</div>
<div id="news">
<h2>News</h2>
<a href="#" class="story">
<span class="title">Virgo: It's Your Month</span>
The stars are aligned in your favor. Next month? Not so much. </a>
<a href="#" class="story"><span class="title">Your Feedback</span>CosmoFarmer

wants to hear from you. We want your honest opinion on this
TOTALLY AWESOME web site. </a>
<a href="#" class="story"><span class="title">Indoor Lawns: <br />
Sod or Seed?</span>
Should you grow grass from scratch or have an expert install a beautiful, already
grown, lucious bed of green in your living room? </a>
<a href="#" class="story"><span class="title">Lorem Ipsum</span>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet </a>
<a href="#" class="story"><span class="title">Lorem Ipsum</span> Lorem ipsum

dolor sit amet </a>

dolor sit amet </a>

dolor sit amet </a>

dolor sit amet </a>

dolor sit amet </a>
</div>
<div id="nav">
61
<div id="mainNav">
<ul>
<li><a href="#" id="homeLink">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#" id="featureLink">Features</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Experts</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Quiz</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Projects</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Horoscopes</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>CosmoFarmer.com believes that your privacy is important. All monitoring that

takes place as you visit our site is protected. Infortmation collected
is limited to our network of 9,872 partner affiliates. Your information will only be
shared among them, and as part of our network's anti-spam policy
you will be limited to one e-mail per partner affiliate per day, not to exceed a total
of 9,872 e-mails a day. If you wish to opt out of this program please
call us between the hours of 9:01-9:03am GMT. </p>
<div class="natEx">
<p><a href="http://www.nationalexasperator.com/"><img src="images/ne.png"

alt="National Exasperator" width="97" height="89" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.nationalexasperator.com/">Subscribe to the National

Exasperator Today! </a></p>
</div>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div id="legal">Copyright 2006, CosmoFarmer.com </div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
62
7. The following example demonstrates how to design a page with a form as follows
using css
Create an external css file with the name global.css as follows
/* BASIC */
body
font-family: "Century Gothic", "Gill Sans", Arial, sans-serif;
margin: 0;
background-color: #FFFFFF;
p,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h5,ol,ul
margin: 0px;
63
padding: 0px;
br.clear
height:1px;
clear:both;
line-height: 1px;
background-color: #00CC33;
/* LAYOUT */
#wrapper
width: 760px;
border-right-width: 1px;
border-right-style: solid;
border-right-color: #999999;
#main
border-right: 1px solid #999999;
border-left: 1px solid #999999;
padding: 3px 3px 0 6px;
float: left;
width: 424px;
#subNav
64
{
width: 150px;
float: left;
background-color: #FBEF99;
#banner
background-image: url(images/bg/banner_bg.jpg);
background-repeat: repeat-x;
background-position:
left top;
width: 759px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #999999;
#announce
float: left;
width: 166px;
border-top: 10px solid #294E56;
margin-top: 3px;
background: url(images/bg/announce_bg.jpg) repeat-x left top;
margin-left: 3px;
line-height: 95%;
margin-right: 3px;
#copyright
65
{
clear: both;
margin-left: 150px;
border: 1px solid #999999;
border-right:none;
font-size: 12px;
padding-left: 6px;
/* BANNER STYLES */
#background
background-image: url(images/bg/banner_flower.jpg);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: right top;
/* image replacement technique */
#banner p.logo
background: url(images/logo.gif) no-repeat left top;
height: 70px;
text-indent: -5000px;
#nav
margin-top: 10px;
margin-bottom: 0px;
66
}
#nav li
list-style-type: none;
padding: 0px;
margin: 0;
float: left;
#nav a
display: block;
font-size: 11px;
color: #D6ECAE;
background-color: #294E56;
width: 8em;
margin-left: 2px;
border-right: 1px solid #73AFB7;
border-bottom: 1px solid #73AFB7;
font-weight: bold;
margin-bottom: 2px;
#nav a:hover
background: #73AFB7;
67
border-right: 1px solid #14556B;
border-bottom: 1px solid #14556B;
color: #FBEF99;
/*highlight "you are here" buttons*/
#home #nav a#homeLink,
#feature #nav a#featureLink
background: #73AFB7;
border-right: 1px solid #14556B;
color: #FBEF99;
/* MAIN SECTION STYLES */
#main h1 {
color: #5F9794;
font: bold 24px "Century Gothic", "Gill Sans", Arial, sans-serif;
/* ANNOUNCEMENT STYLES */
#announce h2
font-size: 14px;
#announce a
font-size: 12px;
68
display: block;
color: #102536;
padding: 3px 5px;
#announce .title
font-weight: bold;
display: block;
#announce a:hover
background-color: #5F9794;
color: #FBEF99
#announce ul
list-style:none;
#announce li
display: inline;
/* PAGE SPECIFIC STYLES */
/* HOME */
69
/* no left sidebar--stretch main entire distance */
#home #main
margin-left: 0;
width: 577px;
/* copyright fits page */
#home #copyright
margin-left: 0;
padding: 3px 0 3px 30px;
font-style: italic;
#subNav li a
font-size: 12px;
display: block;
width: 138px;
background: url(images/bg/side_nav_bg3.jpg) repeat-x;
padding: 2px 6px;
color: #14556B;
border-bottom: 1px solid #d6ecae;
#subNav li a:hover
70
background: url(images/bg/side_nav_bg.jpg);
color: #102536;
.col2 #announce
float: left;
.col2 #main
float: right;
border-right: none;
width: 573px;
.col2 #copyright
margin-left: 0px;
#main h2
font-size: 1.2em;
margin-top: 15px;
color: #666666;
#main #subForm p
71
margin-top: 10px;
#main p.privacy
color: #73AFB7;
margin-top: 25px;
font-size: 0.85em;
Create a html page as follows for designing the page with a form
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="global.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />

#subForm
font-size: .8em;
#subForm .label
72
float: left;
width: 230px;
margin-right: 10px;
text-align: right;
font-weight: bold;
clear: left;
#subscribe
margin-left: 240px;
background-color: #CBD893;
#refer
#name, #email, #comments
background-color: #FBEF99;
font-family:"Lucida Console", Monaco, monospace;
font-size: .9em;
width: 300px;
margin-top: -2px;
73
#name:focus,
#email:focus,
#comments:focus,
#refer:focus
background-color: #FDD041;
</style>
</head>
<body id="feature" class="col2">
<div id="wrapper">
<div id="banner">
<div id="background"><p class="logo">CosmoFarmer 2.0</p>
<div id="nav">
<ul>
<li><a href="index.html" id="homeLink">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="/features/index.html" id="featureLink">Features</a></li>
<li><a href="/experts/index.html" id="expertLink">Experts</a></li>
<li><a href="/quiz/index.html" id="quizLink">Quiz</a></li>
<li><a href="/projects/index.html" id="projectLink">Projects</a></li>
<li><a href="/horoscopes/index.html"
id="horoscopeLink">Horoscopes</a></li></ul>
<br class="clear" />
</div>
</div>

74
</div>

<div id="main">
<h1 id="lead"><span class="section">Sign Up:</span> Reader Subscription Form

</h1>
<form id="subForm" name="subForm">
<p><label for="name" class="label">What is your name?</label>
<input type="text" name="name" id="name" /></p>
<p><label for="email" class="label">What is your email address?</label>
<input type="text" name="email" id="email" /></p>
<p>
<span class="label">Rate your apartment farming skills </span>
<label>
<input name="skill" type="radio" value="novice" />Novice</label>
<label><input name="skill" type="radio" value="intermediate"

/>Intermediate</label>
<label><input name="skill" type="radio" value="advanced"/>Advanced</label>
</p>
<p>
<label for="refer" class="label">Where did you hear about us? </label>
<select name="refer" id="refer">
<option value="null">Select One</option>
<option value="1">Friend</option>
<option value="2">Herban Jungle</option>
<option value="3">Compost Today</option>
<option value="4">Vanity Fair</option>
</select>
75
</p>
<p>
<label for="comments" class="label">Any additional comments? </label>
<textarea name="comments" cols="35" rows="4" id="comments"></textarea>
</p>
<p>
<input type="submit" name="Submit" id="subscribe" value="Subscribe" />
</p>
</form>
<br class="clear" />
<p class="privacy">CosmoFarmer.com believes that your privacy is important.

Information collected at this site is limited to our network of 9,872 partner
affiliates. Your information will only be shared among them, and as part of our
network's anti-spam policy you will be limited to one e-mail per partner affiliate
per day, not to exceed a total of 9,872 e-mails a day. If you wish to opt out of this
program please call us between the hours of 9:01-9:03am GMT.
</p>
</div>

<div id="announce">
<ul>
<li><a href="#"><span class="title">Virgo: It's Your Month</span>Lorem ipsum

dolor site amet.</a></li>
<li><a href="#"><span class="title">Your Feedback </span>Lorem ipsum dolor site

amet.</a></li>
<li><a href="#"><span class="title">This Month's Survey </span>Lorem ipsum

dolor site amet.</a></li>
<li><a href="#"><span class="title">Indoor lawns: sod or seed? </span>Lorem

ipsum dolor site amet.</a></li>
76
<li><a href="#"><span class="title">Lorem Ipsum </span>Lorem ipsum dolor site
amet.</a></li>
<li><a href="#"><span class="title">Dolor site amet </span>Lorem ipsum dolor site

amet.</a></li>
<li><a href="#"><span class="title">Adipiscing elit </span>Lorem ipsum dolor

site amet.</a></li>
<li><a href="#"><span class="title">Euismod tincidunt </span>Lorem ipsum dolor

site amet.</a></li>
</ul>
</div>

<address id="copyright">Copyright 2006, CosmoFarmer.com </address>
</div>

</body>
</html>
8. The following example demonstrates how to create multi column layout
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
.threecolumn
-moz-column-count:3; /* Firefox */
-webkit-column-count:3; /* Safari and Chrome */
column-count:3;
77
-moz-column-gap:40px; /* Firefox */
-webkit-column-gap:40px; /* Safari and Chrome */
column-gap:40px;
-moz-column-rule:3px outset blue; /* Firefox */
-webkit-column-rule:3px outset blue; /* Safari and Chrome */
column-rule:3px outset blue;
-moz-column-width:200px; /* Firefox */
-webkit-column-width:200px; /* Safari and Chrome */
-ms-column-width:200px;
h2
-webkit-column-span:1; /* Chrome */
column-span:1;
-ms-column-span:1;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="threecolumn">
<h2> This Heading Spans On All Columns In The page This Heading Spans On All
Columns In The page</h2>
This is a three column layout created for the page with css 3. This is a three column
layout created for the page with css 3. This is a three column layout created for the
78
page with css 3. This is a three column layout created for the page with css 3. This
is a three column layout created for the page with css 3. This is a three column
layout created for the page with css 3.
</div>
</body>
</html>
79

Class Notes Css PDF

Uploaded by

Class Notes Css PDF

Uploaded by

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation

Properties Font-size : medium; Values

Example : The following example demonstrates the inline style

Example : The following example demonstrates the internal style

Example : The following example demonstrates the external style

A selector is a chain of one or more simple selectors separated by combinators. Combinators

h1, h2, h3 { font-family: sans-serif }

*[lang=fr] and [lang=fr] are equivalent.

*.warning and .warning are equivalent.

*#myid and #myid are equivalent.

The following rule matches all H1 elements in the document tree:

For example, consider the following rules:

<H1>This headline is <EM>very</EM> important</H1>

The third rule will match the EM in the following fragment:

<H1>This <SPAN class="myclass">headline

The following selector:

body > P { line-height: 1.3 }

The following example combines descendant selectors and child selectors:

Adjacent sibling selectors

h1.opener + h2 { margin-top: -5mm }

Match when the element's "att" attribute value is exactly "val".

h1[title] { color: blue; }

span[class=example] { color: blue; }

span[hello="Cleveland"][goodbye="Columbus"] { color: blue; }

*[lang=fr] { display : none }

*[lang|="en"] { color : red }

DIALOGUE[character=romeo] { voice-family: "Laurence Olivier", charles, male }

DIALOGUE[character=juliet] { voice-family: "Vivien Leigh", victoria, female }

*.pastoral { color: green } /* all elements with class~=pastoral */

.pastoral { color: green } /* all elements with class~=pastoral */

The following assigns style only to H1 elements with class~="pastoral":

H1.pastoral { color: green } /* H1 elements with class~=pastoral */

<H1 class="pastoral">Very green</H1>

To match a subset of "class" values, each value must be preceded by a ".".

p.marine.pastoral { color: green }

The ID attribute of a document language allows authors to assign an identifier to one

h1#chapter1 { text-align: center }

*#z98y { letter-spacing: 0.3em }

<p id=z98y>wide text</p>

h1#z98y { letter-spacing: 0.5em }

<p id=z98y>wide text</p>

Pseudo-elements and pseudo-classes

CSS introduces the concepts of pseudo-elements and pseudo-classes to permit formatting

Pseudo-classes classify elements on characteristics other than their name, attributes or

Neither pseudo-elements nor pseudo-classes appear in the document source or document

Pseudo-classes are allowed anywhere in selectors while pseudo-elements may only be

Pseudo-element and pseudo-class names are case-insensitive.

div > p:first-child { text-indent: 0 }

<p> the last p before the note.

but would not match the second P in the following fragment:

<p> the last p before the note.

<p> the first p inside the note.

p:first-child em { font-weight : bold }

The following two selectors are equivalent:

* > a:first-child /* A is first child of any element */

The link pseudo-classes: :link and :visited

The two states are mutually exclusive.

a:link { color: red }

:link { color: red }

If the following link:

has been visited, this rule:

a.external:visited { color: blue }

will cause it to be blue.

The dynamic pseudo-classes: :hover, :active, and :focus

An element may match several pseudo-classes at the same time.

a:link { color: red } /* unvisited links */

a:visited { color: blue } /* visited links */

a:hover { color: yellow } /* user hovers */

An example of combining dynamic pseudo-classes:

a:focus { background: yellow }

a:focus:hover { background: white }

The language pseudo-class: :lang

The pseudo-class ':lang(C)' matches if the element is in language C. Whether there is a

C must not be empty.

html:lang(fr-ca) { quotes: '« ' ' »' }

html:lang(de) { quotes: '»' '«' '\2039' '\203A' }

.pastoral { color: green } / all elements with class~=pastoral */