Structural Framing System

LESSON 5
Technical Elec 2a-
Structural Framing System PRESTRESSED
• Bearing wall system CONCRETE DESIGN
• Building frame system
• Moment-resisting frame system
• Dual System
• Dual System with Intermediate Moment Frames
• Cantilevered column building system
• Shear wall frame interaction system

OBJECTIVES

By the end of the class, students must be able to:

• Describe/Understand the different structural framing systems.
• Differentiate the different structural framing system.

I. BUILDINGS
 Generally, a building can be defined as an enclosed structure intended for human occupancy. However,
a building includes the structure itself and nonstructural components (e.g., cladding, roofing, interior
walls and ceilings, HVAC systems, electrical systems) permanently attached to and supported by the
structure.
 The scope of the NEHRP Provisions provides recommended seismic design criteria for all buildings except
detached one- and two-family dwellings located in zones of relatively low seismic activity and agricultural
structures (e.g., barns and storage sheds) that are only intended to have incidental human occupancy.
 The NEHRP Provisions also specifies seismic design criteria for nonstructural components in buildings that
can be subjected to intense levels of ground shaking.

II. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

 Over many years, engineers have observed that some structural systems perform better in earthquakes
than others. Based on these observations, the Provisions design criteria for building structures are based
on the structural system used.
 Structural systems are categorized based on the material of construction (e.g., concrete, masonry, steel,
or wood), by the way in which lateral forces induced by earthquake shaking are resisted by the structure
(e.g., by walls or frames), and by the relative quality of seismic-resistant design and detailing provided.
 The NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program) Provisions recognizes six broad categories
of structural system:
1. Bearing wall systems,
2. Building frame systems,
3. Moment-resisting frame systems,
4. Dual systems,
5. Cantilever column systems, and
6. Systems not specifically designed for seismic resistance.

 The lateral force-resisting systems listed in ASCE/SEI7 Table 12.2-1 consist of the following eight types:
1. bearing wall systems
2. building frame systems with shear walls
3. building frame systems with braced frames
4. moment-resisting frame systems
5. dual systems
6. shear wall-frame interactive system with ordinary reinforced concrete moment frames and
ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls
7. cantilever column systems
8. steel systems not specifically detailed for seismic resistance
 The term “structural system” or “structural frame” in structural engineering refers to the load-resisting
sub-system of a building or object.
 The structural system transfers loads through interconnected elements or members.

II.A BEARING WALL SYSTEMS

 A structural system having bearing walls or bracing systems without a complete vertical load carrying
frame to support gravity loads. Resistance to lateral loads is provided by shear walls or braced frames.
(NSCP 2010 Section 208.4.6.1)
 In bearing wall systems, structural walls located throughout the structure provide the primary vertical
support for the building’s weight and that of its contents as well as the building’s lateral resistance.
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  Bearing wall buildings are commonly used for residential construction, warehouses, and low-rise
commercial buildings of concrete, masonry, and wood construction.
 Figures 1, 2, and 3 show typical bearing wall buildings.

Figure 1. Wood studs and

structural panel sheathing of
typical wood frame bearing wall
construction

Figure 2. Typical low-rise Figure 3. A three-story masonry

concrete bearing wall building. bearing wall building.

II.B. BUILDING FRAMES

 A structural system with an essentially complete space frame
providing support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral loads is
provided by shear walls or braced frames separately. (NSCP
Section 208.4.6.2)
 Building frames are a common structural system for buildings
constructed of structural steel and concrete.
 In building frame structures, the building’s weight is typically
carried by vertical elements called columns and horizontal
elements called beams.
 Lateral resistance is provided either by diagonal steel members
(termed braces) that extend between the beams and columns to
provide horizontal rigidity or by concrete, masonry, or timber
shear walls that provide lateral resistance but do not carry the
structure’s weight.
 In some building frame structures, the diagonal braces or walls
form an inherent and evident part of the building design as is the
case for the high-rise building in San Francisco shown in Figure 4.
 In most buildings, the braces or walls may be hidden behind
exterior cladding or interior partitions. Figure 4. A high-rise braced frame
building in San Francisco, California.

II.C. MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME SYSTEMS

 According to NSCP 2010 Section 208.4.6.3, A structural
system with an essentially complete space frame providing
support for gravity loads. Moment resisting frames also
provide resistance to lateral load primarily by flexural
action of members, and may be classified as one of the
following types:
a) Special Moment Resisting Frames (SMRF)
b) Intermediate Moment Resisting Frames (IMRF)
c) Ordinary Moment Resisting Frames (OMRF).
 Moment-resisting frame systems are commonly used for
both structural steel and reinforced concrete construction.

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  In this form of construction, the horizontal beams and vertical columns provide both support for the
structure’s weight and the strength and stiffness needed to resist lateral forces.
 Stiffness and strength are achieved through the use
of rigid connections Figure 5. A tall steel moment-frame between the beams and columns that
prevent these structure under construction. elements from rotating relative to one
other.
 Although somewhat more expensive to construct than bearing wall and braced frame structural systems,
moment-resisting frame systems are popular because they do not require braced frames or structural
walls, therefore permitting large open spaces and facades with many unobstructed window openings.
 Figure 5 shows a steel moment-resisting frame building under construction.
 As shown in Figure 6, moment-resisting
frame derive their lateral strength not from
diagonal bracing members, but from the
rigidity of the beam-column connection.
They consist solely of horizontal beams and
vertical columns.

Figure 6. Example of Moment Resisting Frame

II.D DUAL SYSTEMS

 Dual
systems, an economical alternative to moment-resisting frames, are
commonly used for tall buildings.
 Dual system structures feature a combination of moment-resisting
frames and concrete, masonry, or steel walls or steel braced frames.
 The moment-resisting frames provide vertical support for the structure’s
weight and a portion of the structure’s lateral resistance while most of
the lateral resistance is provided either by concrete, masonry, or steel
walls or by steel braced frames. Some dual systems are also
called frame-shear wall interactive systems. Fig.7 A simplified drawing of a dual
 The lateral load-resisting structure comprises of moment frames frame wall structure in one direction
and shear walls acting together in the same direction, and it is showing floor slabs supported by
mostly applicable to reinforced concrete structures. Due to wall beams
slenderness, the structural system cannot be classified as a Wall system; however shear walls interact
with the moment frames and resist seismic effects.
 The walls are usually solid (not perforated by
openings) and they can be found around the
stairwells, elevator shafts, and/or at the
perimeter of the building. The walls may have
a positive effect on the performance of the
frames such as by preventing a soft storey
collapse. Very slender walls of a dual frame-
wall system may or may not have been
designed for the level of earthquake forces
that could be imposed upon them.
 Note that the dual frame-wall system is a
Hybrid Lateral Load-Resisting System ,
however it has been identified as a separate
system in this taxonomy. It may be difficult to
distinguish a Dual system from the Wall
system in a reinforced concrete building. The user will need to have additional information related to the
building design and local building codes and design practices.
 According to NSCP 2010 Section 208.4.6.4 A structural system having a combination of the following
framing systems :
1. An essential complete space frame that provides support for gravity loads.
2. Resisting to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames and moment resisting
frames (SMRF, IMRF, MMRWF or steel OMRF). The moment-resisting frames shall be capable
of resisting at least 25% of the applicable total seismic lateral force, even when wind or any
other lateral force governs the design
3. The two systems shall be designed to resist the total design base shear in proportion to their
relative rigidities considering the interaction of the dual system at all levels.

II.E CANTILEVER COLUMN SYSTEMS

 Cantilever column systems are sometimes used for single-story structures or in the top story of multistory
structures. 3
  In these structures, the columns cantilever upward from their base where they are restrained from
rotation.
 The columns provide both vertical support of the building’s weight and
lateral resistance to earthquake forces.
 Structures using this system have performed poorly in past earthquakes
and severe restrictions are placed on its use in zones of high seismic
activity.
 A structural system relying on cantilevered column elements for lateral
resistance.(NSCP 2010 Section 208.4.6.5)

II.F. INTERMEDIATE SYSTEMS

 In regions of relatively low seismic risk, the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions permits the design
and construction of structural steel buildings that do not specifically conform to any of the above system
types.
 These buildings are referred to as “structures not specifically detailed for seismic resistance.”
 In addition to these basic structural systems and the primary materials of construction, the Provisions
also categorizes structural systems based on the quality and extent of seismic-resistant detailing used in
a structure’s design.
 Systems that employ extensive measures to provide for superior seismic resistance are termed “special”
systems while systems that do not have such extensive design features are typically called “ordinary”
systems.
 The Provisions also includes design rules for structural systems intended to provide seismic resistance
that is superior to that of “ordinary” systems but not as good as that of “special” systems; these systems
are called “intermediate” systems.

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SOURCE:
 Earthquake-Resistant Design Concepts (An Introduction to the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions
for New Buildings and Other Structures), FEMA P-749, December 2010
 Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, National Structural Code of the Philippines
(NSCP C101, Vol. I Buildings and other Vertical Structures), 7th Ed., 2016
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