Software Engineering

Software Testing

Lab Manual 10

Dated:
6 th
July, 2020 to 10th July, 2020

Course Instructor: Dr. Fawad Hussain

Semester:
Spring 2017

Software Engineering Session:-2K17

Computer Engineering
Lab Instructor:-Adnan Mustafa
 Software Testing – What is Software Testing? Characteristics of
Software Test.

After the implementation phase, the testing phase begins. Testing of software is critical,
since testing determines the correctness, completeness and quality of the software being
developed. Its main objective is to detect errors in the software.
 

Errors prevent software from producing outputs according to user requirements. They
occur if some part of the developed system is found to be incorrect, incomplete, or
inconsistent. Errors can broadly be classified into three types, namely, requirements
errors, design errors, and programming errors. To avoid these errors, it is necessary
that: requirements are examined for conformance to user needs, software design is
consistent with the requirements and notational convention, and the source code is
examined for conformance to the requirements specification, design documentation and
user expectations. All this can be accomplished through efficacious means of software
testing.
The activities involved in testing phase basically evaluate the capability of the developed
system and ensure that the system meets the desired requirements. It should be noted
that testing is fruitful only if it is performed in the correct manner. Through effective
software testing, the software can be examined for correctness, comprehensiveness,
consistency and adherence to standards. This helps in delivering high-quality software
products and lowering maintenance' costs, thus leading to more contented users.

Software Testing Basic

Software testing determines the correctness, completeness and quality of software being
developed. IEEE defines testing as 'the process of exercising or evaluating a system or
system component by manual or automated means to verify that it satisfies specified
requirements or to identify differences between expected and actual results.'
Software testing is closely related to the terms verification and validation. Verification
refers to the process of ensuring that the software is developed according to its
specifications. For verification, techniques like reviews, analysis, inspections and
walkthroughs are commonly used. While validation refers to the process of checking
that the developed software meets the requirements specified by the user. Verification
and validation can be summarized thus as given here.
Verification: Is the software being developed in the right way?
Validation: Is the right software being developed?
Software testing is performed either manually or by using automated tools to make sure
that the software is functioning in accordance with the user requirements. Various
advantages associated with testing are listed below.
1. It removes errors, which prevent software from producing outputs according to
user requirements.
2. It removes errors that lead to software failure.
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3. It ensures that the software conforms to business as well as user's needs.
4. It ensures that the software is developed according to user requirements.
5. It improves the quality of the software by removing maximum possible errors
from it.

                      
Software testing comprises a set of activities, which are planned before testing begins.
These activities are carried out for detecting errors that occur during various phases of
SDLC. The role of testing in the software development life cycle is listed in Table.
                        Table Role of Testing in Various Phases of SDLC

Software Development Phase Testing

Requirements specification 1.      To identify the test strategy.

2.  To check the sufficiency of
requirements.
3. To create functional test
conditions.

Design 4.   To check the consistency of

design with the
requirements.
5.  To check the sufficiency of
design.
$16.      To create structural and
functional test conditions.

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 Coding 7.  To check the consistency of
implementation with the
design.
8.  To check the (sufficiency of
implementation.
9. To create structural and
functional test conditions for
programs/units.

Testing 10.  To check the sufficiency of

the test plan.
11. To test the application
programs.

Installation and maintenance 12.  To put the tested system

under operation.
13.  To make changes· in the
system and retest the
modified system.

Software testing is aimed at identifying any bugs, errors, faults, or failures (if any)
present in the software. Bug is defined as a logical mistake, which is caused by a
software developer while writing the software code. Error is defined as the measure of
deviation of the outputs given by the software from the outputs expected by the user.
Fault is defined as the condition that leads to malfunctioning of the software.
Malfunctioning of software is caused due to several reasons such as change in the
design, architecture or software code. Defect that causes error in operation or negative
impact is called failure. Failure is defined as that state of software under which it is
unable to perform functions according to user requirements. Bugs, errors, faults and
failures prevents the software from performing efficiently and hence cause the software
to produce unexpected outputs. Errors can be present in the software due to the
following reasons.
1. Programming errors: Programmers can make mistakes while developing the
source code.
2. Unclear requirements: The user is not clear about the desired requirements
or the developers are unable to understand the user requirements in a clear and concise
manner.
3. Software complexity: The greater the complexity of the software, the more the
scope of committing an error (especially by an inexperienced developer).
4. Changing requirements: The users usually keep on changing their
requirements, and it becomes difficult to handle such changes in the later stage of
development process. Therefore, there are chances of making mistakes while
incorporating these changes in the software.

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5. Time pressures: Maintaining schedule of software projects is difficult. When
deadlines are not met, the attempt to speed up the work causes errors.
6. Poorly documented code: If the code is not well documented or well written,
then maintaining and modifying it becomes difficult. This causes errors to occur.
Note:  'error' is used as a general term for 'bugs', 'errors', 'faults', and 'failures'.

Testing is an organizational issue, which is performed either by the software developers

(who originally developed the software) or by an independent test group (ITG), which
comprises software testers. The software developers are considered to be the best
persons to perform testing as they have the best knowledge about the software.
However, since software developers are involved in the development process, they may
have their own interest to show that the software is error-free, meets user requirements,
and is within schedule and budget. This vested interest hinders the process of testing.
To avoid this problem, the task of testing is assigned to an Independent Test Group
(ITG), which is responsible to detect errors that may have been neglected by the
software developers. ITG tests the software without any discrimination since the group
is not directly involved in the development process. However, the testing group does not
completely take over the testing process, instead it works with the software developers
in the software project to ensure that testing is performed in an efficient manner.
During the testing process, developers are responsible for correcting the errors
uncovered by the testing group.
Generally, an independent test group forms a part of the software development project
team. This is because the group becomes involved during the specification activity and
stays involved (planning and specifying test procedures) throughout the development
process.
Various advantages and disadvantages associated with independent test group are listed
in Table.
        Table Advantages and Disadvantages of Independent Test Group

Advantages Disadvantages
1. ITG can more efficiently find 1. ITG may perform some tests
defects related to interaction among that have already been performed by
different modules, system usability and the developers. This results in
performance, and many other special duplication of effort as well as wastage
cases of time
2. ITG serves the better solution 2. It is essential for the test group
than leaving testing to the developers. to be physically collocated with the
This is because the developers have design group; otherwise, problems may
neither training nor any motivation for arise.
testing.
3. Test groups can have better 3. Keeping a separate group for
perception of how reliable is the testing results in extra cost to the
software before delivering it to the user. organization.

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 To plan and perform testing, software testers should have the knowledge about the
function for which the software has been developed, the inputs and how they can be
combined, and the environment in which the software will eventually operate. This
process is time-consuming and requires technical sophistication and proper planning on
the part of the testers. To achieve technical know-how, testers are required to possess
strong development skills as well as knowledge of concepts like graph theory,
algorithms, and formal languages. Other factors that should be kept in mind while
performing testing are listed below.
1. Time available to perform testing
2. Training required acquainting testers about the software
3. Attitude of testers
4. Relationship between testers and developers.
Note: Along with software testers, customers, end-users, and management also
play an important role in software testing.

Guidelines of Software Testing

There are certain rules and guidelines that are followed during software testing. These
guidelines act as a standard to test the software and make testing more effective and
efficient. The commonly used software testing guidelines are listed below.
1. Define the expected output: When programs are executed during testing they
mayor may not produce the expected outputs due to different types of errors present in
the software. To avoid this, it is necessary to define the expected output before software
testing begins. Without knowledge of the expected results, testers may fail to detect an
erroneous output.
2. Inspect output of each test completely: Software testing should be
performed once the software is complete in order to check its performance and
functionality along with the occurrence of errors in various phases of software
development.
3. Include test cases for invalid and unexpected conditions: Generally,
software produces correct outputs when it is tested using accurate inputs. However, if
unexpected input is given to the software, it may produce erroneous outputs. Hence, test
cases that detect errors even when unexpected and incorrect inputs are specified should
be developed.
4. Test the modified program to check its expected
performance: Sometimes, when certain modifications are made in the software (like
adding of new functions) it is possible that the software produces unexpected outputs.
Hence, it should be tested to verify that it performs in the expected manner even after
modifications.

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Testability
The ease with which a program is tested is known as testability. Testability should
always be considered while signing and implementing a software system so that the
errors (if any) in the system can be detected with minimum effort. There are several
characteristics of testability, which are listed below.
1. Easy to operate: High quality software can be tested in a better manner. This is
because if the software is designed and implemented considering quality, then
comparatively fewer errors will be detected during the execution of tests.
2. Stability: Software becomes stable when changes made to the software are
controlled and when the existing tests can still be performed.
3. Observability: Testers can easily identify whether the output generated for
certain input is accurate simply by observing it.
4. Easy to understand: Software that is easy to understand can be tested in an
efficient manner. Software can be properly understood by gathering
maximum information about it. For example, to have a proper knowledge of the
software, its documentation can be used, which provides complete information of the
software code thereby increasing its clarity and making the testing easier.
5. Decomposability: By breaking software into independent modules, problems
can be easily isolated and the modules can be easily tested.

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Characteristics of Software Test

There are several tests (such as unit and integration) used for testing the software. Each
test has its own characteristics. The following points, however, should be noted.
1. High probability of detecting errors: To detect maximum errors, the tester
should understand the software thoroughly and try to find the possible ways in which
the software can fail. For example, in a program to divide two numbers, the possible way
in which the program can fail is when 2 and 0 are given as inputs and 2 is to be divided
by 0. In this case, a set of tests should be developed that can demonstrate an error in the
division operator.
2. No redundancy: Resources and testing time are limited in software
development process. Thus, it is not beneficial to develop several tests, which have the
same intended purpose. Every test should have a distinct purpose.
3. Choose the most appropriate test: There can be different tests that have the
same intent but due to certain limitations such as time and resource constraint, only few
of them are used. In such a case, the tests, which are likely to find more number of
errors, should be considered.
4. Moderate: A test is considered good if it is neither too simp1e, nor too complex.
Many tests can be combined to form one test case. However this can increase the
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complexity and leave many errors undetected. Hence, all tests should be performed
separately.

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Software Testing - Overview

What is Testing?
Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its component(s) with the
intent to find whether it satisfies the specified requirements or not. In
simple words, testing is executing a system in order to identify any gaps,
errors, or missing requirements in contrary to the actual requirements.

According to ANSI/IEEE 1059 standard, Testing can be defined as - A

process of analyzing a software item to detect the differences between
existing and required conditions (that is defects/errors/bugs) and to
evaluate the features of the software item.

Who does Testing?

It depends on the process and the associated stakeholders of the project(s).
In the IT industry, large companies have a team with responsibilities to
evaluate the developed software in context of the given requirements.
Moreover, developers also conduct testing which is called Unit Testing. In
most cases, the following professionals are involved in testing a system
within their respective capacities:

 Software Tester

 Software Developer

 Project Lead/Manager

 End User

Different companies have different designations for people who test the
software on the basis of their experience and knowledge such as Software
Tester, Software Quality Assurance Engineer, QA Analyst, etc.

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It is not possible to test the software at any time during its cycle. The next
two sections state when testing should be started and when to end it during
the SDLC.

When to Start Testing?

An early start to testing reduces the cost and time to rework and produce
error-free software that is delivered to the client. However in Software
Development Life Cycle (SDLC), testing can be started from the
Requirements Gathering phase and continued till the deployment of the
software. It also depends on the development model that is being used. For
example, in the Waterfall model, formal testing is conducted in the testing
phase; but in the incremental model, testing is performed at the end of
every increment/iteration and the whole application is tested at the end.

Testing is done in different forms at every phase of SDLC:

 During the requirement gathering phase, the analysis and verification of

requirements are also considered as testing.
 Reviewing the design in the design phase with the intent to improve the design
is also considered as testing.
 Testing performed by a developer on completion of the code is also categorized
as testing.

When to Stop Testing?

It is difficult to determine when to stop testing, as testing is a never-ending
process and no one can claim that a software is 100% tested. The following
aspects are to be considered for stopping the testing process:

 Testing Deadlines

 Completion of test case execution

 Completion of functional and code coverage to a certain point

 Bug rate falls below a certain level and no high-priority bugs are identified

 Management decision

Verification & Validation

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These two terms are very confusing for most people, who use them
interchangeably. The following table highlights the differences between
verification and validation.

S.N Verification Validation

.

1 Verification addresses the concern: Validation addresses the concern:

"Are you building it right?" "Are you building the right thing?"

2 Ensures that the software system Ensures that the functionalities

meets all the functionality. meet the intended behavior.

3 Verification takes place first and Validation occurs after verification

includes the checking for and mainly involves the checking
documentation, code, etc. of the overall product.

4 Done by developers. Done by testers.

5 It has static activities, as it includes It has dynamic activities, as it

collecting reviews, walkthroughs, and includes executing the software
inspections to verify a software. against the requirements.

6 It is an objective process and no It is a subjective process and

subjective decision should be needed involves subjective decisions on
to verify a software. how well a software works.

Software Testing - Myths

Given below are some of the most common myths about software testing.

Myth 1 : Testing is Too Expensive

Reality : There is a saying, pay less for testing during software
development or pay more for maintenance or correction later. Early testing
saves both time and cost in many aspects, however reducing the cost

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without testing may result in improper design of a software application
rendering the product useless.

Myth 2 : Testing is Time-Consuming

Reality : During the SDLC phases, testing is never a time-consuming
process. However diagnosing and fixing the errors identified during proper
testing is a time-consuming but productive activity.

Myth 3 : Only Fully Developed Products are

Tested
Reality : No doubt, testing depends on the source code but reviewing
requirements and developing test cases is independent from the developed
code. However iterative or incremental approach as a development life cycle
model may reduce the dependency of testing on the fully developed
software.

Myth 4 : Complete Testing is Possible

Reality : It becomes an issue when a client or tester thinks that complete
testing is possible. It is possible that all paths have been tested by the team
but occurrence of complete testing is never possible. There might be some
scenarios that are never executed by the test team or the client during the
software development life cycle and may be executed once the project has
been deployed.

Myth 5 : A Tested Software is Bug-Free

Reality : This is a very common myth that the clients, project managers,
and the management team believes in. No one can claim with absolute
certainty that a software application is 100% bug-free even if a tester with
superb testing skills has tested the application.

Myth 6 : Missed Defects are due to Testers

Reality : It is not a correct approach to blame testers for bugs that remain
in the application even after testing has been performed. This myth relates
to Time, Cost, and Requirements changing Constraints. However the test
strategy may also result in bugs being missed by the testing team.

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Myth 7 : Testers are Responsible for Quality of
Product
Reality : It is a very common misinterpretation that only testers or the
testing team should be responsible for product quality. Testers’
responsibilities include the identification of bugs to the stakeholders and
then it is their decision whether they will fix the bug or release the
software. Releasing the software at the time puts more pressure on the
testers, as they will be blamed for any error.

Myth 8 : Test Automation should be used

wherever possible to Reduce Time
Reality : Yes, it is true that Test Automation reduces the testing time, but
it is not possible to start test automation at any time during software
development. Test automaton should be started when the software has
been manually tested and is stable to some extent. Moreover, test
automation can never be used if requirements keep changing.

Myth 9 : Anyone can Test a Software

Application
Reality : People outside the IT industry think and even believe that anyone
can test a software and testing is not a creative job. However testers know
very well that this is a myth. Thinking alternative scenarios, try to crash a
software with the intent to explore potential bugs is not possible for the
person who developed it.

Myth 10 : A Tester's only Task is to Find Bugs

Reality : Finding bugs in a software is the task of the testers, but at the
same time, they are domain experts of the particular software. Developers
are only responsible for the specific component or area that is assigned to
them but testers understand the overall workings of the software, what the
dependencies are, and the impacts of one module on another module.

Software Testing - QA, QC & Testing

Testing, Quality Assurance, and Quality Control
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Most people get confused when it comes to pin down the differences among
Quality Assurance, Quality Control, and Testing. Although they are
interrelated and to some extent, they can be considered as same activities,
but there exist distinguishing points that set them apart. The following table
lists the points that differentiate QA, QC, and Testing.

Quality Assurance Quality Control Testing

QA includes activities that It includes activities that It includes activities

ensure the implementation ensure the verification of that ensure the
of processes, procedures a developed software identification of
and standards in context to with respect to bugs/error/defects in a
verification of developed documented (or not in software.
software and intended some cases)
requirements. requirements.

Focuses on processes and Focuses on actual testing Focuses on actual

procedures rather than by executing the software testing.
conducting actual testing on with an aim to identify
the system. bug/defect through
implementation of
procedures and process.

Process-oriented activities. Product-oriented Product-oriented

activities. activities.

Preventive activities. It is a corrective process. It is a preventive

process.

It is a subset of Software QC can be considered as Testing is the subset of

Test Life Cycle (STLC). the subset of Quality Quality Control.
Assurance.

Audit and Inspection

Audit : It is a systematic process to determine how the actual testing
process is conducted within an organization or a team. Generally, it is an
independent examination of processes involved during the testing of a
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software. As per IEEE, it is a review of documented processes that
organizations implement and follow. Types of audit include Legal
Compliance Audit, Internal Audit, and System Audit.

Inspection : It is a formal technique that involves formal or informal

technical reviews of any artifact by identifying any error or gap. As per
IEEE94, inspection is a formal evaluation technique in which software
requirements, designs, or codes are examined in detail by a person or a
group other than the author to detect faults, violations of development
standards, and other problems.

Formal inspection meetings may include the following processes: Planning,

Overview Preparation, Inspection Meeting, Rework, and Follow-up.

Testing and Debugging

Testing : It involves identifying bug/error/defect in a software without
correcting it. Normally professionals with a quality assurance background
are involved in bugs identification. Testing is performed in the testing
phase.

Debugging : It involves identifying, isolating, and fixing the

problems/bugs. Developers who code the software conduct debugging upon
encountering an error in the code. Debugging is a part of White Box Testing
or Unit Testing. Debugging can be performed in the development phase
while conducting Unit Testing or in phases while fixing the reported bugs.

Software Testing - ISO Standards

Many organizations around the globe develop and implement different
standards to improve the quality needs of their software. This chapter
briefly describes some of the widely used standards related to Quality
Assurance and Testing.

ISO/IEC 9126
This standard deals with the following aspects to determine the quality of a
software application:

 Quality model

 External metrics
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  Internal metrics

 Quality in use metrics

This standard presents some set of quality attributes for any software such
as:

 Functionality

 Reliability

 Usability

 Efficiency

 Maintainability

 Portability

The above-mentioned quality attributes are further divided into sub-factors,

which you can study when you study the standard in detail.

ISO/IEC 9241-11
Part 11 of this standard deals with the extent to which a product can be
used by specified users to achieve specified goals with Effectiveness,
Efficiency and Satisfaction in a specified context of use.

This standard proposed a framework that describes the usability

components and the relationship between them. In this standard, the
usability is considered in terms of user performance and satisfaction.
According to ISO 9241-11, usability depends on context of use and the level
of usability will change as the context changes.

ISO/IEC 25000:2005
ISO/IEC 25000:2005 is commonly known as the standard that provides the
guidelines for Software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE).
This standard helps in organizing and enhancing the process related to
software quality requirements and their evaluations. In reality, ISO-25000
replaces the two old ISO standards, i.e. ISO-9126 and ISO-14598.

SQuaRE is divided into sub-parts such as:

 ISO 2500n - Quality Management Division

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  ISO 2501n - Quality Model Division

 ISO 2502n - Quality Measurement Division

 ISO 2503n - Quality Requirements Division

 ISO 2504n - Quality Evaluation Division

The main contents of SQuaRE are:

 Terms and definitions

 Reference Models

 General guide

 Individual division guides

 Standard related to Requirement Engineering (i.e. specification, planning,

measurement and evaluation process)

ISO/IEC 12119
This standard deals with software packages delivered to the client. It does
not focus or deal with the clients’ production process. The main contents are
related to the following items:

 Set of requirements for software packages.

 Instructions for testing a delivered software package against the specified

requirements.

Miscellaneous
Some of the other standards related to QA and Testing processes are
mentioned below:

Standard Description

IEEE 829 A standard for the format of documents used in different stages of
software testing.

IEEE 1061 A methodology for establishing quality requirements, identifying,

implementing, analyzing, and validating the process, and product
of software quality metrics.

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IEEE 1059 Guide for Software Verification and Validation Plans.

IEEE 1008 A standard for unit testing.

IEEE 1012 A standard for Software Verification and Validation.

IEEE 1028 A standard for software inspections.

IEEE 1044 A standard for the classification of software anomalies.

IEEE 1044-1 A guide for the classification of software anomalies.

IEEE 830 A guide for developing system requirements specifications.

IEEE 730 A standard for software quality assurance plans.

IEEE 1061 A standard for software quality metrics and methodology.

IEEE 12207 A standard for software life cycle processes and life cycle data.

BS 7925-1 A vocabulary of terms used in software testing.

BS 7925-2 A standard for software component testing.

Software Testing - Types of Testing

This section describes the different types of testing that may be used to test
a software during SDLC.

Manual Testing
Manual testing includes testing a software manually, i.e., without using any
automated tool or any script. In this type, the tester takes over the role of
an end-user and tests the software to identify any unexpected behavior or
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bug. There are different stages for manual testing such as unit testing,
integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing.

Testers use test plans, test cases, or test scenarios to test a software to
ensure the completeness of testing. Manual testing also includes
exploratory testing, as testers explore the software to identify errors in it.

Automation Testing
Automation testing, which is also known as Test Automation, is when the
tester writes scripts and uses another software to test the product. This
process involves automation of a manual process. Automation Testing is
used to re-run the test scenarios that were performed manually, quickly,
and repeatedly.

Apart from regression testing, automation testing is also used to test the
application from load, performance, and stress point of view. It increases
the test coverage, improves accuracy, and saves time and money in
comparison to manual testing.

What is Automate?
It is not possible to automate everything in a software. The areas at which
a user can make transactions such as the login form or registration forms,
any area where large number of users can access the software
simultaneously should be automated.

Furthermore, all GUI items, connections with databases, field validations,

etc. can be efficiently tested by automating the manual process.
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When to Automate?
Test Automation should be used by considering the following aspects of a
software:

 Large and critical projects

 Projects that require testing the same areas frequently

 Requirements not changing frequently

 Accessing the application for load and performance with many virtual users

 Stable software with respect to manual testing

 Availability of time

How to Automate?
Automation is done by using a supportive computer language like VB
scripting and an automated software application. There are many tools
available that can be used to write automation scripts. Before mentioning
the tools, let us identify the process that can be used to automate the
testing process:

 Identifying areas within a software for automation

 Selection of appropriate tool for test automation

 Writing test scripts

 Development of test suits

 Execution of scripts

 Create result reports

 Identify any potential bug or performance issues

Software Testing Tools

The following tools can be used for automation testing:

 HP Quick Test Professional

 Selenium

 IBM Rational Functional Tester

 SilkTest

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  TestComplete

 Testing Anywhere

 WinRunner

 LaodRunner

 Visual Studio Test Professional

 WATIR

Software Testing - Methods

There are different methods that can be used for software testing. This
chapter briefly describes the methods available.

Black-Box Testing
The technique of testing without having any knowledge of the interior
workings of the application is called black-box testing. The tester is
oblivious to the system architecture and does not have access to the source
code. Typically, while performing a black-box test, a tester will interact with
the system's user interface by providing inputs and examining outputs
without knowing how and where the inputs are worked upon.

The following table lists the advantages and disadvantages of black-box

testing.

Advantages Disadvantages

 Well suited and efficient for large  Limited coverage, since only
code segments. a selected number of test
 Code access is not required. scenarios is actually
 Clearly separates user's perspective performed.
from the developer's perspective  Inefficient testing, due to
through visibly defined roles. the fact that the tester only
 Large numbers of moderately skilled has limited knowledge about
testers can test the application with an application.
no knowledge of implementation,  Blind coverage, since the
programming language, or operating tester cannot target specific
systems. code segments or error-

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 prone areas.
 The test cases are difficult to
design.

White-Box Testing
White-box testing is the detailed investigation of internal logic and structure
of the code. White-box testing is also called glass testing or open-box
testing. In order to perform white-box testing on an application, a tester
needs to know the internal workings of the code.

The tester needs to have a look inside the source code and find out which
unit/chunk of the code is behaving inappropriately.

The following table lists the advantages and disadvantages of white-box

testing.

Advantages Disadvantages

 As the tester has knowledge of  Due to the fact that a skilled tester
the source code, it becomes is needed to perform white-box
very easy to find out which testing, the costs are increased.
type of data can help in testing  Sometimes it is impossible to look
the application effectively. into every nook and corner to find
 It helps in optimizing the code. out hidden errors that may create
 Extra lines of code can be problems, as many paths will go
removed which can bring in untested.
hidden defects.  It is difficult to maintain white-box
 Due to the tester's knowledge testing, as it requires specialized
about the code, maximum tools like code analyzers and
coverage is attained during debugging tools.
test scenario writing.

Grey-Box Testing
Grey-box testing is a technique to test the application with having a limited
knowledge of the internal workings of an application. In software testing,
Software Engineering Session:-2K17
Computer Engineering
Lab Instructor:-Adnan Mustafa
the phrase the more you know, the better carries a lot of weight while
testing an application.

Mastering the domain of a system always gives the tester an edge over
someone with limited domain knowledge. Unlike black-box testing, where
the tester only tests the application's user interface; in grey-box testing,
the tester has access to design documents and the database. Having this
knowledge, a tester can prepare better test data and test scenarios while
making a test plan.

Advantages Disadvantages

 Offers combined benefits of black-  Since the access to source code

box and white-box testing is not available, the ability to go
wherever possible. over the code and test coverage
 Grey box testers don't rely on the is limited.
source code; instead they rely on  The tests can be redundant if
interface definition and functional the software designer has
specifications. already run a test case.
 Based on the limited information  Testing every possible input
available, a grey-box tester can stream is unrealistic because it
design excellent test scenarios would take an unreasonable
especially around communication amount of time; therefore,
protocols and data type handling. many program paths will go
 The test is done from the point of untested.
view of the user and not the
designer.

A Comparison of Testing Methods

The following table lists the points that differentiate black-box testing, grey-
box testing, and white-box testing.

Black-Box Testing Grey-Box Testing White-Box Testing

The internal workings of The tester has limited Tester has full

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an application need not be knowledge of the internal knowledge of the
known. workings of the application. internal workings of the
application.

Also known as closed-box Also known as translucent Also known as clear-box

testing, data-driven testing, as the tester has testing, structural
testing, or functional limited knowledge of the testing, or code-based
testing. insides of the application. testing.

Performed by end-users Performed by end-users Normally done by

and also by testers and and also by testers and testers and developers.
developers. developers.

Testing is based on Testing is done on the Internal workings are

external expectations - basis of high-level fully known and the
Internal behavior of the database diagrams and tester can design test
application is unknown. data flow diagrams. data accordingly.

It is exhaustive and the Partly time-consuming and The most exhaustive

least time-consuming. exhaustive. and time-consuming
type of testing.

Not suited for algorithm Not suited for algorithm Suited for algorithm
testing. testing. testing.

This can only be done by Data domains and internal Data domains and
trial-and-error method. boundaries can be tested, internal boundaries can
if known. be better tested.

Software Testing - Levels

There are different levels during the process of testing. In this chapter, a
brief description is provided about these levels.

Levels of testing include different methodologies that can be used while

conducting software testing. The main levels of software testing are:

 Functional Testing
Software Engineering Session:-2K17
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  Non-functional Testing

Functional Testing
This is a type of black-box testing that is based on the specifications of the
software that is to be tested. The application is tested by providing input
and then the results are examined that need to conform to the functionality
it was intended for. Functional testing of a software is conducted on a
complete, integrated system to evaluate the system's compliance with its
specified requirements.

There are five steps that are involved while testing an application for
functionality.

Step Description
s

I The determination of the functionality that the intended application is

meant to perform.

II The creation of test data based on the specifications of the application.

III The output based on the test data and the specifications of the
application.

IV The writing of test scenarios and the execution of test cases.

V The comparison of actual and expected results based on the executed test
cases.

An effective testing practice will see the above steps applied to the testing
policies of every organization and hence it will make sure that the
organization maintains the strictest of standards when it comes to software
quality.

Unit Testing

Software Engineering Session:-2K17

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Lab Instructor:-Adnan Mustafa
This type of testing is performed by developers before the setup is handed
over to the testing team to formally execute the test cases. Unit testing is
performed by the respective developers on the individual units of source
code assigned areas. The developers use test data that is different from the
test data of the quality assurance team.

The goal of unit testing is to isolate each part of the program and show that
individual parts are correct in terms of requirements and functionality.

Limitations of Unit Testing

Testing cannot catch each and every bug in an application. It is impossible
to evaluate every execution path in every software application. The same is
the case with unit testing.

There is a limit to the number of scenarios and test data that a developer
can use to verify a source code. After having exhausted all the options,
there is no choice but to stop unit testing and merge the code segment with
other units.

Integration Testing
Integration testing is defined as the testing of combined parts of an
application to determine if they function correctly. Integration testing can
be done in two ways: Bottom-up integration testing and Top-down
integration testing.

S.N Integration Testing Method

.

1
Bottom-up integration

This testing begins with unit testing, followed by tests of progressively

higher-level combinations of units called modules or builds.

2 Top-down integration

In this testing, the highest-level modules are tested first and progressively,
lower-level modules are tested thereafter.

Software Engineering Session:-2K17

Computer Engineering
Lab Instructor:-Adnan Mustafa
In a comprehensive software development environment, bottom-up testing
is usually done first, followed by top-down testing. The process concludes
with multiple tests of the complete application, preferably in scenarios
designed to mimic actual situations.

System Testing
System testing tests the system as a whole. Once all the components are
integrated, the application as a whole is tested rigorously to see that it
meets the specified Quality Standards. This type of testing is performed by
a specialized testing team.

System testing is important because of the following reasons:

 System testing is the first step in the Software Development Life Cycle, where
the application is tested as a whole.
 The application is tested thoroughly to verify that it meets the functional and
technical specifications.
 The application is tested in an environment that is very close to the production
environment where the application will be deployed.
 System testing enables us to test, verify, and validate both the business
requirements as well as the application architecture.

Regression Testing
Whenever a change in a software application is made, it is quite possible
that other areas within the application have been affected by this change.
Regression testing is performed to verify that a fixed bug hasn't resulted in
another functionality or business rule violation. The intent of regression
testing is to ensure that a change, such as a bug fix should not result in
another fault being uncovered in the application.

Regression testing is important because of the following reasons:

 Minimize the gaps in testing when an application with changes made has to be
tested.
 Testing the new changes to verify that the changes made did not affect any
other area of the application.
 Mitigates risks when regression testing is performed on the application.
 Test coverage is increased without compromising timelines.
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  Increase speed to market the product.

Acceptance Testing
This is arguably the most important type of testing, as it is conducted by
the Quality Assurance Team who will gauge whether the application meets
the intended specifications and satisfies the client’s requirement. The QA
team will have a set of pre-written scenarios and test cases that will be
used to test the application.

More ideas will be shared about the application and more tests can be
performed on it to gauge its accuracy and the reasons why the project was
initiated. Acceptance tests are not only intended to point out simple spelling
mistakes, cosmetic errors, or interface gaps, but also to point out any bugs
in the application that will result in system crashes or major errors in the
application.

By performing acceptance tests on an application, the testing team will

reduce how the application will perform in production. There are also legal
and contractual requirements for acceptance of the system.

Alpha Testing
This test is the first stage of testing and will be performed amongst the
teams (developer and QA teams). Unit testing, integration testing and
system testing when combined together is known as alpha testing. During
this phase, the following aspects will be tested in the application:

 Spelling Mistakes
 Broken Links
 Cloudy Directions
 The Application will be tested on machines with the lowest specification to test
loading times and any latency problems.

Beta Testing
This test is performed after alpha testing has been successfully performed.
In beta testing, a sample of the intended audience tests the application.
Beta testing is also known as pre-release testing. Beta test versions of
software are ideally distributed to a wide audience on the Web, partly to

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give the program a "real-world" test and partly to provide a preview of the
next release. In this phase, the audience will be testing the following:

 Users will install, run the application and send their feedback to the project
team.
 Typographical errors, confusing application flow, and even crashes.
 Getting the feedback, the project team can fix the problems before releasing the
software to the actual users.
 The more issues you fix that solve real user problems, the higher the quality of
your application will be.
 Having a higher-quality application when you release it to the general public will
increase customer satisfaction.

Non-Functional Testing
This section is based upon testing an application from its non-functional
attributes. Non-functional testing involves testing a software from the
requirements which are nonfunctional in nature but important such as
performance, security, user interface, etc.

Some of the important and commonly used non-functional testing types are
discussed below.

Performance Testing
It is mostly used to identify any bottlenecks or performance issues rather
than finding bugs in a software. There are different causes that contribute
in lowering the performance of a software:

 Network delay

 Client-side processing

 Database transaction processing

 Load balancing between servers

 Data rendering

Performance testing is considered as one of the important and mandatory

testing type in terms of the following aspects:

 Speed (i.e. Response Time, data rendering and accessing)

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  Capacity

 Stability

 Scalability

Performance testing can be either qualitative or quantitative and can be

divided into different sub-types such as Load testing and Stress testing.

Load Testing
It is a process of testing the behavior of a software by applying maximum
load in terms of software accessing and manipulating large input data. It
can be done at both normal and peak load conditions. This type of testing
identifies the maximum capacity of software and its behavior at peak time.

Most of the time, load testing is performed with the help of automated tools
such as Load Runner, AppLoader, IBM Rational Performance Tester, Apache
JMeter, Silk Performer, Visual Studio Load Test, etc.

Virtual users (VUsers) are defined in the automated testing tool and the
script is executed to verify the load testing for the software. The number of
users can be increased or decreased concurrently or incrementally based
upon the requirements.

Stress Testing
Stress testing includes testing the behavior of a software under abnormal
conditions. For example, it may include taking away some resources or
applying a load beyond the actual load limit.

The aim of stress testing is to test the software by applying the load to the
system and taking over the resources used by the software to identify the
breaking point. This testing can be performed by testing different scenarios
such as:

 Shutdown or restart of network ports randomly

 Turning the database on or off

 Running different processes that consume resources such as CPU, memory,

server, etc.

Usability Testing
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Usability testing is a black-box technique and is used to identify any
error(s) and improvements in the software by observing the users through
their usage and operation.

According to Nielsen, usability can be defined in terms of five factors, i.e.

efficiency of use, learn-ability, memory-ability, errors/safety, and
satisfaction. According to him, the usability of a product will be good and
the system is usable if it possesses the above factors.

Nigel Bevan and Macleod considered that usability is the quality

requirement that can be measured as the outcome of interactions with a
computer system. This requirement can be fulfilled and the end-user will be
satisfied if the intended goals are achieved effectively with the use of proper
resources.

Molich in 2000 stated that a user-friendly system should fulfill the following
five goals, i.e., easy to Learn, easy to remember, efficient to use,
satisfactory to use, and easy to understand.

In addition to the different definitions of usability, there are some standards

and quality models and methods that define usability in the form of
attributes and sub-attributes such as ISO-9126, ISO-9241-11, ISO-13407,
and IEEE std.610.12, etc.

UI vs Usability Testing
UI testing involves testing the Graphical User Interface of the Software. UI
testing ensures that the GUI functions according to the requirements and
tested in terms of color, alignment, size, and other properties.

On the other hand, usability testing ensures a good and user-friendly GUI
that can be easily handled. UI testing can be considered as a sub-part of
usability testing.

Security Testing
Security testing involves testing a software in order to identify any flaws
and gaps from security and vulnerability point of view. Listed below are the
main aspects that security testing should ensure:

 Confidentiality

Software Engineering Session:-2K17

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  Integrity

 Authentication

 Availability

 Authorization

 Non-repudiation

 Software is secure against known and unknown vulnerabilities

 Software data is secure

 Software is according to all security regulations

 Input checking and validation

 SQL insertion attacks

 Injection flaws

 Session management issues

 Cross-site scripting attacks

 Buffer overflows vulnerabilities

 Directory traversal attacks

Portability Testing
Portability testing includes testing a software with the aim to ensure its
reusability and that it can be moved from another software as well.
Following are the strategies that can be used for portability testing:

 Transferring an installed software from one computer to another.

 Building executable (.exe) to run the software on different platforms.

Portability testing can be considered as one of the sub-parts of system

testing, as this testing type includes overall testing of a software with
respect to its usage over different environments. Computer hardware,
operating systems, and browsers are the major focus of portability testing.
Some of the pre-conditions for portability testing are as follows:

 Software should be designed and coded, keeping in mind the portability

requirements.

 Unit testing has been performed on the associated components.

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  Integration testing has been performed.

 Test environment has been established.

Software Testing - Documentation

Testing documentation involves the documentation of artifacts that should
be developed before or during the testing of Software.

Documentation for software testing helps in estimating the testing effort

required, test coverage, requirement tracking/tracing, etc. This section
describes some of the commonly used documented artifacts related to
software testing such as:

 Test Plan

 Test Scenario

 Test Case

 Traceability Matrix

Test Plan
A test plan outlines the strategy that will be used to test an application, the
resources that will be used, the test environment in which testing will be
performed, and the limitations of the testing and the schedule of testing
activities. Typically the Quality Assurance Team Lead will be responsible for
writing a Test Plan.

A test plan includes the following:

 Introduction to the Test Plan document

 Assumptions while testing the application

 List of test cases included in testing the application

 List of features to be tested

 What sort of approach to use while testing the software

 List of deliverables that need to be tested

 The resources allocated for testing the application

 Any risks involved during the testing process

 A schedule of tasks and milestones to be achieved

Software Engineering Session:-2K17

Computer Engineering
Lab Instructor:-Adnan Mustafa
Test Scenario
It is a one line statement that notifies what area in the application will be
tested. Test scenarios are used to ensure that all process flows are tested
from end to end. A particular area of an application can have as little as one
test scenario to a few hundred scenarios depending on the magnitude and
complexity of the application.

The terms 'test scenario' and 'test cases' are used interchangeably, however
a test scenario has several steps, whereas a test case has a single step.
Viewed from this perspective, test scenarios are test cases, but they include
several test cases and the sequence that they should be executed. Apart
from this, each test is dependent on the output from the previous test.

Test Case
Test cases involve a set of steps, conditions, and inputs that can be used
while performing testing tasks. The main intent of this activity is to ensure
whether a software passes or fails in terms of its functionality and other
aspects. There are many types of test cases such as functional, negative,
error, logical test cases, physical test cases, UI test cases, etc.

Furthermore, test cases are written to keep track of the testing coverage of
a software. Generally, there are no formal templates that can be used
during test case writing. However, the following components are always
available and included in every test case:

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  Test case ID

 Product module

 Product version

 Revision history

 Purpose

 Assumptions

 Pre-conditions

 Steps

 Expected outcome

 Actual outcome

 Post-conditions

Many test cases can be derived from a single test scenario. In addition,
sometimes multiple test cases are written for a single software which are
collectively known as test suites.

Traceability Matrix
Traceability Matrix (also known as Requirement Traceability Matrix - RTM) is
a table that is used to trace the requirements during the Software
Development Life Cycle. It can be used for forward tracing (i.e. from
Requirements to Design or Coding) or backward (i.e. from Coding to
Requirements). There are many user-defined templates for RTM.

Each requirement in the RTM document is linked with its associated test
case so that testing can be done as per the mentioned requirements.
Furthermore, Bug ID is also included and linked with its associated
requirements and test case. The main goals for this matrix are:

 Make sure the software is developed as per the mentioned requirements.

 Helps in finding the root cause of any bug.

 Helps in tracing the developed documents during different phases of SDLC.

Software Testing - Estimation Techniques

Estimating the efforts required for testing is one of the major and important
tasks in SDLC. Correct estimation helps in testing the software with
Software Engineering Session:-2K17
Computer Engineering
Lab Instructor:-Adnan Mustafa
maximum coverage. This section describes some of the techniques that can
be useful in estimating the efforts required for testing.

Functional Point Analysis

This method is based on the analysis of functional user requirements of the
software with the following categories:

 Outputs

 Inquiries

 Inputs

 Internal files

 External files

Test Point Analysis

This estimation process is used for function point analysis for black-box or
acceptance testing. The main elements of this method are: Size,
Productivity, Strategy, Interfacing, Complexity, and Uniformity.

Mark-II Method
It is an estimation method used for analyzing and measuring the estimation
based on end-user’s functional view. The procedure for Mark-II method is
as follows:

 Determine the viewpoint

 Purpose and type of count

 Define the boundary of count

 Identify the logical transactions

 Identify and categorize data entity types

 Count the input data element types

 Count the functional size

Miscellaneous
You can use other popular estimation techniques such as:

 Delphi Technique
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Lab Instructor:-Adnan Mustafa
  Analogy Based Estimation

 Test Case Enumeration Based Estimation

 Task (Activity) based Estimation

 IFPUG method
Lab Tasks:

1. What is ‘software testing’?

2. What kind of testing should we consider?
3. What is Software ‘quality’?
4. Does every software project need testers?
5. What is verification? And what is validation?
6. What is Regression testing?
7. What is a ‘test plan’? What is a ‘test case’?
8. Why does software have bugs?
9. How can you know when to stop testing?
10. What are the importance of Software Testing?
11. What are the difference between Manual Testing and Automated
Testing ?
12. What is Unit Testing, System testing, Alpha testing and beta testing?
13. Difference between White box and black box testing?
14. What are the different phases in Software Testing?

Software Engineering Session:-2K17

Computer Engineering
Lab Instructor:-Adnan Mustafa