KUBERNETES

Kubernetes

CHAPTER 1

Kubernetes Installation

It’s expected, that you will install Kubernetes to 3 VMs / hosts - to have multinode installation. The
installation part is taken from these two URLs:
• https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/independent/install-kubeadm/
• https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/independent/create-cluster-kubeadm/

1.1 Master node installation

SSH to the first VM which will be your Master node:

$ ssh root@node1

Enable packet forwarding:

$ sed -i 's/^#net.ipv4.ip_forward=1/net.ipv4.ip_forward=1/' /etc/sysctl.d/99-sysctl. ˓→conf

$ sysctl --quiet --system

Set the Kubernetes version which will be installed:

$ KUBERNETES_VERSION="1.10.3"

Set the proper CNI URL:

$ CNI_URL="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/v0.10.0/Documentation/ ˓→kube-flannel.yml"

For Flannel installation you need to use proper “pod-network-cidr”:

$ POD_NETWORK_CIDR="10.244.0.0/16"

Add the Kubernetes repository (details):

3
Kubernetes

$ apt-get update -qq && apt-get install -y -qq apt-transport-https curl

$ curl -s https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg | apt-key add -
$ tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list << EOF2 deb
https://apt.kubernetes.io/ kubernetes-xenial main EOF2

Install necessary packages:

$ apt-get update -qq

$ apt-get install -y -qq docker.io kubelet=${KUBERNETES_VERSION}-00 kubeadm=$
˓→ {KUBERNETES_VERSION}-00 kubectl=${KUBERNETES_VERSION}-00

Install Kubernetes Master:

$ kubeadm init --pod-network-cidr=$POD_NETWORK_CIDR --kubernetes-version v$

˓→ {KUBERNETES_VERSION}

Copy the “kubectl” config files to the home directory:

$ test -d $HOME/.kube || mkdir $HOME/.kube

$ cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
$ chown -R $USER:$USER $HOME/.kube

Install CNI:

$ export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
$ kubectl apply -f $CNI_URL

Your Kuberenets Master node should be ready now. You can check it using this command:

$ kubectl get nodes

1.2 Worker nodes installation

Let’s connect the worker nodes now. SSH to the worker nodes and repeat these commands on all of them in paralel:

$ ssh root@node2
$ ssh root@node3

Set the Kubernetes version which will be installed:

$ KUBERNETES_VERSION="1.10.3"

Add the Kubernetes repository (details):

$ apt-get update -qq && apt-get install -y -qq apt-transport-https curl

$ curl -s https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg | apt-key add -
$ tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list << EOF2 deb
https://apt.kubernetes.io/ kubernetes-xenial main EOF2

Enable packet forwarding:

4 Chapter 1. Kubernetes Installation

 Kubernetes

$ sed -i 's/^#net.ipv4.ip_forward=1/net.ipv4.ip_forward=1/' /etc/sysctl.d/99-sysctl. ˓→conf

$ sysctl --quiet --system

Install necessary packages:

$ apt-get update -qq

$ apt-get install -y -qq docker.io kubelet=${KUBERNETES_VERSION}-00 kubeadm=$
˓→{KUBERNETES_VERSION}-00 kubectl=${KUBERNETES_VERSION}-00

All the woker nodes are prepared now - let’s connect them to master node. SSH to the master node again
and generate the “joining” command:
$ ssh -t root@node1 "kubeadm token create --print-join-command"

You sould see something like:

$ kubeadm join <master-ip>:<master-port> --token <token> --discovery-token-ca-cert-˓→hash sha256:<hash>

Execute the generated command on all worker nodes:

$ ssh -t root@node2 "kubeadm join --token ..."

$ ssh -t root@node3 "kubeadm join --token ..."

SSH back to the master nodes and check the cluster status - all the nodes should appear there in
“Ready” status after while:
$ ssh root@node1
$ # Check nodes
$ kubectl get nodes

Allow pods to be scheduled on the master:

$ kubectl taint nodes node1 node-role.kubernetes.io/master-

Enable routing from local machine (host) to the kubernetes pods/services/etc. Adding routes
(10.244.0.0/16, 10.96.0.0/12) -> [$NODE1_IP]:

$ sudo bash -c "ip route | grep -q 10.244.0.0/16 && ip route del 10.244.0.0/16; ip ˓→route add 10.244.0.0/16 via
$NODE1_IP"
$ sudo bash -c "ip route | grep -q 10.96.0.0/12 && ip route del 10.96.0.0/12; ip ˓→route add 10.96.0.0/12 via
$NODE1_IP"

1.3 Real installation example

1.3. Real installation example 5

Kubernetes

6 Chapter 1. Kubernetes Installation

 CHAPTER 2

Kubernetes Basics

Create directory where the files will be stored

$ mkdir files

Enable bash-completion for kubectl (bash-completion needs to be installed)

$ source <(kubectl completion bash)

Check the cluster status (if it is healthy)

$ kubectl get componentstatuses

List all namespaces

$ kubectl get namespaces

Create namespace ‘myns’

$ kubectl create namespace myns

Change default namespace for current context

$ kubectl config set-context $(kubectl config current-context) --namespace=myns

List out all of the nodes in our cluster

$ kubectl get pods -o wide --all-namespaces --show-labels --sort-by=.metadata.name

Get more details about a specific node

$ kubectl describe node $(kubectl get node --output=jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata. ˓→name}")

7
Kubernetes

8 Chapter 2. Kubernetes Basics

 CHAPTER 3

Helm Installation

Helm installation: https://github.com/kubernetes/helm/blob/master/docs/rbac.md

$ curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/helm/master/scripts/get | bash

$ kubectl create serviceaccount tiller --namespace kube-system
$ kubectl create clusterrolebinding tiller-cluster-rule --clusterrole=cluster-admin -- ˓→serviceaccount=kube-system:tiller

$ helm init --wait --service-account tiller

$ helm repo update

Install Traefik - Træfik is a modern HTTP reverse proxy and load balancer

$ helm install stable/traefik --wait --name my-traefik --namespace kube-system --set

˓→ serviceType=NodePort,dashboard.enabled=true,accessLogs.enabled=true,rbac.
˓→ enabled=true,metrics.prometheus.enabled=true
$ kubectl describe svc my-traefik --namespace kube-system

Install rook - File, Block, and Object Storage Services for your Cloud-Native Environment

$ helm repo add rook-master https://charts.rook.io/master

$ helm install rook-master/rook-ceph --wait --namespace rook-ceph-system --name my-˓→rook --version $(helm
search rook-ceph | awk "/^rook-master/ { print \$2 }")

Create your Rook cluster

$ kubectl create -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rook/rook/master/cluster/

˓→examples/kubernetes/ceph/cluster.yaml

Running the Toolbox with ceph commands

$ kubectl create -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rook/rook/master/cluster/

˓→examples/kubernetes/ceph/toolbox.yaml

Create a storage class based on the Ceph RBD volume plugin

9
Kubernetes

$ kubectl create -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rook/rook/master/cluster/

˓→examples/kubernetes/ceph/storageclass.yaml

Create a shared file system which can be mounted read-write from multiple pods

$ kubectl create -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rook/rook/master/cluster/

˓→examples/kubernetes/ceph/filesystem.yaml

$ sleep 150

Check the status of your Ceph installation

$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph status

$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph osd status

Check health detail of Ceph cluster

$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph health detail

Check monitor quorum status of Ceph

$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph quorum_status --format json-pretty

Dump monitoring information from Ceph

$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph mon dump

Check the cluster usage status

$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph df

Check OSD usage of Ceph

$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph osd df

Check the Ceph monitor, OSD, pool, and placement group stats

$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph mon stat

$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph osd stat
$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph osd pool stats
$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph pg stat

List the Ceph pools in detail

$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph osd pool ls detail

Check the CRUSH map view of OSDs

$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph osd tree

List the cluster authentication keys

$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph auth list

Change the size of Ceph replica for “replicapool” pool

$ kubectl get pool --namespace=rook-ceph replicapool -o yaml | sed "s/size: 1/size: 3/ ˓→" | kubectl replace -f -

10 Chapter 3. Helm Installation

 Kubernetes

List details for “replicapool”

$ kubectl describe pool --namespace=rook-ceph replicapool

See the manifest of the pod which should use rook/ceph

$ tee files/rook-ceph-test-job.yaml << EOF apiVersion:

v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: rook-ceph-test-pv-claim spec:

storageClassName: rook-ceph-block
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
---
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
name: rook-ceph-test
labels:
app: rook-ceph-test
spec:
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: rook-ceph-test
spec:
containers:
- name: rook-ceph-test
image: busybox
command: [ 'dd', 'if=/dev/zero', 'of=/data/zero_file', 'bs=1M', 'count=100' ] volumeMounts:

- name: rook-ceph-test
mountPath: "/data"
restartPolicy: Never
volumes:
- name: rook-ceph-test
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: rook-ceph-test-pv-claim
EOF

Check the ceph usage

$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph osd status

$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph df
$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph osd df

Apply the manifest

$ kubectl apply -f files/rook-ceph-test-job.yaml

$ sleep 10

Check the ceph usage again

11
Kubernetes

$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph osd status

$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph df
$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec rook-ceph-tools -- ceph osd df

List the Persistent Volume Claims

$ kubectl get pvc

Delete the job

$ kubectl delete job rook-ceph-test

Install Prometheus - Prometheus Operator creates/configures/manages Prometheus clusters atop Kubernetes

$ helm repo add coreos https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/coreos-charts/stable/

$ helm install coreos/prometheus-operator --wait --name my-prometheus-operator -- ˓→namespace monitoring

$ helm install coreos/kube-prometheus --name my-kube-prometheus --namespace

˓→monitoring --set alertmanager.ingress.enabled=true,alertmanager.ingress.

˓→hosts[0]=alertmanager.domain.com,alertmanager.storageSpec.volumeClaimTemplate.spec.

˓→storageClassName=rook-block,alertmanager.storageSpec.volumeClaimTemplate.spec.

˓→accessModes[0]=ReadWriteOnce,alertmanager.storageSpec.volumeClaimTemplate.spec.

˓→resources.requests.storage=20Gi,grafana.adminPassword=admin123,grafana.ingress.

˓→enabled=true,grafana.ingress.hosts[0]=grafana.domain.com,prometheus.ingress.

˓→enabled=true,prometheus.ingress.hosts[0]=prometheus.domain.com,prometheus.

˓→storageSpec.volumeClaimTemplate.spec.storageClassName=rook-block,prometheus.

˓→storageSpec.volumeClaimTemplate.spec.accessModes[0]=ReadWriteOnce,prometheus.

˓→storageSpec.volumeClaimTemplate.spec.resources.requests.storage=20Gi

$ GRAFANA_PASSWORD=$(kubectl get secret --namespace monitoring my-kube-prometheus-˓→grafana -o

jsonpath="{.data.password}" | base64 --decode ; echo)
$ echo "Grafana login: admin / $GRAFANA_PASSWORD"

Install Heapster - Compute Resource Usage Analysis and Monitoring of Container Clusters

$ helm install stable/heapster --name my-heapster --set rbac.create=true

Install Kubernetes Dashboard - General-purpose web UI for Kubernetes clusters

$ helm install stable/kubernetes-dashboard --name=my-kubernetes-dashboard --namespace ˓→monitoring --set

ingress.enabled=true,rbac.clusterAdminRole=true

12 Chapter 3. Helm Installation

 CHAPTER 4

Pods

Check ‘kuard-pod.yaml’ manifest which will run kuard application once it is imported to Kubernetes

$ tee files/kuard-pod.yaml << EOF

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: kuard
spec:
containers:
- image: gcr.io/kuar-demo/kuard-amd64:1
name: kuard
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
name: http
protocol: TCP
EOF

Start pod from the pod manifest via Kubernetes API (see the ‘ContainerCreating’ status)

$ kubectl apply --filename=files/kuard-pod.yaml; kubectl get pods

$ sleep 40

List pods (-o yaml will print all details)

$ kubectl get pods --namespace myns -o wide

Check pod details

$ kubectl describe pods kuard

Get IP for a kuard pod

$ kubectl get pods kuard -o jsonpath --template={.status.podIP}

13
Kubernetes

Configure secure port-forwarding to access the specific pod exposed port using Kubernetes API Access the
pod by opening the web browser with url: http://127.0.0.1:8080 and http://127.0.0.1:8080/fs/{etc,var,home}

$ kubectl port-forward kuard 8080:8080 &

Stop port forwarding

$ pkill -f "kubectl port-forward kuard 8080:8080"

Get the logs from pod (-f for tail) (–previous will get logs from a previous instance of the container)

$ kubectl logs kuard

Copy files to/from containers running in the pod

$ kubectl cp --container=kuard /etc/os-release kuard:/tmp/

Run commands in your container with exec (-it for interactive session). Check if I am in container

$ kubectl exec kuard -- cat /etc/os-release

Delete pod - see the status ‘Terminating’

$ kubectl delete pods/kuard; kubectl get pods

$ sleep 30

Check pods - the kuard should disappear form the ‘pod list’

$ kubectl get pods

14 Chapter 4. Pods
 CHAPTER 5

Health Checks

Check ‘kuard-pod-health.yaml’ manifest which will start kuard and configure HTTP health check

$ tee files/kuard-pod-health.yaml << EOF apiVersion:

v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: kuard
spec:
volumes:
- name: "kuard-data"
hostPath:
path: "/var/lib/kuard"
containers:
- image: gcr.io/kuar-demo/kuard-amd64:1
name: kuard
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: "/data"
name: "kuard-data"
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
name: http
protocol: TCP
resources:
requests:
cpu: "100m"
memory: "128Mi"
limits:
cpu: "1000m"
memory: "256Mi"
# Pod must be ready, before Kubernetes start sending traffic to it readinessProbe:

httpGet: path:
/ready port:
8080
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15
Kubernetes

(continued from previous page)

# Check is done every 2 seconds starting as soon as the pod comes up periodSeconds: 2

# Start checking once pod is up

initialDelaySeconds: 0
# If three successive checks fail, then the pod will be considered not ready. failureThreshold: 3

# If only one check succeeds, then the pod will again be considered ready. successThreshold: 1

livenessProbe:
httpGet:
path: /healthy
port: 8080
# Start probe 5 seconds after all the containers in the Pod are created initialDelaySeconds: 5

# The response must be max in 1 second and status HTTP code must be between
˓→ 200 and 400 timeoutSeconds: 1

# Repeat every 10 seconds

periodSeconds: 10
# If more than 3 probes failed - the container will fail + restart failureThreshold: 3

EOF

Create a Pod using this manifest and then port-forward to that pod

$ kubectl apply -f files/kuard-pod-health.yaml

$ sleep 30

Point your browser to http://127.0.0.1:8080 then click ‘Liveness Probe’ tab and then ‘fail’ link - it will cause
to fail health checks
$ kubectl port-forward kuard 8080:8080 &

Stop port forwarding

$ pkill -f "kubectl port-forward kuard 8080:8080"

You will see ‘unhealthy’ messages in the in the following output

$ kubectl describe pods kuard | tail

Delete pod

$ kubectl delete pods/kuard

$ sleep 10

16 Chapter 5. Health Checks

 CHAPTER 6

Labels, annotations, selectors

Create app1-prod deployment with labels (creates also Deployment)

$ kubectl run app1-prod --image=gcr.io/kuar-demo/kuard-amd64:1 --replicas=3 -- ˓→port=8080

--labels="ver=1,myapp=app1,env=prod"

Create service (only routable inside cluster). The service is assigned Cluster IP (DNS record is
automatically created) which load-balance across all of the pods that are identified by the selector
$ kubectl expose deployment app1-prod

Create app1-test deployment

$ kubectl run app1-test --image=gcr.io/kuar-demo/kuard-amd64:2 --replicas=1 --labels=

˓→"ver=2,myapp=app1,env=test"

Create app2-prod

$ kubectl run app2-prod --image=gcr.io/kuar-demo/kuard-amd64:2 --replicas=2 -- ˓→port=8080

--labels="ver=2,myapp=app2,env=prod"

Create service

$ kubectl expose deployment app2-prod

Check if the DNS record was properly created for the Cluster IPs. app2-prod [name of the service], myns
[namespace that this service is in], svc [service], cluster.local. [base domain name for the cluster]
$ kubectl run nslookup --rm -it --restart=Never --image=busybox -- nslookup app2-prod
$ kubectl run nslookup --rm -it --restart=Never --image=busybox -- nslookup app2-prod. ˓→myns

Create app2-staging

17
Kubernetes

$ kubectl run app2-staging --image=gcr.io/kuar-demo/kuard-amd64:2 --replicas=1 --

˓→labels="ver=2,myapp=app2,env=staging"

Show deployments

$ kubectl get deployments -o wide --show-labels

Change labels

$ kubectl label deployments app1-test "canary=true"

Add annotation - usually longer than labels

$ kubectl annotate deployments app1-test description="My favorite deployment with my ˓→app"

List ‘canary’ deployments (with canary label)

$ kubectl get deployments -o wide --label-columns=canary

Remove label

$ kubectl label deployments app1-test "canary-"

List pods including labels

$ kubectl get pods --sort-by=.metadata.name --show-labels

List pods ver=2 using the –selector flag

$ kubectl get pods --selector="ver=2" --show-labels

List pods with 2 tags

$ kubectl get pods --selector="myapp=app2,ver=2" --show-labels

List pods where myapp=(app1 or app2)

$ kubectl get pods --selector="myapp in (app1,app2)" --show-labels

Label multiple pods

$ kubectl label pods -l canary=true my=testlabel

List all services

$ kubectl get services -o wide

Get service details

$ kubectl describe service app1-prod

Get service endpoints

$ kubectl describe endpoints app1-prod

List IPs belongs to specific pods

18 Chapter 6. Labels, annotations, selectors

 Kubernetes

$ kubectl get pods -o wide --selector=myapp=app1,env=prod --show-labels

Cleanup all deployments

$ kubectl delete services,deployments -l myapp

19
Kubernetes

20 Chapter 6. Labels, annotations, selectors

 CHAPTER 7

ReplicaSet

Show minimal ReplicaSet definition

$ tee files/kuard-rs.yaml << EOF

apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1 kind:
ReplicaSet
metadata: name:
kuard
spec: replicas: 1
selector:

matchLabels: app:
kuard version:
"2"
template:
metadata:
labels: app: kuard
version: "2"

spec:
containers:
- name: kuard
image: "gcr.io/kuar-demo/kuard-amd64:2"
EOF

Create ReplicaSet

$ kubectl apply -f files/kuard-rs.yaml

Check pods

$ kubectl get pods

Check ReplicaSet details

21
Kubernetes

$ kubectl describe rs kuard

The pods have the same labels as ReplicaSet

$ kubectl get pods -l app=kuard,version=2 --show-labels

Check if pod is part of ReplicaSet

$ kubectl get pods -l app=kuard,version=2 -o json | jq ".items[].metadata"

Scale up ReplicaSet

$ kubectl scale replicasets kuard --replicas=4

New pods are beeing created

$ kubectl get pods -l app=kuard --show-labels

Delete ReplicaSet

$ kubectl delete rs kuard

22 Chapter 7. ReplicaSet
 CHAPTER 8

DaemonSets and NodeSelector

Add labels to your nodes (hosts)

$ kubectl label nodes node2 ssd=true

Filter nodes based on labels

$ kubectl get nodes --selector ssd=true

Check ‘nginx-fast-storage.yaml’ which will provision nginx to ssd labeled nodes only. By default a
DaemonSet will create a copy of a Pod on every node

$ tee files/nginx-fast-storage.yaml << EOF apiVersion:

extensions/v1beta1
kind: "DaemonSet"
metadata:
labels: app:
nginx ssd:
"true"
name: nginx-fast-storage spec:

template:
metadata:
labels: app:
nginx ssd:
"true"
spec:
nodeSelector:
ssd: "true"
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:1.10.0
EOF

Create daemonset from the nginx-fast-storage.yaml

23
Kubernetes

$ kubectl apply -f files/nginx-fast-storage.yaml

Check the nodes where nginx was deployed

$ kubectl get pods -o wide

Add label ssd=true to the node3 - nginx should be deployed there automatically

$ kubectl label nodes node3 ssd=true

Check the nodes where nginx was deployed (it should be also on node3 with ssd=true label)

$ kubectl get pods -o wide

Check the nodes where nginx was deployed

$ kubectl delete ds nginx-fast-storage

24 Chapter 8. DaemonSets and NodeSelector

 CHAPTER 9

Jobs

One-shot Jobs provide a way to run a single Pod once until successful termination. Pod is restarted in case of failure

$ kubectl run -it oneshot --image=gcr.io/kuar-demo/kuard-amd64:1 --restart=OnFailure - ˓→- --keygen-enable

--keygen-exit-on-complete --keygen-num-to-gen 5

List all jobs

$ kubectl get jobs -o wide

Delete job

$ kubectl delete jobs oneshot

Show one-shot Job configuration file

$ tee files/job-oneshot.yaml << EOF

apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
name: oneshot
labels:
chapter: jobs
spec:
template:
metadata:
labels: chapter: jobs

spec:
containers:
- name: kuard
image: gcr.io/kuar-demo/kuard-amd64:1
imagePullPolicy: Always args:

- "--keygen-enable"
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25
Kubernetes

(continued from previous page)

- "--keygen-exit-on-complete"
- "--keygen-num-to-gen=5"
restartPolicy: OnFailure
EOF

Create one-shot Job using a configuration file

$ kubectl apply -f files/job-oneshot.yaml

$ sleep 30

Print details about the job

$ kubectl describe jobs oneshot

Get pod name of a job called ‘oneshot’ and check the logs

$ POD_NAME=$(kubectl get pods --selector="job-name=oneshot" -o=jsonpath="{.items[0]. ˓→metadata.name}")

$ kubectl logs ${POD_NAME}

Remove job oneshot

$ kubectl delete jobs oneshot

Show one-shot Job configuration file. See the keygen-exit-code parameter - nonzero exit code after
generating three keys

$ tee files/job-oneshot-failure1.yaml << EOF apiVersion:

batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
name: oneshot
labels:
chapter: jobs
spec:
template:
metadata:
labels: chapter: jobs

spec:
containers:
- name: kuard
image: gcr.io/kuar-demo/kuard-amd64:1
imagePullPolicy: Always args:

- "--keygen-enable"
- "--keygen-exit-on-complete"
- "--keygen-exit-code=1"
- "--keygen-num-to-gen=3"
restartPolicy: OnFailure
EOF

Create one-shot Job using a configuration file

$ kubectl apply -f files/job-oneshot-failure1.yaml

$ sleep 60

26 Chapter 9. Jobs
 Kubernetes

Get pod status - look for CrashLoopBackOff/Error indicating pod restarts

$ kubectl get pod -l job-name=oneshot

Remove the job

$ kubectl delete jobs oneshot

Show Parallel Job configuration file - generate (5x10) keys generated in 5 containers

$ tee files/job-parallel.yaml << EOF apiVersion:

batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
name: parallel
labels:
chapter: jobs
spec:
# 5 pods simlutaneously
parallelism: 5
# repeat task 10 times
completions: 10 template:

metadata:
labels: chapter: jobs

spec:
containers:
- name: kuard
image: gcr.io/kuar-demo/kuard-amd64:1
imagePullPolicy: Always args:

- "--keygen-enable"
- "--keygen-exit-on-complete"
- "--keygen-num-to-gen=5"
restartPolicy: OnFailure
EOF

Create Parallel Job using a configuration file

$ kubectl apply -f files/job-parallel.yaml

Check the pods and list changes as they happen

$ kubectl get pods --watch -o wide &

$ sleep 10

Stop getting the pods

$ pkill -f "kubectl get pods --watch -o wide"

Remove the job

$ kubectl delete jobs parallel

27
Kubernetes

9.1 Queue job example

Memory-based work queue system: Producer -> Work Queue -> Consumers diagram

$ tee /tmp/producer_queue_consumer-diagram.txt << EOF

+ -------------- +
| |
+-> | Consumer |
| | |
| + -------------- +
|
+-------------- + + ----------------+ | + -------------- +
| | | | | | |
| Producer | +------ >| Work Queue | +-- +-> | Consumer |
| | | | | | |
+-------------- + + ----------------+ | + -------------- +
|
| + -------------- +
| | |
+-> | Consumer |
| |
+ -------------- +
EOF

Create a simple ReplicaSet to manage a singleton work queue daemon

$ tee files/rs-queue.yaml << EOF

apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1 kind:
ReplicaSet
metadata:
labels:
app: work-queue
component: queue
chapter: jobs
name: queue
spec: replicas: 1
selector:

matchLabels: app:
work-queue
component: queue
chapter: jobs
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: work-queue
component: queue
chapter: jobs
spec:
containers:
- name: queue
image: "gcr.io/kuar-demo/kuard-amd64:1"
imagePullPolicy: Always
EOF

Create work queue using a configuration file

28 Chapter 9. Jobs
 Kubernetes

$ kubectl apply -f files/rs-queue.yaml

$ sleep 30

Configure port forwarding to connect to the ‘work queue daemon’ pod

$ QUEUE_POD=$(kubectl get pods -l app=work-queue,component=queue -o jsonpath="{.

˓→items[0].metadata.name}")

$ kubectl port-forward $QUEUE_POD 8080:8080 &

Expose work queue - this helps consumers+producers to locate the work queue via DNS

$ tee files/service-queue.yaml << EOF

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
labels:
app: work-queue
component: queue
chapter: jobs
name: queue
spec:
ports:
- port: 8080
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 8080
selector:
app: work-queue
component: queue
EOF

Create the service pod using a configuration file

$ kubectl apply -f files/service-queue.yaml
$ sleep 20

Create a work queue called ‘keygen’

$ curl -X PUT 127.0.0.1:8080/memq/server/queues/keygen

Create work items and load up the queue

$ for WORK in work-item-{0..20}; do curl -X POST 127.0.0.1:8080/memq/server/queues/ ˓→keygen/enqueue -d

"$WORK"; done

Queue should not be empty - check the queue by looking at the ‘MemQ Server’ tab in Web interface (http://127.0.0.1:
8080/-/memq)
$ curl --silent 127.0.0.1:8080/memq/server/stats | jq

Show consumer job config file allowing start up five pods in parallel. Once the first pod exits with a zero
exit code, the Job will not start any new pods (none of the workers should exit until the work is done)

$ tee files/job-consumers.yaml << EOF

apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
labels:
(continues on next page)

9.1. Queue job example 29

Kubernetes

(continued from previous page)

app: message-queue
component: consumer
chapter: jobs
name: consumers
spec:
parallelism: 5
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: message-queue
component: consumer
chapter: jobs
spec:
containers:
- name: worker
image: "gcr.io/kuar-demo/kuard-amd64:1"
imagePullPolicy: Always args:

- "--keygen-enable"
- "--keygen-exit-on-complete"
- "--keygen-memq-server=http://queue:8080/memq/server"
- "--keygen-memq-queue=keygen"
restartPolicy: OnFailure
EOF

Create consumer job from config file

$ kubectl apply -f files/job-consumers.yaml

$ sleep 30

Five pods should be created to run until the work queue is empty. Open the web browser to see changing
queue status (http://127.0.0.1:8080/-/memq)
$ kubectl get pods -o wide

Check the queue status - especially the ‘dequeued’ and ‘depth’ fields

$ curl --silent 127.0.0.1:8080/memq/server/stats | jq

Stop port-forwarding

$ pkill -f "kubectl port-forward $QUEUE_POD 8080:8080"

Clear the resources

$ kubectl delete rs,svc,job -l chapter=jobs

30 Chapter 9. Jobs
 CHAPTER 10

ConfigMaps

Show file with key/value pairs which will be available to the pod

$ tee files/my-config.txt << EOF

# This is a sample config file that I might use to configure an application parameter1 = value1

parameter2 = value2
EOF

Create a ConfigMap with that file (environment variables are specified with a special valueFrom member)

$ kubectl create configmap my-config --from-file=files/my-config.txt --from-˓→literal=extra-param=extra-

value --from-literal=another-param=another-value

Show ConfigMaps

$ kubectl get configmaps

Show ConfigMap details

$ kubectl describe configmap my-config

See the YAML ConfigMap object

$ kubectl get configmaps my-config -o yaml

Prepare config file for ConfigMap usage

$ tee files/kuard-config.yaml << \EOF apiVersion:

v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: kuard-config
spec:
containers:
(continues on next page)

31
Kubernetes

(continued from previous page)

- name: test-container
image: gcr.io/kuar-demo/kuard-amd64:1
imagePullPolicy: Always
command:
- "/kuard"
- "$(EXTRA_PARAM)"
env:
- name: ANOTHER_PARAM
valueFrom:
configMapKeyRef:
name: my-config
key: another-param
# Define the environment variable - name:
EXTRA_PARAM
valueFrom:
configMapKeyRef:
# The ConfigMap containing the value you want to assign to ANOTHER_PARAM name: my-
config
# Specify the key associated with the value
key: extra-param
volumeMounts:
- name: config-volume
mountPath: /config
volumes:
- name: config-volume
configMap:
name: my-config
restartPolicy: Never
EOF

Apply the config file

$ kubectl apply -f files/kuard-config.yaml

$ sleep 20

{EXTRA_PARAM,ANOTHER_PARAM} variable has value from configmap my-config/{extra-

param,another-param} and file /config/my-config.txt exists in container

$ kubectl exec kuard-config -- sh -xc "echo EXTRA_PARAM: \$EXTRA_PARAM; echo ANOTHER_ ˓→PARAM: \
$ANOTHER_PARAM && cat /config/my-config.txt"

Go to http://localhost:8080 and click on the ‘Server Env’ tab, then ‘File system browser’ tab (/config) and
look for ANOTHER_PARAM and EXTRA_PARAM values
$ kubectl port-forward kuard-config 8080:8080 &

Stop port forwarding

$ pkill -f "kubectl port-forward kuard-config 8080:8080"

Remove pod”

$ kubectl delete pod kuard-config

32 Chapter 10. ConfigMaps

 CHAPTER 11

Secrets

Download certificates

$ wget -q -c -P files https://storage.googleapis.com/kuar-demo/kuard.crt https://

˓→storage.googleapis.com/kuar-demo/kuard.key

Create a secret named kuard-tls

$ kubectl create secret generic kuard-tls --from-file=files/kuard.crt --from-˓→file=files/kuard.key

Get details about created secret

$ kubectl describe secrets kuard-tls

Show secrets

$ kubectl get secrets

Update secrets - generate yaml and then edit the secret ‘kubectl edit configmap my-config’

$ kubectl create secret generic kuard-tls --from-file=files/kuard.crt --from-˓→file=files/kuard.key --dry-run -o

yaml | kubectl replace -f -

Create a new pod with secret attached

$ tee files/kuard-secret.yaml << EOF

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: kuard-tls
spec:
containers:
- name: kuard-tls
image: gcr.io/kuar-demo/kuard-amd64:1
(continues on next page)

33
Kubernetes

(continued from previous page)

imagePullPolicy: Always
volumeMounts:
- name: tls-certs
mountPath: "/tls"
readOnly: true
volumes:
- name: tls-certs
secret:
secretName: kuard-tls
EOF

Apply the config file

$ kubectl apply -f files/kuard-secret.yaml

$ sleep 20

Set port-forwarding. Go to https://localhost:8080, check the certificate and click on “File system browser” tab (/tls)

$ kubectl port-forward kuard-tls 8443:8443 &

Stop port forwarding

$ pkill -f "kubectl port-forward kuard-tls 8443:8443"

Delete pod

$ kubectl delete pod kuard-tls

34 Chapter 11. Secrets

 CHAPTER 12

Deployments

Show nginx deployment definition

$ tee files/nginx-deployment.yaml << EOF

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: nginx-deployment
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
replicas: 3
template:
metadata:
labels: app:
nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:1.7.9
ports:
- containerPort: 80
EOF

Create nginx deployment

$ kubectl create -f files/nginx-deployment.yaml

List deployments

$ kubectl get deployments -o wide

Get deployment details

35
Kubernetes

$ kubectl describe deployment nginx-deployment

Show deployment YAML file (look for: ‘nginx:1.7.9’)

$ kubectl get deployment nginx-deployment -o wide

Change deployment image (version 1.7.9 -> 1.8) - you can do the change by running ‘kubectl edit
deployment nginx-deployment’ too. . .
$ kubectl set image deployment nginx-deployment nginx=nginx:1.8

See what is happening during the deployment change

$ kubectl rollout status deployment nginx-deployment

Get deployment details (see: ‘nginx:1.8’)

$ kubectl get deployment nginx-deployment -o wide

Show details for deployment

$ kubectl describe deployment nginx-deployment

See the deployment history (first there was version nginx:1.7.9, then nginx:1.8)

$ kubectl rollout history deployment nginx-deployment --revision=1

$ kubectl rollout history deployment nginx-deployment --revision=2

Rollback the deployment to previous version (1.7.9)

$ kubectl rollout undo deployment nginx-deployment

$ kubectl rollout status deployment nginx-deployment

Get deployment details - see the image is now again ‘nginx:1.7.9’

$ kubectl get deployment nginx-deployment -o wide

Rollback the deployment back to version (1.8)

$ kubectl rollout undo deployment nginx-deployment --to-revision=2

$ kubectl rollout status deployment nginx-deployment

Get deployment details - see the image is now again ‘nginx:1.8’

$ kubectl get deployment nginx-deployment -o wide

Check the utilization of pods

$ kubectl top pod --heapster-namespace=myns --all-namespaces --containers

36 Chapter 12. Deployments

 CHAPTER 13

Endpoints

Show external service DNS definition

$ tee files/dns-service.yaml << EOF kind:

Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
name: external-database spec:

type: ExternalName
externalName: database.company.com
EOF

Create DNS name (CNAME) that points to the specific server running the database

$ kubectl create -f files/dns-service.yaml

Show services

$ kubectl get service

Remove service

$ kubectl delete service external-database

37
Kubernetes

38 Chapter 13. Endpoints

 CHAPTER 14

Self-Healing

Get pod details

$ kubectl get pods -o wide

Get first nginx pod and delete it - one of the nginx pods should be in ‘Terminating’ status

$ NGINX_POD=$(kubectl get pods -l app=nginx --output=jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata. ˓→name}")

$ kubectl delete pod $NGINX_POD; kubectl get pods -l app=nginx -o wide

$ sleep 10

Get pod details - one nginx pod should be freshly started

$ kubectl get pods -l app=nginx -o wide

Get deployement details and check the events for recent changes

$ kubectl describe deployment nginx-deployment

Halt one of the nodes (node2)

$ vagrant halt node2

$ sleep 30

Get node details - node2 Status=NotReady

$ kubectl get nodes

Get pod details - everything looks fine - you need to wait 5 minutes

$ kubectl get pods -o wide

Pod will not be evicted until it is 5 minutes old - (see Tolerations in ‘describe pod’ ). It prevents Kubernetes
to spin up the new containers when it is not necessary

39
Kubernetes

$ NGINX_POD=$(kubectl get pods -l app=nginx --output=jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata. ˓→name}")

$ kubectl describe pod $NGINX_POD | grep -A1 Tolerations

Sleeping for 5 minutes

$ sleep 300

Get pods details - Status=Unknown/NodeLost and new container was started

$ kubectl get pods -o wide

Get depoyment details - again AVAILABLE=3/3

$ kubectl get deployments -o wide

Power on the node2 node

$ vagrant up node2
$ sleep 70

Get node details - node2 should be Ready again

$ kubectl get nodes

Get pods details - ‘Unknown’ pods were removed

$ kubectl get pods -o wide

40 Chapter 14. Self-Healing

 CHAPTER 15

Persistent Storage

Install and configure NFS on node1

$ ssh $SSH_ARGS vagrant@node1 "sudo sh -xc \" apt-get update -qq; DEBIAN_
˓→ FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y nfs-kernel-server > /dev/null; mkdir / ˓→nfs; chown nobody:nogroup /nfs;

echo /nfs *\(rw,sync,no_subtree_check\) >> /etc/ ˓→exports; systemctl restart nfs-kernel-server \""

Install NFS client to other nodes

$ for COUNT in {2..4}; do ssh $SSH_ARGS vagrant@node${COUNT} "sudo sh -xc \"apt-get

˓→ update -qq; DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y nfs-common > /dev/ ˓→null\""; done

Show persistent volume object definition

$ tee files/nfs-volume.yaml << EOF

apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
name: nfs-pv
labels:
volume: nfs-volume
spec:
accessModes:
- ReadWriteMany
capacity:
storage: 1Gi
nfs:
server: node1
path: "/nfs"
EOF

Create persistent volume

41
Kubernetes

$ kubectl create -f files/nfs-volume.yaml

Check persistent volumes

$ kubectl get persistentvolume

Show persistent volume claim object definition

$ tee files/nfs-volume-claim.yaml << EOF kind:

PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1

metadata: name:
nfs-pvc
spec:
accessModes:
- ReadWriteMany
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
selector:
matchLabels:
volume: nfs-volume
EOF

Claim the persistent volume for our pod

$ kubectl create -f files/nfs-volume-claim.yaml

Check persistent volume claims

$ kubectl get persistentvolumeclaim

Show replicaset definition

$ tee files/nfs-test-replicaset.yaml << EOF apiVersion:

apps/v1
kind: ReplicaSet
metadata:
name: nfs-test
# labels so that we can bind a service to this pod
labels:
app: nfs-test
spec:
replicas: 2
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nfs-test
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nfs-test
spec:
containers:
- name: nfs-test
image: busybox
command: [ 'sh', '-c', 'date >> /tmp/date && sleep 3600' ] volumeMounts:

(continues on next page)

42 Chapter 15. Persistent Storage

 Kubernetes

(continued from previous page)

- name: nfs-test
mountPath: "/tmp"
volumes:
- name: nfs-test
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: nfs-pvc
securityContext:
runAsUser: 65534
fsGroup: 65534
EOF

Create replicaset

$ kubectl create -f files/nfs-test-replicaset.yaml

$ sleep 20

You can see the /tmp is mounted to both pods containing the same file ‘date’

$ NFS_TEST_POD2=$(kubectl get pods --no-headers -l app=nfs-test -o custom-

˓→columns=NAME:.metadata.name | head -1); echo $NFS_TEST_POD2

$ NFS_TEST_POD1=$(kubectl get pods --no-headers -l app=nfs-test -o custom-

˓→columns=NAME:.metadata.name | tail -1); echo $NFS_TEST_POD1

$ kubectl exec -it $NFS_TEST_POD1 -- sh -xc "hostname; echo $NFS_TEST_POD1 >> /tmp/ ˓→date"

$ kubectl exec -it $NFS_TEST_POD2 -- sh -xc "hostname; echo $NFS_TEST_POD2 >> /tmp/ ˓→date"

Show files on NFS server - there should be ‘nfs/date’ file with 2 dates

$ ssh $SSH_ARGS vagrant@node1 "set -x; ls -al /nfs -ls; ls -n /nfs; cat /nfs/date"

43
Kubernetes

44 Chapter 15. Persistent Storage

 CHAPTER 16

Node replacement

Move all pods away from node3

$ kubectl drain --delete-local-data --ignore-daemonsets node3

Get pod details

$ kubectl get pods -o wide --all-namespaces | grep node3

Destroy the node node3

$ vagrant destroy -f node3

Wait some time for Kubernetes to catch up. . .

$ sleep 40

The node3 shoult be in ‘NotReady’ state

$ kubectl get pods -o wide --all-namespaces

Remove the node3 from the cluster

$ kubectl delete node node3

Generate command which can add new node to Kubernetes cluster

$ KUBERNETES_JOIN_CMD=$(ssh $SSH_ARGS root@node1 "kubeadm token create --print-join-˓→command");

echo $KUBERNETES_JOIN_CMD

Start new node

$ vagrant up node3

Install Kubernetes repository to new node

45
Kubernetes

$ ssh $SSH_ARGS vagrant@node3 "sudo sh -xc \" apt-get update -qq; DEBIAN_
˓→FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y apt-transport-https curl > /dev/null;
curl -s https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg | apt-key add -; echo ˓→deb https://apt.kubernetes.io/
˓→

kubernetes-xenial main > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ ˓→kubernetes.list \""

Install Kubernetes packages

$ ssh $SSH_ARGS vagrant@node3 "sudo sh -xc \" apt-get update -qq; DEBIAN_
˓→FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y docker.io kubelet=${KUBERNETES_VERSION}-
˓→00 kubeadm=${KUBERNETES_VERSION}-00 kubectl=${KUBERNETES_VERSION}-00 > /dev/null \""

Join node3 to the Kuberenets cluster

$ ssh $SSH_ARGS vagrant@node3 "sudo sh -xc \" $KUBERNETES_JOIN_CMD \""

$ sleep 40

Check the nodes - node3 should be there

$ kubectl get nodes

46 Chapter 16. Node replacement

 CHAPTER 17

Notes

Show logs from specific docker container inside pod

$ kubectl logs --namespace=kube-system $(kubectl get pods -n kube-system -l k8s-˓→app=kube-dns -o

name) --container=dnsmasq --tail=10
$ kubectl logs --namespace=kube-system $(kubectl get pods -n kube-system -l k8s-˓→app=kube-dns -o
name) --container=kubedns --tail=10

See the logs directly on the Kubernetes node

$ ssh $SSH_ARGS vagrant@node1 "ls /var/log/containers/"

Show all

$ kubectl get all

47