Senior High

School

PROGRAMMING
.NET NC III
Quarter 1

Week 1
Performing
Computer Operations

Page |1
Content Standards: The learner demonstrates an understanding of the
principles and concepts in performing computer operations.
Performance Standards: The learners independently perform computer
operations based on TESDA Training Regulations.

Introduction to Computers

After completing this module, you will be able to:

1. Define the term computer and discuss the four basic computer
operations: input, process, output, and storage
2. Define data and information
3. Identify the differences among desktop computers, notebook
computers, and mobile devices
4. Explain the primary components of the computer and their use
5. Describe the use of hard disks, flash memory, optical discs, and
other storage media

What Is a Computer?
Computers are everywhere: at work, at school, and at home. In the
workplace, employees use computers to create correspondence such as e-mail
messages, memos, and letters; manage calendars; calculate payroll; track
inventory; and generate invoices. At school, teachers use computers to assist
with classroom instruction. Students use computers to complete assignments
and research. People also spend hours of leisure time using a computer. They
play games, communicate with friends and relatives online and using e-mail,
purchase goods online, converse in chat rooms, listen to music or radio
broadcasts, watch or create videos and movies, read books and magazines,
share stories, research genealogy, retouch photos, and plan vacations. At work,
at school, and at home, computers are helping people do their work faster,
more ccurhttp://web.cse.ohio-state.edu/cse1111ately, and in some cases, in
ways that previously would not have been possible.
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions
stored in its own memory, that can accept data (input), process the data
according to specified rules (process), produce results (output), and store the
results (storage) for future use.

Page |2
Computers perform four basic operations — input, process, output, and
storage. These operations comprise the information processing cycle.

Characteristic of a Computer
A computer derives its power from its capability to perform the information
processing cycle with amazing speed, reliability (low failure rate), and accuracy;
its capacity to store huge amounts of data and information; and its capability
to communicate with other computers.
For a computer to perform operations, it must be given a detailed set of
instructions that tells it exactly what to do. These instructions are called a
program, or software. Before processing for a specific activity begins, the
program corresponding to that activity is stored in the computer.
Once the program is stored, the computer can begin to execute the program’s
first instruction. The computer executes one program instruction after another
until the activity is complete.

Data and Information

All computer processing requires data. Data is a collection of unprocessed
items, which can include text, numbers, images, audio, and video. Computers
manipulate data to create information.
Information conveys meaning and is useful to people. During the output
operation, the information that has been created is put into some form, such
as a printed report, or it can be stored on the computer for future use.

Page |3
The Components of a Computer
The six primary components of a computer are input devices, the processor
(control unit and arithmetic/logic unit), memory, output devices, storage devices,
and communications devices.

PROCESSOR
PROCESSOR

INSTRUCTIONS
DATA
INFORMATION

INPUT
INPUT OUTPUT
OUTPUT
DEVICES DATA MEMORY
MEMORY INFORMATION DEVICES
DEVICES
DEVICES

Most devices connected to the

computer communicate with the
processor to carry out a task.
INSTRUCTIONS When a user starts a program, for
DATA
INFORMATION
example, its instructions transfer
from a storage device to memory.
Data needed by the program enters
memory either from an input
device or a storage device. The
processor interprets and executes
STORAGE
STORAGE DEVICES
DEVICES instructions in memory and also
performs calculations on the data
in memory. Resulting information
is stored in memory, from which it
can be sent to an output device or
a storage device for future access,
as needed.

Page |4
 WEEK 1 DAY 1 TASKS

1. Define a computer

2. What are the uses of computers in the following fields? Write your
answers inside the circle

education

medicine home

Uses of
Computer

government business

3. What are 4 basic operations of a computer

4. Data vs. Information

Page |5
 Data Information

Definition Definition

Example Example

5. Draw the components of the computer

Rubric: Correctness – 5pts, Neatness- 3pts, Attractiveness- 2pts

Personal Computers and Mobile Devices

A personal computer is a computer that can perform all of its input,
processing, output, and storage activities by itself. A personal computer
contains a processor, memory, and one or more input, output, and storage
devices. Personal computers also often contain a communications device.
A mobile computer is a personal computer you can carry from place to place.
Similarly, a mobile device is a computing device small enough to hold in your
hand. The most popular type of mobile computer is the notebook computer.

Desktop Computers

Page |6
A desktop computer is designed so that the system unit, input devices, output
devices, and any other devices fit entirely on or under a desk or table (Figure
4). In some models, the monitor sits on top of the system unit, which is placed
on the desk. The more popular style of system unit is the tall and narrow
tower, which can sit on the floor vertically.
Notebook Computers
A notebook computer, also called a laptop computer, is a portable, personal
computer often designed to fit on your lap (Figure 5). These
computers are thin
and lightweight, yet can be as powerful as the average desktop
computer. A netbook, which is a type of notebook computer, is
smaller, lighter, and often not as powerful as a traditional
notebook computer. Resembling a letter-sized slate, the Tablet
PC is a special type of notebook computer that allows you to
write or draw on the screen using a digital pen.
Mobile Devices Mobile devices, which are
small enough to carry in a pocket, usually
store programs and data permanently on
memory inside the system unit or on small
storage media such as memory cards. You
often can connect a mobile device to a
personal computer to exchange
information. Three popular types of mobile
devices are smart phones, portable media
players, and digital cameras.
A smart phone is a phone that can connect to the Internet and usually also
provides personal information management functions such as a calendar, an
appointment book, an address book, a calculator, and a notepad (Figure 6).
A portable media player is a mobile device on which you can store, organize,
and play digital media (shown in Figure 1 on page COM 2). For example, you
can listen to music; watch videos, movies, and television shows; and view
photos on the device’s screen. A digital camera is a device that allows users to
take pictures and store the photographed images digitally, instead of on
traditional film (shown in Figure 1). Digital cameras typically allow users to
review, and sometimes modify, images while they are in the camera.

Input Devices
An input device is any hardware component that allows you to enter data and
instructions into a computer. Depending on your program and requirements,
the input device you use may vary. Five widely used input devices are the
keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, and Web cam.

Page |7
A keyboard is an input device that contains keys users press to enter data and
instructions into the computer.
A stylus is a small metal or plastic device that looks like a tiny ink pen but
uses pressure instead of ink. Some smart phones have one key for each letter
of the alphabet, often called a mini-keyboard. Other phones have keypads that
contain fewer keys than there are letters in the alphabet. For these phones,
each key on the keypad represents multiple characters, which are identified on
the key.
A mouse is a pointing device that fits comfortably under the palm of your
hand. With a mouse, users control the movement of the pointer, which is a
small symbol on the screen whose location and shape change as a user moves
a pointing device.
Most notebook computers have a touchpad, a small, flat, rectangular pointing
device near the keyboard that allows you to move the pointer by sliding a
fingertip on the surface of the pad.
A scanner is an input device that scans documents such as photographs and
pages of text. When a document is scanned, it is converted into a digital
format. This creates an electronic version of the document that can be viewed
and edited on a computer.
A joystick is an input device that can be used for controlling the movement of
the cursor or a pointer in a computer device. The pointer/cursor movement is
controlled by maneuvering a lever on the joystick. The input device is mostly
used for gaming applications and, sometimes, in graphics applications.
A webcam is a small digital video camera directly or indirectly connected to a
computer or a computer network.

System Unit
The system unit is a case that contains electronic
components of the computer used to process data. System
units are available in a variety of shapes and sizes. The case
of the system unit, also called the chassis, is made of metal

Page |8
or plastic and protects the internal components from damage. The
motherboard, sometimes called a system board, is the main circuit board of the
system unit.
Processor
The processor, also called the central processing unit
(CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that
operate a computer. Processors contain a control unit and an
arithmetic/logic unit. The control unit directs and
coordinates most of the operations in the computer. The
arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic,
comparison, and other operations.

Memory
Memory consists of electronic components that store
instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by
those instructions. Most memory keeps data and
instructions temporarily, which means its contents are
erased when the computer is shut off. When discussing
computer memory, users typically are referring to RAM.
Also called main memory, RAM (random access
memory) consists of memory chips that can be read from
and written to by the processor and other devices.
The amount of memory in computers is measured in kilobytes, megabytes,
gigabytes, or terabytes. A byte usually stores one character, such as the letter
A. One kilobyte (KB or K) equals exactly 1,024 bytes, and one megabyte (MB)
equals approximately one million bytes. One gigabyte (GB) equals
approximately one billion bytes, and one terabyte (TB) equals approximately
one trillion bytes. A computer with 4 GB of RAM, therefore, can store
approximately four billion characters.

WEEK 1 DAY 2 TASKS

Define the following.

1. personal computer
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. mobile computer
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. desktop computer

Page |9
 __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. laptop computer
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Mobile devices
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. smart phone
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. portable media player
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. input device
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. keyboard
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. stylus
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
11. mouse
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
12. notebook computers
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
13. scanner
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
14. joystick
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
15. system unit

16. webcam
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
17. system unit
__________________________________________________________________

P a g e | 10
 __________________________________________________________________
18. processor
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
19. control unit
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
20. Memory
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Output Devices
Output devices are hardware components that convey information to one or
more people.
Commonly used output devices include display devices; printers; speakers,
headphones, and earbuds; data projectors; and interactive whiteboards. When
a computer is used for processing tasks such as creating documents, the two
output devices widely used are the printer and a display device.
Printers
A printer is an output device that produces text and graphics
on a physical medium such as paper.
Ink-jet printers produce text and graphics in both black and
white and color on a variety of paper types and sizes (Figure
13).
Figure 1. Inkjet printer
Some ink-jet printers, called photo printers, produce
photolab-quality pictures and are ideal for home or small-
business use.
A laser printer is a high-speed, high-quality printer that
operates in a manner similar to a copy machine (Figure
Figure 2. Laser printer
14).
A multifunction peripheral, also called an all-in-one device,
is a single device that looks like a printer or copy machine
but provides the functionality of a printer, scanner, copy
machine, and perhaps a fax machine. Some use color ink-jet
printer technology, while others include a black-and-white or
color laser printer.
Figure 3. Multifunction
Display Devices printer
A display device is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and
video information.

P a g e | 11
A monitor is a display device that is packaged as a separate peripheral. A
widely used monitor is an LCD monitor. The LCD monitor uses a liquid crystal
display to produce images on the screen. A higher resolution provides a
smoother, sharper, clearer image.

Storage Devices
A storage device is the computer hardware that records and/or retrieves items
to and from storage media. A storage medium (media is the plural) is the
physical material on which a computer keeps data, instructions, and
information. Three common types of storage media are hard disks, flash
memory, and optical discs.
A hard disk is a storage device that contains one or more inflexible, circular
platters that use magnetic particles to store data, instructions, and
information. The system unit on most personal computers contains at least one
hard disk, sometimes called an internal hard disk because it is not portable.
Users store documents, spreadsheets, presentations, databases, e-mail
messages, Web pages, digital photos, music, videos, and software on hard
disks.
Portable Hard Disks
Some hard disks are portable. An external hard disk is a separate freestanding
hard disk that connects with a cable to a port on the system unit or
communicates wirelessly. A removable hard disk (Figure 20) is a hard disk that
you insert and remove from a drive. Both internal and external hard disks are
available in miniature sizes to allow users to transport their data easily.

Flash Memory Storage

Flash memory is a type of memory that can be erased
electronically and rewritten. Flash memory chips are a
type of solid state media, which means they consist
entirely of electronic components and contain no moving
Figure 4. USB Flash disk
parts. Types of flash memory storage include solid state
drives, memory cards, USB flash drives, and ExpressCard
modules.
A memory card is a removable flash memory device, usually no bigger than
1.5 inches in height or width, that you insert and remove from a slot in a
computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer. Memory cards enable mobile
users easily to transport digital photos, music, or files to and from mobile
devices and computers or other devices.
Figure 5. Memory card

P a g e | 12
 WEEK 1 DAY 3 TASKS

A. Matching Type. Write the letter of the correct answer

_________ 1. A type of memory that can be erased A. Hard disk
_ electronically and rewritten.

_________ 2. A storage device that contains one or more B. Flash memory

_ inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic
particles to store data, instructions, and
information.

_________ 3. Produce text and graphics in both black and white C. Memory card
_ and color on a variety of paper types and sizes

_________ 4. A high-speed, high-quality printer that operates in D. Ink-jet printers

_ a manner similar to a copy machine

_________ 5. A removable flash memory device, usually no E. Laser printer

_ bigger than 1.5 inches in height or width, that you
insert and remove from a slot in a computer,
mobile device, or card reader/writer.

_________ 6. A display device that is packaged as a separate F. Output devices

_ peripheral. A widely used monitor is an lcd
monitor

_________ 7. A single device that looks like a printer or copy G. Monitor

_ machine but provides the functionality of a
printer, scanner, copy machine, and perhaps a fax
machine

_________ 8. Hardware components that convey information to H. Multifunction

_ one or more people peripheral

_________ 9. Output device that produces text and graphics on I. Storage device
_ a physical medium such as paper

_________ 10. Computer hardware that records and/or retrieves J. Printer

_ items to and from storage media.

P a g e | 13
P a g e | 14
Optical Discs
An optical disc is a flat, round, portable metal disc with a
plastic coating. CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs are three
types of optical discs. A CD can hold from 650 million to
1 billion characters. Some DVDs can store two full-length
movies or 17 billion characters. Blu-ray Discs can store about
46 hours of standard video, or 100 billion characters.
Figure 6. Optical Disks
Many different formats of optical discs exist today.
CD-ROM, or compact disc read-only memory, is a type of optical disc that
users can read but not write (record) or erase — hence, the name read-only.
Manufacturers write the contents of standard CD-ROMs. A standard CD-ROM
is called a single-session disc because manufacturers write all items on the
disc at one time. A typical CD-ROM holds from 650 MB to 1 GB of data,
instructions, and information.
A CD-R (compact disc-recordable) is a multisession optical disc on which users
can write, but not erase, their own items such as text, graphics, and audio.
Multisession means you can write on part of the disc at one time and another
part at a later time. Each part of a CD-R can be written on only one time, and
the disc’s contents cannot be erased.
A CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable) is an erasable multisession disc you can
write on multiple times. To write on a CD-RW disc, you must have optical disc
burning software and a CD-RW drive. Burning is the process of writing on an
optical disc. The process of copying audio and/or video data from a purchased
disc and saving it on a storage medium is called ripping.
A DVD-ROM (digital versatile disk-read-only memory or digital video disc-read-
only memory) is a high-capacity optical disc on which users can read but not
write or erase.
A Blu-ray Disc (BD) has storage capacities of 100 GB, with expectations of
exceeding 200 GB in the future.

Cloud Storage
Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides hard disk storage to
computer users. Fee arrangements vary.

P a g e | 15
 Figure 7. Cloud storage providers

Communications Devices
A communications device is a hardware component that enables a computer
to send (transmit) and receive data, instructions, and information to and from
one or more computers or mobile devices. A widely used communications
device is a modem.
Communications occur over transmission media such as cables, telephone
lines, cellular radio networks, and satellites. Some transmission media, such
as satellites and cellular radio networks, are wireless, which means they have
no physical lines or wires. People around the world use computers and
communications devices to communicate with each other using one or more
transmission media.

P a g e | 16
 WEEK 1 DAY 4 TASKS
A. Write the types of optical disks and its corresponding meaning.
TYPES OF OPTICAL
MEANING
DISKS
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

B. What is the difference between ripping and burning? Write its

similarities.

C. Define Cloud Storage and give some examples.

P a g e | 17
 Senior High
School

PROGRAMMING
.NET NC III
Quarter 1

Week 2
Performing
Computer Operations

P a g e | 18
 Computer Software
Week 2
After completing this module, you will be able to:
1. Discuss computer software and explain the difference between system
software and application software
2. Identify several types of application software
3. Discuss the Internet and World Wide Web
4. Describe various types of Internet and network attacks and how to
protect against them

Software
Software, also called a program, consists of a series of related instructions,
organized for a common purpose, that tells the computer what tasks to perform
and how to perform them. You interact with a program through its user
interface. The user interface controls how you enter data and instructions and
how information is displayed on the screen.
Software today often has a graphical user interface. With a graphical user
interface (GUI pronounced gooey), you interact with the software using text,
graphics, and visual images such as icons. When you buy a computer, it
usually has some software on its hard disk. This enables you to use the
computer the first time you turn it on.
Programs also can be installed after you purchase the computer. Installing is
the process of adding software to a computer, and uninstalling is the process of
removing programs and all associated files from the hard disk. Much software
is available at retail stores and on the Web for purchase and/or download. As
an alternative, some people use a Web application, which is a Web site that
allows users to access and interact with software from any computer or device
that is connected to the Internet. Software can be divided into two categories:
system software and application software.

System Software
System software consists of programs that control the operations of the
computer and its devices. Two types of system software are operating systems
and utility programs.
An operating system is a set of programs that coordinates all the activities
among computer hardware devices. It provides a means for users to
communicate with the computer and other software. Many of today’s
computers use Microsoft Windows When a user starts a computer, portions of
the operating system are copied into memory from the computer’s hard disk.
These parts of the operating system remain in memory while the computer is
on.

P a g e | 19
A utility program allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasks usually
related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs. For example, you
can use a utility program to burn digital photos on an optical disc. Most
operating systems include several utility programs for managing disk drives,
printers, and other devices and media. You also can buy utility programs that
allow you to perform additional computer management functions.

Application Software

Application software consists of programs

designed to make users more productive
and/or assist them with personal tasks. These
include personal information management,
note taking, project management,
accounting, document management,
computer-aided design, desktop publishing,
paint/image editing, audio and video editing,
multimedia authoring, Web page authoring,
personal finance, legal, tax preparation, home design/landscaping, travel and
mapping, education, reference, and entertainment (e.g., games or simulations).
Software is available at stores that sell computer products and at many Web
sites.

Word processing software is used

to create, edit, format, and print
documents. A key advantage of word
processing software is that users
easily can make changes in
documents, such as correcting
spelling; changing margins; and
adding, deleting, or relocating
words, sentences, or entire
paragraphs.

Presentation software is application

software that allows users to create visual
aids for presentations to communicate ideas,
messages, and other information to a group.
The presentations can be viewed as slides,
sometimes called a slide show, that are
displayed on a large monitor or on a
projection screen.

P a g e | 20
Spreadsheet software allows
users to organize data in rows
and columns and perform
calculations on the data. These
rows and columns collectively
are called a worksheet.

A database is a collection of data organized

in a manner that allows access, retrieval,
and use of that data. Database software
is application software that allows users
to create, access, and manage a
database. Using database software, you
can add, change, and delete data in a
database; sort and retrieve data from the
database; and create forms and reports using
the data in the database.

E-mail (short for electronic mail) is the transmission

of messages
and files via a computer network. Today, e-mail is a
primary communications method for both personal
and business use.

WEEK 2 DAY 1 TASK

A. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Consists of a series of related instructions, organized for a common
purpose, that tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to
perform them.
a. Installer
b. Program
c. Utility program
d. Hardware

P a g e | 21
 2. A feature where the user interacts with the software using text, graphics,
and visual images such as icons.
a. Graphical user interface
b. Installer
c. Program
d. Antivirus
3. The process of adding software to a computer, and uninstalling is the
process of removing programs and all associated files from the hard disk.
a. Ripping
b. Downloading
c. Installing
d. Uploading
4. A Web site that allows users to access and interact with software from
any computer or device that is connected to the Internet.
a. Programs
b. Antivirus
c. Application software
d. Web application
5. It is consisting of programs that control the operations of the computer
and its devices.
a. System Software
b. Application software
c. Web applications
d. Installers
6. A set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer
hardware devices.
a. System Software
b. Application software
c. Web applications
d. Installers
7. It provides a means for users to communicate with the computer and
other software.
a. utility program
b. application software
c. operating systems
d. word processing software
8. It allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasks usually related to
managing a computer, its devices, or its programs.
a. utility program
b. application software
c. operating systems
d. word processing software

P a g e | 22
 9. It consists of programs designed to make users more productive and/or
assist them with personal tasks.
a. utility program
b. application software
c. operating systems
d. word processing software
10. It allows users to organize data in rows and columns and perform
calculations on the data.
a. Spreadsheet application
b. Presentation software
c. operating systems
d. word processing software
11. A software is used to create, edit, format, and print documents.
a. Spreadsheet application
b. Presentation software
c. operating systems
d. word processing software
12. An application software that allows users to create visual aids for
presentations to communicate ideas, messages, and other information to
a group.
a. Spreadsheet application
b. Presentation software
c. operating systems
d. word processing software
13. A collection of data organized in a manner that allows access,
retrieval, and use of that data.
a. Database application
b. database
c. operating systems
d. word processing software
14. Short for electronic mail) is the transmission of messages
a. operating systems
b. word processing software
c. e-mail
d. database
15. antivirus software is an example of
a. utility software
b. application software
c. operating system
d. database system

B. Give examples of software under each category.

P a g e | 23
 1. Operating Systems - ___________________________________________
2. Word processing software- ___________________________________________
3. Spreadsheet software - ___________________________________________
4. Database software - ___________________________________________
5. Antivirus software - ___________________________________________
6. presentation - ___________________________________________
7. Web application - ___________________________________________
8. Installers - ___________________________________________
9. Downloading software - ___________________________________________
10. Search engines - ___________________________________________

P a g e | 24
Security Measures
WHAT MAKES A HOME COMPUTER VULNERABLE?
 Low level of security awareness
 Increasing online activities
 Not following any standard security policies or guidelines
 Default computer and application settings
 Non or very little investment in security terms

WHAT MAKES A COMPUTER SYSTEM SECURE?

Monitor system activities such as who is accessing the data

DATA ACCESS and for what purpose
CONTROLS
Define access rules based on the system security levels

SYSTEM ACCESS Ensure that unauthorized users do not get into the system
CONTROLS Force legal users to be conscious about security

SYSTEM AND Perform regular system and security administration tasks

SECURITY such as configuring system settings, implementing security
ADMINISTRATION policies, monitoring system state, etc.

Deploy various security characteristics in system hardware

SYSTEM DESIGN and software design such as memory segmentation, privilege
isolation, etc.

BENEFITS OF COMPUTER SECURITY AWARENESS

1. Computer Security Awareness helps minimize the chance of computer

attacks.
2. It helps prevent the loss of information stored on the systems
3. It helps users to protect sensitive information and computing resources
from unauthorized access
4. It helps users to prevent cybercriminals from using their systems to launch
attacks on the other computer systems

P a g e | 25
5. It helps users minimize losses in case of an accident that causes physical
damage to computer systems

Introduction
Today, people rely on computers to create, store, and manage critical
information. Thus, it is crucial users take measures to protect their computers
and data from loss or damage, especially for information that is transmitted
over networks. Every unprotected computer is susceptible to a
computer virus, worm, Trojan horse, and/or rootkit.
A computer virus is a potentially damaging
computer program that affects, or infects, a
computer negatively by altering the way the
computer works without the user’s knowledge or
permission. Once the virus infects the computer, it
can spread throughout and may damage files and system
software, including the operating system.
 A worm is a program that copies itself repeatedly, for example in memory or
on a network, using up resources and possibly shutting down the computer
or network.
 A Trojan horse (named after the Greek myth) is a program that hides within
or looks like a legitimate program. A certain condition or action usually
triggers the Trojan horse. Unlike a virus or worm, a Trojan horse does not
replicate itself to other computers.
 A rootkit is a program that hides in a computer and allows someone from a
remote location to take full control of the computer. Once the rootkit is
installed, the rootkit author can execute programs, change settings, monitor
activity, and access files on the remote computer.
Computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and rootkits are classified as
malware (short for malicious software), which are programs that act without a
user’s knowledge and deliberately alter the computer’s operations. Users can
take several precautions to protect their home and work computers and mobile
devices from these malicious infections. For example, users should install an
antivirus program and update it frequently. An antivirus program protects a
computer against viruses by identifying and removing any computer viruses
found in memory, on storage media, or on incoming files.

P a g e | 26
Tips for Preventing Viruses and Other Malware

1. Never start a computer with removable media inserted in the drives or

plugged in the ports, unless the media are uninfected.

2. Never open an e-mail attachment unless you are expecting it and it is

from a trusted source.

3. Set the macro security in programs so that you can enable or disable
macros. Enable macros only if the document is from a trusted source and
you are expecting it.

4. Install an antivirus program on all of your computers. Update the

software and the virus signature files regularly.

5. Scan all downloaded programs for viruses and other malware.

6. If the antivirus program flags an e-mail attachment as infected, delete or

quarantine the attachment immediately.

7. Before using any removable media, scan the media for malware. Follow
this procedure even for shrink-wrapped software from major developers.
Some commercial software has been infected and distributed to
unsuspecting users.

8. Install a personal firewall program.

9. Stay informed about new virus alerts and virus hoaxes.

P a g e | 27
 WEEK 2 DAY 2 TASKS

A. Write True if the sentence applies security measure and False if not.
____________ 1. Never open an email from an unknown source.
____________ 2. The firewall program can make the computer speed slower, it is optional.
____________ 3. Never start a computer with removable media inserted in the drives or plugged
in the ports unless the media are uninfected.
____________ 4. Be aware of the new hoax and viruses.
____________ 5. Update your antivirus software.
____________ 6. Computer security awareness helps prevent the loss of information stored on
the systems
____________ 7. To protect you data, ensure that unauthorized users do not get into the system.
____________ 8. If the antivirus program flags an e-mail attachment as infected, delete or
quarantine the attachment immediately.
____________ 9. Scan all downloaded programs for viruses and other malware.
____________ 10. You can download everything you want from the internet, you can delete it
when not needed.

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. A ________________________ is a potentially damaging computer program
that affects, or infects, a computer negatively by altering the way the
computer works without the user’s knowledge or permission.
2. A ________________ is a program that copies itself repeatedly, for example
in memory or on a network, using up resources and possibly shutting
down the computer or network.
3. A ___________________is a program that hides within or looks like a
legitimate program.
4. A ______________________is a program that hides in a computer and
allows someone from a remote location to take full control of the
computer.
5. Computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and rootkits are classified as
________________ which are programs that act without a user’s knowledge
and deliberately alter the computer’s operations.
6. An ______________________ protects a computer against viruses by
identifying and removing any computer viruses found in memory, on
storage media, or on incoming files.

P a g e | 28
Networks and the Internet
A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together,
often wirelessly, via communications devices and transmission media. When a
computer connects to a network, it is online.

Most business computers are networked. These networks can be

relatively small or quite extensive. A local area network (LAN) is a network
that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area such as a
home, school computer laboratory, office building, or closely positioned group
of buildings. A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a LAN that uses no physical wires.

A wide area network (WAN) is a network that covers a large geographic area
(such as a city, country, or the world) using a communications channel that
combines many types of media such as telephone lines, cables, and radio
waves.

The Internet
The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of
businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals.
An access provider is a business that provides individuals and
organizations access to the Internet free or for a fee. Access providers are
categorized as ISPs, online service providers, and wireless Internet service
providers. An ISP (Internet service provider) is a regional or national access
provider. A regional ISP usually provides Internet access to a specific
geographic area.

The World Wide Web

One of the more popular services on the Internet is the World Wide
Web, also called the Web, which contains billions of documents called Web
pages. A Web page can contain text, graphics, animation, audio, and video,
and has built-in connections, or links, to other documents, graphics, or other
Web pages. Web pages are stored on computers throughout the world. A Web
site is a collection of related Web pages. Visitors to a Web site access and view
Web pages using a program called a Web browser. A Web page has a unique
address, called a Web address or URL (Uniform Resource Locator).

Web page addresses begin with http://, which stands for Hypertext
Transfer Protocol, the set of rules that defines how pages transfer on the
Internet. A Web server is a computer that delivers requested Web pages to
your computer.
A social networking Web site or online social network is an online
community that encourages members to share their interests, ideas, stories,

P a g e | 29
photos, music, and videos with other registered users. A blog is an informal
Web site consisting of time-stamped articles in a diary or journal format.
E-commerce, short for electronic commerce, is a business transaction
that occurs over an electronic network such as the Internet. Anyone with
access to a computer or mobile device, an Internet connection, and a means to
pay for purchased goods or services can participate in e-commerce.

Searching the Web

The Web is a worldwide resource of information. A primary reason that

people use the Web is to search for specific information, including text,
pictures, music, and video.
Two types of search tools are search engines and subject directories. A
search engine is a program that finds Web sites, Web pages, images, videos,
news, maps, and other information related to a specific topic. A search engine
is helpful in locating information for which you do not know an exact Web
address or are not seeking a particular Web site. Search engines require that
you enter a word or phrase, called search text, that describes the item you
want to find.

WEEK 2 DAY 3 TASKS

A. Name the uses of internet in different areas.

Uses of
Internet

P a g e | 30
 B. Give 3 Internet providers in your community
_____________________, _____________________, ___________________________

C. Write the full name of the abbreviated words.

1. URL __________________________________________________________________
2. WWW ____________________________________________________________
3. LAN __________________________________________________________________
4. WAN __________________________________________________________________
5. ISP __________________________________________________________________
6. HTTP __________________________________________________________________
7. E-COMMERCE ________________________________________________________
8. RAM __________________________________________________________________
9. ROM __________________________________________________________________
10. CPU ____________________________________________________________

D. Define the following.

1. Blog
2. Web server
3. Web page
4. E-commerce
5. network

P a g e | 31
 OH and S Principles and Responsibilities

Learning Objectives:
1. Explain the importance of Occupational Health and safety
2. Identify health risks present in a computing environment
3. Identify three steps to manage health and safety at work
4. Identify potential computer-related disorders.

What is Occupational Health and Safety?

- It is a planned system of working to prevent illness and
injury where your work by recognizing and identifying
hazards and risks.

- Health and safety procedure is the responsibility of all

persons in the computer and technology industries. You must identify
the hazards where you are working and decide how dangerous they are.
Eliminate the hazard or modify the risk that it presents.

There are three steps to manage health and safety at work:

(1.) Spot the Hazard (Hazard Identification),
(2.) Assess the Risk (Risk Assessment) and
(3.) Make the Changes (Risk Control).

1. Spot the Hazard

- A hazard is anything that could hurt you or someone else.
Examples of workplace hazards include:
· frayed electrical cords (could result in electrical shock)
· boxes stacked precariously (they could fall on someone)
· noisy machinery (could result in damage to your hearing)

During working hours, you must remain alert to anything that may be
dangerous. If you see, hear or smell anything odd, take note. If you think it
could be a hazard, tell someone.

2. Assess the Risk

- Assessing the risk means working out how likely it is that a hazard will
harm someone and how serious the harm could be.
Whenever you spot a hazard, assess the risk by asking yourself two questions:

P a g e | 32
 · How likely is it that the hazard could harm me or someone else?
· How badly could I or someone else be harmed?

Always tell someone (your employer, your supervisor or your health and safety
representative) about hazards you can't fix yourself, especially if the hazard
could cause serious harm to anyone.
For example, (1) Ask your supervisor for instructions and training before using
equipment, (2) Ask for help moving or lifting heavy objects, and (3) Tell your
supervisor if you think a work practice could be dangerous.
If you are not sure of the safest way to do something during work experience,
always ask your supervisor.

3. Make the Changes

It is your employer's responsibility to fix hazards. Sometimes you may be
able to fix simple hazards yourself, as long as you don't put yourself or others
at risk. For example, you can pick up things from the floor and put them away
to eliminate a trip hazard.

POTENTIAL COMPUTER-RELATED DISORDERS Upper limb disorders is a

term used to describe a range of conditions affecting the fingers, hands, arms
and shoulders. Such conditions may range from mild aches and pains, through
to chronic tissue and/or muscular complaints. Repetitive strain injury (RSI) is
one such condition.
1. Eye problems result from short- or long-term computer use remains a
matter of debate. However, any form of excessive close work where the
eyes are forced to focus at a fairly fixed distance on a relatively bounded
location is likely to cause at least short-term eye strain and discomfort.
2. Stress and fatigue. This can be as a result of the involved high levels of
dextrous activity and visual concentration. As already noted these are
not a "natural" form of human activity, and hence a potential source of
stress. Some people also find computer use uncomfortable or annoying
when they are having to conform to software or hardware that constrains
how they want to get something done, or which constantly crashes or
causes them to constantly wait for actions to complete.
3. Skin problems. Such conditions can include itching, rashes on the neck,
face or hands, and dry skin. Quite why this may be is again debated,
though potentially skin complaints may be a result of electrostatic
discharges (created within laser printers and cathode ray tube (CRT)
display screens), and/or the dry air and static electricity that builds up
in offices filled with computer equipment.

P a g e | 33
RISK REDUCTION AND INFORMATION
Risk reduction requires the identification of risks via appropriate assessments
(as discussed above), followed by appropriate action if necessary to ensure
workstation compliance with the requirements listed in the previous section.
However, risk reduction also significantly involves ensuring that
users/operators are aware of possible risks that can result in computing
related disorders, and of the actions they need to take to avoid them. Risk
reduction and information provision therefore go hand-in-hand.

Appropriate information to provide to users/operators includes:

· Adjusting the work chair to assume a comfortable working position
with the forearms roughly horizontal and the top of the screen at eye
level.
· Experimenting with workspace arrangements and ensuring that
enough space is available.
· In particular, placement of the screen to avoid glare and reflections
(holding a mirror in place of the screen is a good means of locating
sources of glare and reflection).
· Ensuring appropriate leg room and provision and use of a footrest if
desired.
· Using a soft touch when keying and keeping the wrists straight.
· Provision and use of a wrist support if desired (with the gel variety
being the most popular).
· Keeping the mouse or other pointing device within easy reach with the
controlling forearm supported.
· Provision and use of an alternative pointing device (eg a tablet or
touchscreen) if mouse use is
very intensive and/or
becomes uncomfortable.
· Keeping the screen clean
(daily screen cleaning has
been found to reduce eye
strain by as much as fifty
per cent!)
· Making changes to working
position throughout the
day, as well as planning and
taking breaks from display
screen equipment activity.

P a g e | 34
 WEEK 2 DAY 4 TASKS: Occupational Health and Safety

A. Give the definition and importance of Occupational Health and

Safety

Definition Importance

B. Three steps to manage health and safety at work, explain each.

C. List down some things to do if you experience the following.

Upper limb disorders

Eye problems
Stress and fatigue
Skin
problems

P a g e | 35
 Limb Reduction Risk reduction Stress
Health and safety
Upper limb disorders Eye problems Stress and fatigue
procedure
Occupational Health
Assessing the risk Hazard Skin problems
and Safety
D. Choose the answer from the table above.
____________________ 1. a term used to describe a range of conditions affecting the fingers,
hands, arms and shoulders. Such conditions may range from mild
aches and pains, through to chronic tissue and/or muscular
complaints.
____________________ 2. the responsibility of all persons in the computer and technology
industries
____________________ 3. anything that could hurt you or someone else.
____________________ 4. It is a planned system of working to prevent illness and injury where
your work by recognizing and identifying hazards and risks.
____________________ 5. any form of excessive close work where the eyes are forced to focus
at a fairly fixed distance on a relatively bounded location is likely to
cause at least short-term eye strain and discomfort
____________________ 6. Such conditions can include itching, rashes on the neck, face or
hands, and dry skin
____________________ 7. means working out how likely it is that a hazard will harm someone
and how serious the harm could be.
____________________ 8. this can be as a result of the involved high levels of dextrous activity
and visual concentration.
____________________ 9. requires the identification of risks via appropriate assessments (as
discussed above), followed by appropriate action if necessary to
ensure workstation compliance with the requirements listed in the
previous section.
Answer key. Choose the answer from the table.
1. Upper limb disorders
2. Health and safety procedure
3. hazard
4. Eye problems
5. Skin problems
6. Assessing the risk
7. Stress and fatigue
8. Risk reduction

PHOTO CREDITS
1. www.downloadclipart.net
2. www.kindpng.com
3. www.gograph.com
4. www.iconfinder.com
5. www.netclipart.com
6. www.clipartkey.com

P a g e | 36
 7. www.favpng.com
8. www. Quora.com
9. http://web.cse.ohio-state.edu/cse1111
10. https://www.bannersnack.com/email-headers.html
11. www.tweaklibrary.com
12. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsummer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.act.com%2Fcustomer-database-
software&psig=AOvVaw0DX-3s3GakzewAJWkF5-
yX&ust=1597137554412000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAMQjB1qFwoTCJjwypmnkOsCFQ
AAAAAdAAAAABAD
13.
14.

RESOURCES
1. www.techopedia.com
2. https://www.slideshare.net/cupaydabu/occupational-health-and-safety-
procedures
3. https://www.explainingcomputers.com/dse.html
4. https://www.slideshare.net/joygracebagui/understanding-the-need-for-
security-measures?from_action=save
5.

P a g e | 37