‫‪Ministry of Higher Education‬‬ ‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث‬

‫‪And Scientific Researches‬‬ ‫العلمي‬

‫‪Baghdad University‬‬ ‫جامعة بغداد‬
‫‪Al-Khwarizmi College of‬‬
‫كلية هندسة الخوارزمي‬
‫‪Engineering‬‬
‫قسم هندسة الطب الحياتي‬

‫‪The Arduino microcontroller‬‬

‫مقدم من قبل الطالب طه عمر طه حسني‬

‫اىل الدكتور حممود‬
‫ضمن مادة ‪Micro Processor‬‬
‫الفصل الدراسي الثاين‬

‫املرحلة الرابعة ‪ /‬الدراسة الصباحية‬

‫‪2020‬‬
Introduction
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use
hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a
sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an
output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something
online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions
to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino
programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software
(IDE), based on Processing. [1]
The Arduino software is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough
for advanced users. It runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Teachers and
students use it to build low cost scientific instruments, to prove chemistry
and physics principles, or to get started with programming and robotics.
Designers and architects build interactive prototypes, musicians and
artists use it for installations and to experiment with new musical
instruments. Makers, of course, use it to build many of the projects
exhibited at the Maker Faire, for example. Arduino is a key tool to learn
new things. Anyone - children, hobbyists, artists, programmers - can start
tinkering just following the step by step instructions of a kit, or sharing
ideas online with other members of the Arduino community. [1]
There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms
available for physical computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-
24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and many others offer similar
functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of microcontroller
programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use package. Arduino also
simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers, but it offers
some advantage for teachers, students, and interested amateurs over other
systems: [1]

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 Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared
to other microcontroller platforms. The least expensive version of
the Arduino module can be assembled by hand, and even the pre-
assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50
 Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows,
Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating systems. Most
microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
 Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software
(IDE) is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for
advanced users to take advantage of as well. For teachers, it's
conveniently based on the Processing programming environment,
so students learning to program in that environment will be
familiar with how the Arduino IDE works.
 Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is
published as open source tools, available for extension by
experienced programmers. The language can be expanded through
C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical
details can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C
programming language on which it's based. Similarly, you can add
AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.
 Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino
boards are published under a Creative Commons license, so
experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the
module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively
inexperienced users can build the breadboard version of the
module in order to understand how it works and save money.

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Types of Arduino Boards

Arduino UNO (R3)

The Arduino UNO R3 is a new board and by comparing with the
previous Arduino boards it has some additional features. The
Arduino UNO uses the Atmega16U2 instead of 8U2 and it allows
faster transfer rate & more memory. There is no need of extra
devices for the Linux & Mac and the ability to have the UNO show
up as a keyboard, mouse, joystick, etc. [2]

Arduino UNO

he Arduino R3 adds SDA & SCL pins which are next to the AREF and in
addition, there are two pins which are placed near the RESET pin. The
first pin is IOREF, it will allow the shields to adapt to the voltage from
the board. [2]

The other pin is not connected and it is reserved for the future purpose. The
working of Arduino R3 is by all existing shields and it will adapt new
shields which use these additional pins. [2]

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LilyPad Arduino
This board is an Arduino Programmable Microcontroller and it is designed
to integrate easily into an e-textiles & wearable projects. The other Arduino
boards have the same functionality like lightweight, round package
designed to minimize snagging and profile, with wide tabs that can be sewn
down and connected with conductive thread.

LilyPad Arduino Boards

This Arduino board consist of an Atmega 328 with the Arduino bootloader
and to keep it as a small minimum external component are required. The
power supply of this board is 2V to 5V and offers large pin-out holes that
make it easy to sew and connect. Each pin is connected to positive and
negative terminals and to control the input & output devices like light,
motor, and switch. [2]

This Arduino technology was designed and developed by Leah Buechley

and each LilyPad was creatively designed to have large connecting pads to
allow them to be sewn into clothing. There is an available of various input,
output, and sensor boards and they are washable. [2]

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Arduino Mega (R3)
The Arduino Mega is a type of Microcontroller and it is based on the
ATmega2560. It consists of 54 digital input/output pins and from the total
pins 14 pins are used for the PWM output, 16 pins are used for the analog
inputs, 4 pins are used for the hardware serial port of the UART. There
are pins like crystal oscillator of 16 MHz, USB connection, RESET pin,
ICSP header, and a power jack. [2]

Arduino Mega R3

This Arduino Mega is also having SDA and SCL pins which are next to
the AREF. There are two new pins near the RESET pin which are IOREF
that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided by the board. The
other is a not connected and is reserved for future purposes. [2]

Features of the Arduino Mega (R3)

 ATmega2560 Microcontroller
 Input voltage – 7-12V
 54 Digital I/O Pins (14 PWM outputs)
 16 Analog Inputs
 256k Flash Memory
 16Mhz Clock Speed

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Arduino Leonardo

The Leonardo Arduino board is a Microcontroller board and it is based on

the ATmega32u4 data sheet. This Arduino board has 20 digital input/out
pins and from the total number of pins, seven pins are used for the pulse
width modulation output and 12 pins are used as an analog input and
there are the 16MHz crystal oscillator, a micro USB connection, RESET
pin and power jack. [2]

Arduino Leonardo

It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply

connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC
adapter or battery to get started. The Leonardo differs from all preceding
boards in that the ATmega32u4 has built-in USB communication,
eliminating the need for a secondary processor. [2]

This allows the Leonardo to appear to a connected computer as a mouse

and keyboard, in addition to a virtual (CDC) serial COM port. It also has
other implications for the behavior of the board; these are detailed on the
getting started page. [2]
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Arduino Red Board

The Arduino red board is programmed by using the USB cable of mini-B
with the help of Arduino IDE software. [2]

Arduino Red Board

Without any modifications in the security system there, it will work in

Windows8 OS. The Arduino red board is more constant because USB and
FTDI chips are used and they are flat on the back. [2]

Creating it is very simple to utilize in the project design. Just plug the
board, select the menu option to choose an Arduino UNO and you are ready
to upload the program. You can control the RedBoard over USB cable
using the barrel jack. [2]

Advantages of Arduino Board [2]

 The Arduino boards are very easy to get started.

 The Arduino boards are used in the automatic room light control.
 On the Arduino, both software, hardware, and IDE are open source.
 The Arduino boards are used in the real-time application.

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Wireless Biodevices Based on Arduino

Material [3]

 Arduino UNO board

 Support boards (signal conditioning and communication)
 Transducers or sensors (temperature, pulse oximeter, electrodes,
etc.)
 Communication modules: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Xbee
 AB-type USB cable
 PC
 Smartphone or tablet with the Android operating system

Platform Description

The versatility of the platform permits us to connect up to 10 types of

biomedical transducers and set wireless communication through 6 different
technologies as the figure below. [3]

eHealth Sensor Platform V2.0 for Arduino

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The platform includes the following elements: [3]

 Transducers (or sensors): The elements that convert a physical

magnitude into an electrical one.
 Support boards
 Signal conditioning board: Contains all the electronic
components needed to read the signals from the transducers.
 Wireless communication board: Allows the assembling of
wireless communication boards on the Arduino board.
 Microcontroller (MCU): An Integrated Circuit capable of
executing the instructions stored in its memory. It contains a
central process unit, a memory and in/out peripherals.
 Power management
 Serial console: Allows communication with the computer.
 Communication modules: Allow wireless communication through
Wi-Fi, Xbee or Bluetooth protocols.

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Using Arduino

Arduino is an open code electronic platform specially designed to facilitate

its use in multidisciplinary environments. The hardware consists of a board
with an integrated MCU of the ATmega family, characterized by its
simplicity and low cost. The software is based on an integrated
development environment (IDE) that uses the Processing programming
language. The Arduino board model used in these laboratory sessions is
the Arduino Uno R3. The features it offers, such as the number of digital
in/out pins, the communication ports, the analogical inputs or the memory,
vary depending on the model. [3]

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 Sample code in the Arduino IDE

Using The Libraries

In order to connect the transducers to the Arduino board, a support bard is

needed. It has all the electronic components needed to gather the signals
received from the transducers and send them to the MCU. However, we
need code that allows us to use the transducers with the support board: the
library. In essence, a library is a lot of lines of code that are already
programmed and are organized with functions. These functions allow the
developer not to worry about programming parts of the code. In our case,
the libraries mean we do not need to know how to program the device to
read the values of the data from the transducers. [3]

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Sending The Data

Serial Port: PC
Connection with the computer is via the same USB cable that we use to
power the Arduino board. We will be able to visualize the data on our PC.
[3]

Wireless communication
A support communication board is necessary for wireless data transmission
(Figure 6). The desired wireless protocol module will be mounted on it. [3]

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Wi-Fi
The Wi-Fi Roving RN-171 module (a) will provide wireless connection
of our device with any other device equipped with Wi-Fi, such as a
mobile phone. In addition, we can connect our device to a Wi-Fi network
and send the data to the cloud. [3]

Bluetooth
With the Bluetooth module (b) we can send the data to a smartphone or a
PC. [3]
the majority of the mobile phones have the option of setting Bluetooth
communication with another device. This technology will be used to link
a smartphone with our device. The Arduino will acquire biomedical
signals and send them using the Bluetooth protocol to the smartphone.
There, the numerical data will be displayed through an application called
Bluetooth Terminal. [3]

Xbee
The Xbee module (c) will allow us to send data wirelessly from one
Arduino to another. [3]
Using the Xbee communication protocol it is possible to connect two
Arduino devices to display on one of them the data acquired by the other.
The emitter will acquire the biomedical signals and sends them through
the XBee-PRO ZB module to the receiver device. That device will be
connected to the computer where the data will be visualized using the
serial monitor of the Arduino. Related to the software, two sketches will
be needed, one for each Arduino:
 Receiver ZigBee: Arduino receiver (in the campus).
 ZigBee Communication Example Arduino emitter (in the eHealth
examples).
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The Arduino receiver just needs to be assembled with a communication
board and the XBee-PRO ZB module. Optionally, the antenna can be
added to increase the gain and hence the communication range. The
sketch must be built with the jumpers removed from the communication
board, then they must be replaced in the Xbee position. The Arduino
emitter must be mounted with the eHealth board, the sensors, the
communication board and the XBee-PRO ZB module. In order to display
the data from the receiver, it must be connected to a PC and the
MonitorSerial must be accessed, from where all the data acquired by the
other terminal will be visualized. [3]

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References
[1]“What is Arduino?” [Online]. Available:
https://www.arduino.cc/en/guide/introduction.

[2]“Different Types of Arduino Boards and Its Uses.” [Online].

Available: https://www.watelectronics.com/different-types-arduino-
boards-uses/.

[3]A. G. Miquel and J. M. L. Villegas, “Wireless Biodevices and Systems

Wireless Biodevices Based on Arduino.”

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