Introduction To: What Is SQL?

Introduction to SQL
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SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases.
What is SQL?
• SQL stands for Structured Query Language
• SQL lets you access and manipulate databases
• SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard
What Can SQL do?

• SQL can execute queries against a database
• SQL can retrieve data from a database
• SQL can insert records in a database
• SQL can update records in a database
• SQL can delete records from a database
• SQL can create new databases
• SQL can create new tables in a database
• SQL can create stored procedures in a database
• SQL can create views in a database
• SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views
SQL is a Standard - BUT....

Although SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard, there are many
different versions of the SQL language.
However, to be compliant with the ANSI standard, they all support at least the major commands
(such as SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT, WHERE) in a similar manner.
Note: Most of the SQL database programs also have their own proprietary extensions in addition to
the SQL standard!
Using SQL in Your Web Site

To build a web site that shows some data from a database, you will need the following:
• An RDBMS database program (i.e. MS Access, SQL Server, MySQL)
• A server-side scripting language, like PHP or ASP
• SQL
• HTML / CSS
RDBMS
RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.
RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all modern database systems like MS SQL Server, IBM DB2,
Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft Access.
The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called tables.
A table is a collections of related data entries and it consists of columns and rows.
SQL Syntax
Database Tables
A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is

identified by a name (e.g. "Customers" or "Orders"). Tables contain
records (rows) with data.
Below is an example of a table called "Persons":
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger
The table above contains three records (one for each person) and five
columns (P_Id, LastName, FirstName, Address, and City).
SQL Statements
Most of the actions you need to perform on a database are done with
SQL statements.
The following SQL statement will select all the records in the "Persons"
table:
SELECT * FROM Persons
In this tutorial we will teach you all about the different SQL
statements.
Keep in Mind That...
• SQL is not case sensitive
Semicolon after SQL Statements?

Some database systems require a semicolon at the end of each SQL
statement.
Semicolon is the standard way to separate each SQL statement in

database systems that allow more than one SQL statement to be
executed in the same call to the server.
We are using MS Access and SQL Server 2000 and we do not have to
put a semicolon after each SQL statement, but some database
programs force you to use it.
SQL DML and DDL
SQL can be divided into two parts: The Data Manipulation Language
(DML) and the Data Definition Language (DDL).
The query and update commands form the DML part of SQL:
• SELECT - extracts data from a database
• UPDATE - updates data in a database
• DELETE - deletes data from a database
• INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database
The DDL part of SQL permits database tables to be created or deleted.

It also define indexes (keys), specify links between tables, and impose
constraints between tables. The most important DDL statements in
SQL are:
• CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
• ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database
• CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
• ALTER TABLE - modifies a table

• DROP TABLE - deletes a table
• CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)
• DROP INDEX - deletes an index
SQL SELECT Statement

This chapter will explain the SELECT and the SELECT * statements.
The SQL SELECT Statement

The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.
The result is stored in a result table, called the result-set.
SQL SELECT Syntax

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
and
SELECT * FROM table_name
Note: SQL is not case sensitive. SELECT is the same as select.
An SQL SELECT Example

The "Persons" table:
Now we want to select the content of the columns named "LastName" and "FirstName" from the
table above.
We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT LastName,FirstName FROM Persons
The result-set will look like this:
LastName FirstName
Hansen Ola
Svendson Tove
Pettersen Kari
SELECT * Example
Now we want to select all the columns from the "Persons" table.
Tip: The asterisk (*) is a quick way of selecting all columns!

Navigation in a Result-set
Most database software systems allow navigation in the result-set with programming functions, like:
Move-To-First-Record, Get-Record-Content, Move-To-Next-Record, etc.
Programming functions like these are not a part of this tutorial. To learn about accessing data with
function calls, please visit our ADO tutorial or our PHP tutorial.
SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement

This chapter will explain the SELECT DISTINCT statement.
The SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement

In a table, some of the columns may contain duplicate values. This is not a problem, however,
sometimes you will want to list only the different (distinct) values in a table.
The DISTINCT keyword can be used to return only distinct (different) values.
SQL SELECT DISTINCT Syntax

SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
SELECT DISTINCT Example

Now we want to select only the distinct values from the column named "City" from the table above.

SELECT DISTINCT City FROM Persons
City
Sandnes
Stavanger
SQL WHERE Clause

The WHERE clause is used to filter records.
The WHERE Clause

The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified criterion.
SQL WHERE Syntax

FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
WHERE Clause Example

Now we want to select only the persons living in the city "Sandnes" from the table above.

WHERE City='Sandnes'
Quotes Around Text Fields

SQL uses single quotes around text values (most database systems will also accept double quotes).
Although, numeric values should not be enclosed in quotes.
For text values:

This is correct:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Tove'
This is wrong:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName=Tove

For numeric values:
This is correct:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year=1965
This is wrong:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year='1965'
Operators Allowed in the WHERE Clause

With the WHERE clause, the following operators can be used:
Operator Description
= Equal
<> Not equal
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
BETWEEN Between an inclusive range
LIKE Search for a pattern
IN If you know the exact value you want to return for at least one of the columns
Note: In some versions of SQL the <> operator may be written as !=
SQL AND & OR Operators

The AND & OR operators are used to filter records based on more than one condition.
The AND & OR Operators

The AND operator displays a record if both the first condition and the second condition is true.
The OR operator displays a record if either the first condition or the second condition is true.
AND Operator Example

Now we want to select only the persons with the first name equal to "Tove" AND the last name
equal to "Svendson":

WHERE FirstName='Tove'
AND LastName='Svendson'
OR Operator Example
Now we want to select only the persons with the first name equal to "Tove" OR the first name equal
to "Ola":

WHERE FirstName='Tove'
OR FirstName='Ola'
Combining AND & OR

You can also combine AND and OR (use parenthesis to form complex expressions).
Now we want to select only the persons with the last name equal to "Svendson" AND the first name
equal to "Tove" OR to "Ola":

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE
LastName='Svendson'
AND (FirstName='Tove' OR FirstName='Ola')
SQL ORDER BY Keyword

The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set.
The ORDER BY Keyword

The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set by a specified column.
The ORDER BY keyword sort the records in ascending order by default.
If you want to sort the records in a descending order, you can use the DESC keyword.
SQL ORDER BY Syntax

FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC
ORDER BY Example
4 Nilsen Tom Vingvn 23 Stavanger
Now we want to select all the persons from the table above, however, we want to sort the persons
by their last name.

ORDER BY LastName
ORDER BY DESC Example

Now we want to select all the persons from the table above, however, we want to sort the persons
descending by their last name.

ORDER BY LastName DESC
SQL INSERT INTO Statement

The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.

The INSERT INTO Statement
The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert a new row in a table.
SQL INSERT INTO Syntax

It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two forms.
The first form doesn't specify the column names where the data will be
inserted, only their values:
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)
The second form specifies both the column names and the values to be
inserted:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)
SQL INSERT INTO Example
We have the following "Persons" table:

Now we want to insert a new row in the "Persons" table.

We use the following SQL statement:
INSERT INTO Persons
VALUES (4,'Nilsen', 'Johan', 'Bakken 2', 'Stavanger')
The "Persons" table will now look like this:

4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger
Insert Data Only in Specified Columns
It is also possible to only add data in specific columns.
The following SQL statement will add a new row, but only add data in
the "P_Id", "LastName" and the "FirstName" columns:
INSERT INTO Persons (P_Id, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES (5, 'Tjessem', 'Jakob')

5 Tjessem Jakob
SQL UPDATE Statement

The UPDATE statement is used to update records in a table.
The UPDATE Statement

The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a table.
SQL UPDATE Syntax

UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value, column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value
Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the UPDATE syntax. The WHERE clause specifies which record or
records that should be updated. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be updated!
SQL UPDATE Example

5 Tjessem Jakob
Now we want to update the person "Tjessem, Jakob" in the "Persons" table.

UPDATE Persons
SET Address='Nissestien 67', City='Sandnes'
WHERE LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob'
5 Tjessem Jakob Nissestien 67 Sandnes
SQL UPDATE Warning

Be careful when updating records. If we had omitted the WHERE clause in the example above, like
this:
UPDATE Persons
SET Address='Nissestien 67', City='Sandnes'
The "Persons" table would have looked like this:
1 Hansen Ola Nissestien 67 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Nissestien 67 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Kari Nissestien 67 Sandnes
4 Nilsen Johan Nissestien 67 Sandnes
SQL DELETE Statement

The DELETE statement is used to delete records in a table.
The DELETE Statement

The DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table.
SQL DELETE Syntax

DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE some_column=some_value
Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the DELETE syntax. The WHERE clause specifies which record or
records that should be deleted. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be deleted!
SQL DELETE Example

Now we want to delete the person "Tjessem, Jakob" in the "Persons" table.

DELETE FROM Persons
WHERE LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob'
Delete All Rows

It is possible to delete all rows in a table without deleting the table. This means that the table
structure, attributes, and indexes will be intact:
DELETE FROM table_name
or
DELETE * FROM table_name

Note: Be very careful when deleting records. You cannot undo this statement!
SQL Functions
SQL has many built-in functions for performing calculations on data.
SQL Aggregate Functions

SQL aggregate functions return a single value, calculated from values in a column.
Useful aggregate functions:
• AVG() - Returns the average value
• COUNT() - Returns the number of rows
• FIRST() - Returns the first value
• LAST() - Returns the last value
• MAX() - Returns the largest value
• MIN() - Returns the smallest value
• SUM() - Returns the sum
SQL Scalar functions

SQL scalar functions return a single value, based on the input value.
Useful scalar functions:
• UCASE() - Converts a field to upper case
• LCASE() - Converts a field to lower case
• MID() - Extract characters from a text field
• LEN() - Returns the length of a text field
• ROUND() - Rounds a numeric field to the number of decimals specified
• NOW() - Returns the current system date and time
• FORMAT() - Formats how a field is to be displayed
Tip: The aggregate functions and the scalar functions will be explained in details in the next
chapters.
The AVG() Function

The AVG() function returns the average value of a numeric column.
SQL AVG() Syntax
SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name
SQL COUNT() Function

The COUNT() function returns the number of rows that matches a specified criteria.
SQL COUNT(column_name) Syntax

The COUNT(column_name) function returns the number of values (NULL values will not be counted)
of the specified column:
SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name
SQL COUNT(*) Syntax

The COUNT(*) function returns the number of records in a table:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name
SQL COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) Syntax

The COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) function returns the number of distinct values of the specified
column:
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) FROM table_name
Note: COUNT(DISTINCT) works with ORACLE and Microsoft SQL Server, but not with Microsoft
Access.
SQL FIRST() Function

The FIRST() Function

The FIRST() function returns the first value of the selected column.
SQL FIRST() Syntax

SELECT FIRST(column_name) FROM table_name
SQL Dates
The most difficult part when working with dates is to be sure that the format of the date you are
trying to insert, matches the format of the date column in the database.
As long as your data contains only the date portion, your queries will work as expected. However, if
a time portion is involved, it gets complicated.
Before talking about the complications of querying for dates, we will look at the most important
built-in functions for working with dates.
MySQL Date Functions

The following table lists the most important built-in date functions in MySQL:
Function Description
NOW() Returns the current date and time
CURDATE() Returns the current date
CURTIME() Returns the current time
DATE() Extracts the date part of a date or date/time expression
EXTRACT() Returns a single part of a date/time
DATE_ADD() Adds a specified time interval to a date
DATE_SUB() Subtracts a specified time interval from a date
DATEDIFF() Returns the number of days between two dates
DATE_FORMAT() Displays date/time data in different formats
SQL Joins
SQL joins are used to query data from two or more tables, based on a relationship
between certain columns in these tables.
SQL JOIN
The JOIN keyword is used in an SQL statement to query data from two or more tables, based on a
relationship between certain columns in these tables.
Tables in a database are often related to each other with keys.
A primary key is a column (or a combination of columns) with a unique value for each row. Each
primary key value must be unique within the table. The purpose is to bind data together, across
tables, without repeating all of the data in every table.
Look at the "Persons" table:

Note that the "P_Id" column is the primary key in the "Persons" table. This means that no two rows
can have the same P_Id. The P_Id distinguishes two persons even if they have the same name.
Next, we have the "Orders" table:

O_Id OrderNo P_Id
1 77895 3
2 44678 3
3 22456 1
4 24562 1
5 34764 15
Note that the "O_Id" column is the primary key in the "Orders" table and that the "P_Id" column
refers to the persons in the "Persons" table without using their names.
Notice that the relationship between the two tables above is the "P_Id" column.
Different SQL JOINs

Before we continue with examples, we will list the types of JOIN you can use, and the differences
between them.
• JOIN: Return rows when there is at least one match in both tables
• LEFT JOIN: Return all rows from the left table, even if there are no matches in the right
table
• RIGHT JOIN: Return all rows from the right table, even if there are no matches in the left
table
• FULL JOIN: Return rows when there is a match in one of the tables
SQL INNER JOIN Keyword

SQL INNER JOIN Keyword

The INNER JOIN keyword return rows when there is at least one match in both tables.
SQL INNER JOIN Syntax

FROM table_name1
INNER JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
PS: INNER JOIN is the same as JOIN.
SQL INNER JOIN Example

The "Orders" table:
O_Id OrderNo P_Id
1 77895 3
2 44678 3
3 22456 1
4 24562 1
5 34764 15
Now we want to list all the persons with any orders.

SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo
FROM Persons
INNER JOIN Orders
ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id
ORDER BY Persons.LastName
LastName FirstName OrderNo
Hansen Ola 22456
Hansen Ola 24562
Pettersen Kari 77895
The INNER JOIN keyword return rows when there is at least one match in both tables. If there are
rows in "Persons" that do not have matches in "Orders", those rows will NOT be listed.
SQL LEFT JOIN Keyword

SQL LEFT JOIN Keyword

The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the left table (table_name1), even if there are no
matches in the right table (table_name2).
SQL LEFT JOIN Syntax

FROM table_name1
LEFT JOIN table_name2
PS: In some databases LEFT JOIN is called LEFT OUTER JOIN.
SQL LEFT JOIN Example

The "Orders" table:
O_Id OrderNo P_Id
1 77895 3
2 44678 3
3 22456 1
4 24562 1
5 34764 15
Now we want to list all the persons and their orders - if any, from the tables above.

FROM Persons
LEFT JOIN Orders
Hansen Ola 22456
Hansen Ola 24562
Svendson Tove
The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all the rows from the left table (Persons), even if there are no
matches in the right table (Orders).
SQL RIGHT JOIN Keyword
SQL RIGHT JOIN Keyword

The RIGHT JOIN keyword Return all rows from the right table (table_name2), even if there are no
matches in the left table (table_name1).
SQL RIGHT JOIN Syntax

FROM table_name1
RIGHT JOIN table_name2
PS: In some databases RIGHT JOIN is called RIGHT OUTER JOIN.
SQL RIGHT JOIN Example

The "Orders" table:
O_Id OrderNo P_Id
1 77895 3
2 44678 3
3 22456 1
4 24562 1
5 34764 15
Now we want to list all the orders with containing persons - if any, from the tables above.

FROM Persons
RIGHT JOIN Orders
Hansen Ola 22456
Hansen Ola 24562
34764
The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all the rows from the right table (Orders), even if there are no
matches in the left table (Persons).
SQL FULL JOIN Keyword

SQL FULL JOIN Keyword
The FULL JOIN keyword return rows when there is a match in one of the tables.
SQL FULL JOIN Syntax

FROM table_name1
FULL JOIN table_name2
SQL FULL JOIN Example

The "Orders" table:
O_Id OrderNo P_Id
1 77895 3
2 44678 3
3 22456 1
4 24562 1
5 34764 15
Now we want to list all the persons and their orders, and all the orders with their persons.

FROM Persons
FULL JOIN Orders
Hansen Ola 22456
Hansen Ola 24562
Svendson Tove
34764
The FULL JOIN keyword returns all the rows from the left table (Persons), and all the rows from the
right table (Orders). If there are rows in "Persons" that do not have matches in "Orders", or if there
are rows in "Orders" that do not have matches in "Persons", those rows will be listed as well.
SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint

SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint

The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in a database table.
Primary keys must contain unique values.
A primary key column cannot contain NULL values.
Each table should have a primary key, and each table can have only one primary key.
SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint on CREATE TABLE

The following SQL creates a PRIMARY KEY on the "P_Id" column when the "Persons" table is
created:
MySQL:
CREATE TABLE Persons
(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255),
PRIMARY KEY (P_Id)
)
SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
(
P_Id int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
City varchar(255)
)
To allow naming of a PRIMARY KEY constraint, and for defining a PRIMARY KEY constraint on
multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax:
MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
City varchar(255),
CONSTRAINT pk_PersonID PRIMARY KEY (P_Id,LastName)
)
SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint on ALTER TABLE

To create a PRIMARY KEY constraint on the "P_Id" column when the table is already created, use
the following SQL:

ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD PRIMARY KEY (P_Id)
To allow naming of a PRIMARY KEY constraint, and for defining a PRIMARY KEY constraint on
multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax:
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD CONSTRAINT pk_PersonID PRIMARY KEY (P_Id,LastName)
Note: If you use the ALTER TABLE statement to add a primary key, the primary key column(s)
must already have been declared to not contain NULL values (when the table was first created).
To DROP a PRIMARY KEY Constraint

To drop a PRIMARY KEY constraint, use the following SQL:
MySQL:
ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP PRIMARY KEY
SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP CONSTRAINT pk_PersonID
SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint

SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint

A FOREIGN KEY in one table points to a PRIMARY KEY in another table.
Let's illustrate the foreign key with an example. Look at the following two tables:

The "Orders" table:
O_Id OrderNo P_Id
1 77895 3
2 44678 3
3 22456 2
4 24562 1
Note that the "P_Id" column in the "Orders" table points to the "P_Id" column in the "Persons"
table.
The "P_Id" column in the "Persons" table is the PRIMARY KEY in the "Persons" table.
The "P_Id" column in the "Orders" table is a FOREIGN KEY in the "Orders" table.
The FOREIGN KEY constraint is used to prevent actions that would destroy link between tables.
The FOREIGN KEY constraint also prevents that invalid data is inserted into the foreign key column,
because it has to be one of the values contained in the table it points to.
SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint on CREATE TABLE

The following SQL creates a FOREIGN KEY on the "P_Id" column when the "Orders" table is created:
MySQL:
CREATE TABLE Orders
(
O_Id int NOT NULL,
OrderNo int NOT NULL,
P_Id int,
PRIMARY KEY (O_Id),
FOREIGN KEY (P_Id) REFERENCES Persons(P_Id)
)
SQL Views
A view is a virtual table.
This chapter shows how to create, update, and delete a view.
SQL CREATE VIEW Statement

In SQL, a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement.
A view contains rows and columns, just like a real table. The fields in a view are fields from one or
more real tables in the database.
You can add SQL functions, WHERE, and JOIN statements to a view and present the data as if the
data were coming from one single table.
SQL CREATE VIEW Syntax

CREATE VIEW view_name AS
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
Note: A view always shows up-to-date data! The database engine recreates the data, using the
view's SQL statement, every time a user queries a view.
SQL CREATE VIEW Examples

If you have the Northwind database you can see that it has several views installed by default.
The view "Current Product List" lists all active products (products that are not discontinued) from
the "Products" table. The view is created with the following SQL:
CREATE VIEW [Current Product List] AS
SELECT ProductID,ProductName
FROM Products
WHERE Discontinued=No
We can query the view above as follows:
SELECT * FROM [Current Product List]
Another view in the Northwind sample database selects every product in the "Products" table with a
unit price higher than the average unit price:
CREATE VIEW [Products Above Average Price] AS
SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice
FROM Products
WHERE UnitPrice>(SELECT AVG(UnitPrice) FROM Products)
SELECT * FROM [Products Above Average Price]
Another view in the Northwind database calculates the total sale for each category in 1997. Note
that this view selects its data from another view called "Product Sales for 1997":
CREATE VIEW [Category Sales For 1997] AS
SELECT DISTINCT CategoryName,Sum(ProductSales) AS CategorySales
FROM [Product Sales for 1997]
GROUP BY CategoryName
SELECT * FROM [Category Sales For 1997]
We can also add a condition to the query. Now we want to see the total sale only for the category
"Beverages":
SELECT * FROM [Category Sales For 1997]
WHERE CategoryName='Beverages'
SQL Updating a View

You can update a view by using the following syntax:
SQL CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW Syntax

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
Now we want to add the "Category" column to the "Current Product List" view. We will update the
view with the following SQL:
CREATE VIEW [Current Product List] AS
SELECT ProductID,ProductName,Category
FROM Products
WHERE Discontinued=No
SQL Dropping a View

You can delete a view with the DROP VIEW command.
SQL DROP VIEW Syntax

DROP VIEW view_name

Introduction To: What Is SQL?

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Introduction To: What Is SQL?

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Introduction to SQL

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SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases.

• SQL lets you access and manipulate databases

• SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard

What Can SQL do?

• SQL can retrieve data from a database

• SQL can insert records in a database

• SQL can update records in a database

• SQL can delete records from a database

• SQL can create new databases

• SQL can create new tables in a database

• SQL can create stored procedures in a database

• SQL can create views in a database

• SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views

SQL is a Standard - BUT....

Using SQL in Your Web Site

• An RDBMS database program (i.e. MS Access, SQL Server, MySQL)

• A server-side scripting language, like PHP or ASP

The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called tables.

A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is

Below is an example of a table called "Persons":

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

Keep in Mind That...

• SQL is not case sensitive

Semicolon after SQL Statements?

Semicolon is the standard way to separate each SQL statement in

SQL DML and DDL

• SELECT - extracts data from a database

• UPDATE - updates data in a database

• DELETE - deletes data from a database

• INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database

The DDL part of SQL permits database tables to be created or deleted.

• CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database

• ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database

• CREATE TABLE - creates a new table

• ALTER TABLE - modifies a table

• CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)

• DROP INDEX - deletes an index

SQL SELECT Statement

The SQL SELECT Statement

The result is stored in a result table, called the result-set.

SQL SELECT Syntax

An SQL SELECT Example

We use the following SELECT statement:

The result-set will look like this:

SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement

This chapter will explain the SELECT DISTINCT statement.

The SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement

SQL SELECT DISTINCT Syntax

SELECT DISTINCT Example

We use the following SELECT statement:

SQL WHERE Clause

The WHERE clause is used to filter records.

The WHERE Clause

SQL WHERE Syntax

WHERE Clause Example

We use the following SELECT statement:

Quotes Around Text Fields

Although, numeric values should not be enclosed in quotes.

For text values:

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Tove'

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName=Tove

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year='1965'

Operators Allowed in the WHERE Clause

SQL AND & OR Operators

The AND & OR Operators

AND Operator Example

We use the following SELECT statement:

We use the following SELECT statement:

Combining AND & OR

We use the following SELECT statement:

SQL ORDER BY Keyword

The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set.

The ORDER BY Keyword

The ORDER BY keyword sort the records in ascending order by default.