University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

Department of Electrical Engineering

EE 213: Analog and Digital Electronics Circuits
Experiment 8

Objective:
To study the frequency response of BJT common emitter amplifier, common collector
amplifier/emitter follower, and common base amplifier.

Part: 1 Frequency response of BJT common emitter amplifier

Components Required:
2N3904 BJT, 2×1KΩ, 2×10 KΩ, 470 Ω, resistors, and 4×10µF capacitors

Procedure:
1. Consider the circuit of BJT common emitter amplifier as shown in Figure 1. Use R1=10
KΩ, R2=1 KΩ, RC=1 KΩ, RE=470Ω, RL=10KΩ, Rsig= 50Ω, and Cb, Cc, Ce, Csupply=10µF,
Cin=22pF, CL=220pF.

Figure 1: Common Emitter Amplifier

 2. Apply 20 mVPP, 1KHz from the signal generator, Find the mid band gain, input resistance,
output resistance of your amplifier circuit and Note down the values in Table 1.
3. Vary the frequency of the input signal from 1Hz to 5MHz and note down the gain of your
amplifier circuit in the following table and plot on the semi log graph. You can use
MATLAB or Excel to plot the gain as a function of frequency.
4. Calculate mid band gain, input impedance, output impedance, low cutoff frequency, and
high cutoff frequency of the given amplifier.
5. write down calculations and mention simulated circuit and simulated results in the space
provided below.

Frequency Gain Frequency Gain Frequency Gain

(Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
1 58.04m 300 13.4280 50 K 28.9251
2 165.26m 400 16.6201 60 K 28.8994
3 272.04m 500 19.1836 70 K 28.8691
4 378.25m 600 20.9201 80 K 28.8359
5 476.59m 700 22.4066 90 K 28.7959
6 570.4m 800 23.5771 100 K 28.7559
7 661.82m 900 24.4171 200 K 28.0963
8 743.01m 1000 25.1420 300 K 27.0766
9 830.5m 2K 27.8535 400 K 25.8270
10 908.24m 3K 28.4637 500 K 24.4855
20 1.5124 4K 28.6971 600 K 23.0466
30 1.9887 5K 28.7986 700 K 21.7043
40 2.4361 6K 28.8529 800 K 20.3529
50 2.8656 7K 28.8876 900 K 19.0475
60 3.3347 8K 28.9094 1000 K 17.8563
70 3.7725 9K 28.9244 2M 10.5574
80 4.2444 10 K 28.9354 3M 7.2385
90 4.6998 20 K 28.9640 4M 5.5890
100 5.1611 30 K 28.9592 5M None
200 9.6230 40 K 28.9449

Table 1

Calculations
R 2 ⋅V CC V BE V B −V BE 1.09−0.7
V CC =12V → V B = =1.09V → I E= = = =0.829 mA
R2 + R1 RE 470 470
26 mV 26 mV
re= = =31.33 ohms→ β r e =3133
IE 0.829 mA
 V O −R C ∨|R L ) −909
AV = = = =−29.016
Vi re 31.33
Vi Ri Vi
Zi =Ri=R1∨| RL|∨B r e ¿ 704.63 ohms→ = =0.93374 → AVS =A V ⋅ =27.093
V S Ri + RS VS

Lower cut off frequency:

Req 1=Rsig + R i=50+704.63=754.63 ohms

1 1 1
f 1= = =21.09 Hz → → f 2= =1.44 Hz
2 π ⋅ Req 1 ⋅C1 2 π ⋅ 754.63⋅ 10 ⋅10 −6
2 π ⋅ ( RC + R L ) ⋅10−5

Rsig||R 1||R 2
R'S= +r e =0.4739336+31.33=31.8039 ohms
β
1
Req 3=R'S||R E =31.8039||470=29.788 ohms → f eq= =534.292 Hz
2 π × R eq 3 ×10−5

Higher cut off frequency:

For f Hi

we know that
1
f=
2 π Req C

Req =R s ||R1 ||R 2 |∨β r e

Req =46.687Ω

Here C eq=C be +C wi +C mi
C mi is miller input capacitance

C mi=C bc ( 1− A v )

Thus C eq=2.23× 10−10 C

1
f=
2 π × 46.687 ×2.23 ×10−10
f =782 k Hz

Simulated Circuit Diagram:

 VCC
12V

R1 10kΩ Rc 1kΩ
Cc

Rsig Cb Q1
10uF
2N3904 Csupply
V1 50 Ω 10uF 10uF
CL
220pF 10kΩ
10mVpk Ce
10kHz Cin Re RL
R2 10uF
0° 22pF 1kΩ
470 Ω

Fig.1

Frequency versus gain plot on semi log paper

Summarize your results in the table given below.

Results Mid-band Lower Cutoff Upper cutoff Input Output

 Gain (Am) Frequency Frequency (FH) Resistance (RIN) Resistance (RL)
(FL) Hz Ω Ω
Hz
Calculated 27.093 534.292 782k 704.63 909.09

Simulated 29.2365 569.856 789.56k 704.63 904

Table 2

Conclusion
Compare the simulated and calculated results & explain the reason for difference.
In this experiment, we came to know how to find frequency response of BJT common
emitter amplifier using calculation and confirm that calculation by comparing them with
simulation results. We came to know to draw bode plot and find higher cut off and lower cut off
frequencies of the amplifier circuit. We saw that three main capacitances take part in finding of
lower cut off frequency. But in case of higher cut off frequency, there is a capacitance directly
connected between input and output terminals of BJT amplifier for which we need to find
solution using Miller’s theorem. The calculated and simulated values of gain and the cut off
frequencies are little bit different from each other. The reason behind this difference is that we
make assumptions in practical cases of calculations for example we usually take value of β as
100 ideally, but in actual practice it is different for each BJT. Similarly, here we are not given
value of internal BJT output resistance ro so we take it as 0. But the simulations use their actual
values of such parameters according to the type of BJT we choose. That’s why calculated and
simulated values have some differences in them.
In the end we can see how common emitter BJT amplifier behaves at different
frequencies as can be seen in bode plot result and the table 1 showing gain of amplifier at
different frequencies. Table 2 shows our final results required from the experiment.

Part: 2 Frequency response of BJT common Collector/Emitter follower

amplifier
Procedure:
1. Consider the circuit of BJT common collector amplifier as shown in Figure 2. Use R1=10
KΩ, R2=1 KΩ, RC=1 KΩ, RE=470Ω, RL=10KΩ, Rsig= 50Ω, and Cb, Cc, Ce, Csupply=10µF,
Cin=22pF, CL=220pF.

Figure 2: Common Collector Amplifier/Emitter Follower

2. Apply 20 mVPP, 1KHz from the signal generator, Find the mid band gain, input resistance,
output resistance of your amplifier circuit and Note down the values in Table 3.
3. Vary the frequency of the input signal from 1Hz to 5MHz and note down the gain of your
amplifier circuit in the following table and plot on the semi log graph. You can use
MATLAB or Excel to plot the gain as a function of frequency.
4. Calculate mid band gain, input impedance, output impedance, low cutoff frequency, and
high cutoff frequency of the given amplifier.
5. write down calculations and mention simulated circuit and simulated results in the space
provided below.
Frequency Gain Frequency Gain Frequency Gain
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
1 28.37m 300 897.03m 50 K 898.454m
2 83.65m 400 897.669m 60 K 898.453m
3 139m 500 897.95m 70 K 898.453m
4 194.97m 600 898.1m 80 K 898.453m
5 246.07m 700 898.193m 90 K 898.452m
6 292.7m 800 898.254m 100 K 898.452m
7 336.226m 900 898.296m 200 K 898.445m
8 378.03m 1000 898.32m 300 K 898.433m
9 417.552m 2K 898.423m 400 K 898.417m
10 452.96m 3K 898.44m 500 K 898.395m
20 680.9m 4K 898.446m 600 K 898.37m
 30 782.6m 5K 898.449m 700 K 898.34m
40 828.7m 6K 898.451m 800 K 898.306m
50 851.9m 7K 898.452m 900 K 898.266m
60 865m 8K 898.452m 1000 K 898.222m
70 873.34m 9K 898.453m 2M 897.515m
80 879m 10 K 898.453m 3M 896.355m
90 883m 20 K 898.454m 4M 894.643m
100 885.883m 30 K 898.454m 5M 892.487m
200 895.29m 40 K 898.454m

Table 3

Calculations:
Input Resistance:

Z¿ =R1 ||R2 || β r e

Here we took β=100

898.06 Ω
Output Resistance:

R's
Z out =R E |∨( +r e )
β

Here R's=R s |∨R1 |∨R2

Z out =18.2026 Ω

Lower Cutt off Frequency:

1
f L= '
2 π Req C

Here R eq=R s ||R 1 || R2 {r ¿e

Req =46.687Ω

Also C ' =Cbe + Cwi + Cbc ( 1− Av )

C ' =2.23× 10−10 So f L becomes

f L =782 k Hz

Higher Cutt off Frequency:

1
f H=
2 π R eq C '
 Req =RC |∨R L C ' =22× 10−12 F
Req =828.53 Ω

So f H =8.7315 M Hz

Simulation Circuit Diagram:

V2

12
R2 R3
10k 1k

R1 C1
Q1
50 10u
V1 C4
10m 2N 3904 10u
0Vdc C3
C2 C6
22p 10u 10u
R4 R5 C5 R 6V
1k 470 220p 10k

Frequency versus gain plot on semi log paper

1.0

0.5

0
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz 10MHz 100MHz
V(R6:2) / V(V1:+)
Frequency

Fig.2
Results Mid-band Lower Cutoff Upper cutoff Input Output
Gain (Am) Frequency Frequency (FH) Resistance (RIN) Resistance (RL)
(FL) Hz Ω Ω
Hz
Calculated 879.998m 782k 8.71M 898.06 18.2026

Simulated 898.454m 769.356k 8.535M 860.32 14.934

 Table 4

Conclusion
Compare the simulated and calculated results & explain the reason for difference.
In this experiment, we came to know how to find frequency response of BJT common
collector or emitter follower circuit amplifier using calculation and confirm that calculation by
comparing them with simulation results. We came to know to draw bode plot and find higher cut
off and lower cut off frequencies of the amplifier circuit. As name suggests we see that the gain
is not too much for this circuit as output simply follows the input so gain remains nearly 1 which
is around 0.89 which is close to 1.The calculated and simulated values of gain and the cut off
frequencies are little bit different from each other. The reason behind this difference is that we
make assumptions in practical cases of calculations for example we usually take value of β as
100 ideally, but in actual practice it is different for each BJT. Similarly, here we are not given
value of internal BJT output resistance ro so we do not consider them in calculations. But the
simulations use their actual values of such parameters according to the type of BJT we choose.
That’s why calculated and simulated values have some differences in them.
In the end we can see how common collector BJT amplifier behaves at different frequencies as
can be seen in bode plot result and the table 3 showing gain of amplifier at different frequencies.
Table 4 shows our final results required from the experiment.