SUBJECT/SECTION

EXPERIMENT NO.
EXPERIMENT TITLE

Surname, First Name M.I.

Instructor: Engr. Alfred Kenneth S. Petiza

ABSTRACT
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Keywords: Keyword 1, Keyword 2, Keyword 3, Keyword 4

Introduction Results and Discussion

The introduction begins by introducing the In this section, the results of the analysis are
broad overall topic and providing basic presented and discussed. This section should
background information. It then narrows down focus only on results that are directly related to
to the specific research question relating to this the research or the problem. Graphs and tables
topic. It provides the purpose and focus for the should only be used when there is too much
rest of the paper and sets up the justification for data to efficiently include it within the text.
the research. This section should present the results and the
discussion on the implications on the field, as
Materials and Methods well as other fields.
Conclusion
The methods section will describe the research
design and methodology used to complete to
This section should answer the hypothesis
the study. The general rule of thumb is that
validated by the interpretation of the results. This
readers should be provided with enough detail
to replicate the study. You may literally lift the section should also include any cautions about the
methods from your laboratory manual in findings, and potential for future research.
paragraph form.
References Online journal articles format:
Surname, Initials. (YEAR). Title of the article.
This section should be an alphabetized list of all Title of the Journal, volume number
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 Mapua Institute of Technology
CHE151L/A31
EXPERIMENT 2
RADIATION
Petiza, Alfred Kenneth S.

Instructor: Engr. Emma E. Ordoño

ABSTRACT
In heat transfer analysis, the ratio of thermal conductivity to heat capacity is an important property known as
thermal diffusivity, α, which measures the rate at which heat diffuses through a material. In the experiment, two
steel balls (big and small) were used in the study of unsteady state heat transfer to evaluate factors affecting the
thermal diffusivity of steel ball and to prepare and interpret temperature profile for heated steel ball quenched in a
water bath. For the determination of the thermal diffusivity of the steel ball, the following procedures were
followed. The outer radius of the steel ball was measured using a vernier caliper. The steel ball was heated in the
water bath at 95⁰C. The quench tank was set at temperature equal to 45⁰C. The steel ball was then transferred to
the quench tank when it reached 95⁰C. After 30 seconds, the temperature reading at the center hole was
determined. It was assumed that there is no thermal resistance between the quenched fluid (water) and the surface
of the steel ball, the parameter m is equal to zero. The thermal diffusivity of the big steel ball and the small steel
-6 2 -6 2
ball were determined as 6.9 x 10 m /s, and 2.985 x 10 m /s. For the preparation of the temperature profile of
each steel ball, same procedures were done. But the readings of temperature were done after every 5 seconds. The
measurements were stopped after 3 consecutive constant temperature readings were noted. The factors that affect
the thermal diffusivity of the steel ball are unaccomplished change, relative time, relative position, and relative
resistance.

Keywords: Heat transfer, Thermal diffusivity, Thermal conductivity, Heat capacity

Introduction state condition. When unsteady state happens, it

may be cause by unstable boundary temperatures
Heat transfer is the transfer of thermal energy
at startup, sudden temperature fluctuations during
from a body, at a high temperature, to another
steady state conditions, or internal generation of
at a lower temperature. This transfer of thermal
heat. Therefore, clearly, no system can remain
energy may occur under steady or unsteady
under unsteady state conditions perpetually. The
state conditions. The focus of this experiment is
temperature of the system will eventually reach
unsteady state heat transfer, where the
the temperature of the heat source, and once this
temperature within the system does vary with
happens, the system will be at steady state. Even
time.
if the amount of heat being transferred into the
Since no system starts at steady state ahead, system is increased, at some point the system
unsteady state conditions are precursor to steady reaches its
critical temperature and the energy transferred potato where its center is not heating up at the
into it the starts causing phase changes within same rate of its skin. But when the potato
the system rather than temperatures increases. A equilibrates, the temperature inside would not
perfect example of this scenario is boiling of change anymore with time.
potato, due to internal resistance, at first the
distribution of heat is not uniform within the Another parameter evaluated in the experiment
is thermal diffusivity (α) which is used to
examine the rate at which heat diffuses though a transferred into the quench tank. After 30
material. Also, it measures the ability of a seconds, temperature readings were measured
material to conduct thermal energy relative to with every 5 seconds interval until the reading is
its ability to store thermal energy. Thermal constant.
diffusivity is the ratio of thermal conductivity to
density and specific heat capacity at constant For thermal diffusivity, the radius of each steel
pressure as shown in Equation 4.1. ball must be known, also the distance of the
thermocouple from the center of the ball. The
= [Equation 4.1] value of the unaccomplished change (Y) is first
measured by using Equation 4.2. In this
Substances with high thermal diffusivity rapidly equation, T is given to be the temperature at any
adjust their temperature to that of their point from center, Tf and Ti are the final and
surroundings, because they conduct heat quickly initial temperatures, respectively. All
in comparison to their volumetric heat capacity temperature units are in °C. Afterwards, the Y
or 'thermal bulk'. In a sense, thermal diffusivity computed was used to determine the relative
is the measure of thermal inertia. time (or Fourier number), X using the empirical
equation given in Equation 4.3, with the values
Thus, the aim of this experiment is to evaluate the of the constants, a and b, are given in Table 4.1.
factors affecting the thermal diffusivity of steel
ball and to interpret the temperature profile for [Equation 4.2]
−
=

heated steel ball quenched in a water bath.

−

[Equation 4.3]
Materials and Methods
log = +

The experimental set-up is consisted of a

quench tank, water bath, a thermocouple unit m n a b
and two different size steel balls. Before 0.0 0.0 -4.172 0.2666
performing the experiment, the water bath was 0.2 -4.194 0.2443
heated to a constant temperature of 95°C and 0.4 -4.251 0.1694
the quench tank is maintained at 45°C. 0.6 -4.320 0.0142
0.8 -4.376 -0.3032
The experiment started by submerging the big 1.0 ∞ 0.0000
steel ball with thermocouple into the water bath Table 4.1. Coefficients for Transient Temperature for
while maintaining its initial temperature. When sphere
the temperature stabilized, the steel ball was
The values of m and n, relative resistance and
relative position, respectively, are computed
using the equations 4.3 and 4.4.
 =
[Equation 4.3]
1

=
ℎ
[Equation 4.4]
1

Since the relative time, X is known the thermal It was assumed that there is no thermal resistance
diffusivity can be computed using equation 4.5. between the quenched fluid (water) and the surface
θ in this equation is 30 seconds. of the steel ball, the parameter m is equal to zero. As
determined, the thermal diffusivity of the big steel
= [Equation 4.5] -6 2
1
2

ball and the small steel ball were 6.9 x 10 m /s, and
-6 2
A temperature profile was also evaluated after 2.985 x 10 m /s. Materials with
the experiment to see how the process of
varying temperature is affected by time.

Results and Discussion

Two steel balls (big and small) were used in the

study of unsteady state heat transfer. The steel
balls have a center hole in which the
measurements were done and evaluated. The
scope was about one-dimensional conduction
where temperature varies temporally and in one
spatial direction, i.e., temperature varies with
time and distance. Through the experiment, the
factors affecting the thermal diffusivity of steel
ball were evaluated. A temperature profile for
heated steel ball quenched in a water bath was
prepared and interpreted.

For the determination of the thermal diffusivity

of the steel ball, the following procedures were
followed. The outer radius of the steel ball was
measured using a vernier caliper. The steel ball
was heated in the water bath at 95⁰C. the quench
tank was set at temperature equal to 45⁰C. The
steel ball was then transferred to the quench
tank when it reached 95⁰C. After 30 seconds,
the temperature reading at the center hole was
determined. The thermal diffusivity was
determined using an empirical equation and
notations for the use of the modified Gurney-
Lurie chart for sphere.
large values of α will respond quickly to changes
in their thermal environment, whereas materials
SMALL STEEL BALL
with small values of α will respond slowly to
Tf = 45⁰C
changes in their thermal environment, taking r1 = 2.65 cm
longer to reach a new equilibrium condition. ϴ = 30 sec
Center Hole (C)
Ti 95⁰C
BIG STEEL BALL T 55⁰C
Tf = 45⁰C YC 0.2
r1 = 3.72 cm r 1.85
nC0.7
ϴ = 30 sec
XC 0.12752
Center Hole (C) αC 2.985 x 10
-6
Ti 95⁰C -6
T 65⁰C αave 2.985 x 10
YC 0.4 Table 4.3. Results for Small Steel Ball
r 0.88
nC0.24 For the preparation of the temperature profile of
XC0.149 each steel ball, same procedures were done. But
αC6.9 x 10-6 the readings of temperature are done after every
αave6.9 x 10-6 5 seconds. The measurements were stopped
Table 4.2. Results for Big Steel Ball after 3 consecutive constant temperature
readings were noted.
BIG STEEL BALL 35 52
Temperature Temperature 40 50
Time, s Reading, ⁰C Time, s Reading, ⁰C 45 48
5 95 55 51
Table 4.5. Temperature Reading for Small Steel Ball
10 91 60 50
15 84 65 49
20 76 70 48
25 70 75 48
30 65 80 47
35 61 85 47
40 58 90 46
45 55 95 46
50 53 100 46
Table 4.4. Temperature Reading for Big Steel Ball

SMALL STEEL BALL

Figure 4.1. Temperature Profile for Big & Small Steel Ball
Temperature Temperature
Time, s Reading, ⁰C Time, s Reading, ⁰C
0 95 50 47 The graph (Figure 4.1) generated shows that the
5 88 55 46 small steel ball lost its heat faster than the big
10 79 60 46 steel ball as time progressed. It was also the first
15 71 65 46 to have 3 consecutive constant temperature
20 64 readings. The temperature profile made opposed
25 59 the results of the calculation of the thermal
30 55 diffusivity. In the calculation, the big steel ball
has a higher value of thermal diffusivity which
tells that it will respond quickly to changes in its
thermal environment. But in the temperature
profile, the small steel ball was the one that
responded quickly to changes in its thermal
environment.

Conclusion

The factors affecting the thermal diffusivity of

steel ball were evaluated. A temperature profile
for heated steel ball quenched in a water bath
was prepared and interpreted.

Thermal diffusivity measures the rate at which

heat diffuses through a material. In a substance
with high thermal diffusivity, heat moves rapidly
through because the substance conducts heat
quickly relative to its volumetric heat capacity or
'thermal bulk'. The substance generally does not
require much energy transfer to or from its
surroundings to reach thermal equilibrium.

As determined, the thermal diffusivity of the big

-6
steel ball and the small steel ball were 6.9 x 10
2 -6 2
m /s and 2.985 x 10 m /s. Materials with large
values of α will respond quickly to changes in their
thermal environment, whereas materials with small
values of α will respond slowly to changes in their
thermal environment, taking longer to reach a new
equilibrium condition.

The factors that affect the thermal diffusivity of

the steel ball are unaccomplished change,
relative time, relative position, and relative
resistance.

References

Gutierrez, C., De Guzman, M., 2005. Chemical

Engineering Laboratory Manual Part 2,
9-15.

Lide, David R. (2009). Handbook of Chemistry

and Physics (90 ed.). Boca Raton,
Florida: CRC Press. p. 2-65
Venkanna, B.K. (2010). Fundamentals of Heat
and Mass Transfer. New Delhi: PHI
Learning. p. 38

POINT SYSTEM:
ABSTRACT---------------------------------20
INTRODUCTION--------------------------10
MATERIALS AND METHODS---------10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION----------30
CONCLUSION-----------------------------20
REFERENCES------------------------------10

TOTAL: 100